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Coordinates:38°05′44″N102°36′38″W/ 38.09554°N 102.61051°W/38.09554; -102.61051
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This article is about the defunct U.S. bus builder. For the German bus builder, seeNeoplan.
Neoplan USA
IndustryTransit
Founded1981 (Lamar, Coloradoas a subsidiary ofNeoplan)
Defunct2006
FateBankruptcy/liquidation
Headquarters
Denver,Colorado,U.S.
ProductsBuses
Number of employees
625

Neoplan USAwas a major transitbusmanufacturing company based inDenver, Colorado.It started as asubsidiaryof the German corporationNeoplanin 1981 with its main factory and headquarters inLamar, Colorado.In 1998, Neoplan USA was acquired byWillis Stein & Partnersand became an independent licensee of designs from the German company Neoplan. The company declared bankruptcy in 2006.[1]

The headquarters were moved toDenverin 2004.[2]Neoplan USA also had production facilities inHoney Brook, Pennsylvania(1986), andBrownsville, Texas(2001–02); the Honey Brook site was retained as a parts distribution center.

History

[edit]
"Intermediate Size Bus" assembled byGilligunder a license from Neoplan, during testing withAC Transit

Prior to opening its own factory, Neoplan broke into the United States transit market by licensing a 30-foot (9 m) long bus design toGillig,who assembled and sold it as the Gillig-Neoplan from 1976 to 1978.[3][4]: 4–72, 4–94, 4–96 At the time Neoplan was better known for its intercity coaches rather than its transit buses. The company participated in the development of theVöV-Standard-Busin the late 1970s and built transit buses for Saudi Arabia in 1979 and 1980.[4]: 4–95, 4–96 In February 1980, company officials announced they would open a plant in either Lamar orClearfield, Pennsylvania,ultimately selecting Lamar for its mild winters and sunny weather.[5]After announcing its intentions to build its factory, Neoplan USA began soliciting bids for transit buses.[4]: 4–96 

Origin and expansion

[edit]

Neoplan USA opened its first American manufacturing facility in May 1981. It was Neoplan's fifth factory worldwide, a 139,000-square-foot (12,900 m2) plant on an 18-acre (7.3 ha) site; construction took just four months.[6]The city of Lamar, a farming town of 8,000 that faced tough economic times, pushed to have the plant built in the town in the hope of diversifying their economic base. It donated land and roads for the manufacturing site. The street that went to the plant was renamedGottlob Auwaerter[de]Drive for the founder of Neoplan. Company officials reportedly sought a rural site "because of their conviction, based on experience in Europe, that rural workers have a better work ethic and are more reliable and productive employees".[7]An additional incentive was the hot water supplied from the city's neighboring power plant to heat the factory.[8]Neoplan started a program at the local community college to train workers, and trainee foremen were sent to West Germany for eight weeks; at the end of the overseas program, the foremen had to build a bus that would take them to the airport.[5]

Neoplan USA manufacturedstandard-floorbuses,low-floorbuses, andarticulated buses,with each bus taking 14 days to build. After each bus was completed, the workers were given a ride to their homes in the bus to critique their work.[9]When Neoplan USA opened in 1981, company officials said the plant would employ up to 500 people, and manufacture as many as 500 vehicles a year on two assembly lines. Their first contracts included 50 transit buses forMetropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority(MARTA)[10]and 40 for theMilwaukee County Transit System(MCTS). Contracts for another 500 were being bid on.[5]The buses built for Atlanta and Milwaukee were conventional "New Look" -type buses designated "Atlantis" or N-416, and were the only "New Look" buses assembled by Neoplan USA, which also was offering the "Transliner" or N412, an "Advanced Design" bus to compete with the GMRapid Transit SeriesandFlxible Metro.[4]: 4–97, 4–99, 4–101 

PA Transit#3564, part of the 1982 order fromPennDOT

Later in 1981, its first year of operation, Neoplan USA sold 46 articulated buses to MARTA. This was also a year whenarticulated buses,60-foot-long (18 m) buses that bent in the middle, were gaining interest with transit departments. As the federal government was phasing out subsidies for mass transit, these buses got attention because they were cost effective. They carried more passengers and saved on labor costs, as they required only one driver.[11]Another significant early contract was awarded for 1,000 "Transliner" buses as a pooled purchase coordinated byPennDOTin 1982 for 16 transit agencies in the state of Pennsylvania, primarily toPA Transit(410) andSEPTA(450), which led to Neoplan exploring locations for a second factory in that state.[12]It was the largest single bus contract in the U.S. to date.[13]The first buses, nicknamed "Pennliners", were delivered to Pennsylvania in October 1982, and were assembled in Colorado.[14]

Neoplan USA's share of the United States bus market was 1.3 percent in 1981, grew to 10.4 percent in 1982, and went to 25.2 percent in 1983 based on production orders.[15]By December 1982, Neoplan USA had completed more than 250 buses.[9]After announcing plans to open a second plant in Pennsylvania in 1982,[16]Neoplan USA showed a model of the bus assembly factory it planned to build in 1984, located in Honey Brook, a 70,000-square-foot (6,500 m2) facility sited on 25 acres (10 ha).[17]By 1986, Neoplan USA had claimed 40% of the United States transit bus market.[18]However, structural cracking issues would lead to a voluntary recall of buses in 1985.[19]

Defects and reputation

[edit]

Neoplan USA buses had a history of manufacturing defects. One Milwaukee transit official called Neoplan USA "totally disorganized" and lacking quality control.[20]Early production Transliner buses were prone to cracking at the rear A-frame, first discovered in buses sold to transit agencies in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. In addition, a defective defroster unit led to an electrical fire and passenger evacuation.[21]TheNational Highway and Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)wrote to Neoplan USA President Bob Lee on December 27, 1984, urging a voluntary recall for the cracking and electrical issues "in the interest of safety", or it would face a formal investigation and possible mandatory recall.[22][23]Neoplan USA stated it "has never, nor does it now, consider these cracks safety-related" in its written response.[24]In March 1985, Neoplan USA followed the recommendations of the NHTSA and recalled all 2,000 buses then in service nationwide. Neoplan USA continued to deny the cracks were safety issues.[25]

Washington, D.C.

[edit]

In June 1983 76 Transliner buses from Neoplan USA were purchased by theWashington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority(WMATA) of Washington, D.C., for $12.5 million.Fairfax County SupervisorJoseph Alexander, a member of the WMATA Board and then-president of theAmerican Public Transportation Association,criticized the decision to proceed with Neoplan USA bus purchases, stating Neoplan USA buses were frequently defective and that other transit systems had filed complaints.[20]Neoplan USA won the bid for Metro because they had underbid General Motors, a competing bus manufacturer, by $275,000.[26]Metro officials were also given tours by Neoplan USA of their manufacturing facilities and were convinced to buy the buses afterwards.

In March 1984 Metro found hairline cracks in 32 Neoplan USA buses.[27]The cracks were in the undercarriage of the buses, "...in a weld joining a steel frame above the rear axle with a component that helps support the bus suspension system."[28]At the time, the cracks were not judged to pose significant a safety hazard.[29]

On December 23, 1984, a Neoplan USA bus in operation was destroyed in a fire, caused by a faulty electrical circuit. A NHTSA investigation found the fire was due to excessive amperage in a protective circuit breaker and an absence of a cutoff switch.[21]

In February 1985 cracks were found in all of the remaining 75 Neoplan USA buses in service in D.C. These cracks were near the front axles and could have led to loss of steering control. Other cracks were found in steel plates, tubes and welds. This led to Metro halting the service of all Neoplan buses, which mainly served the southeastern Washington, D.C., area.[30]

Neoplan USA president Robert Lee pledged to repair the buses at the company's expense, saying it was a minor repair that did not create safety problems. In May 1985 an agreement was reached for Neoplan USA to pay for repairs to Metro buses, costing about $1 million. Neoplan USA was criticized for failing to meet deadlines agreed to with the authority. In a letter dated May 3, 1985, Neoplan USA stated there "is no safety-related basis for the vehicles currently being held out of service", adding the actions by Metro were "unreasonable and unjustified."[31]

Los Angeles

[edit]

Since the early 1980s Neoplan USA assembled buses forSouthern California Rapid Transit District(SCRTD), which later became theLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority(LACMTA). In September 1984, like the buses sold to WMATA, cracks were found in 128 SCRTD Neoplan USA buses,[32]and more cracks were found in 92 buses through February 1985.

In the 1990s, Neoplan USA had a high rate of problems occurring in many of its methanol and ethanol fueled buses. On January 4, 2000, a report by LACMTA Inspector General Arthur Sinai cited multiple issues with 250 new Neoplan USA buses delivered between 1997 and 1999.[33]They included a dozen chronic defects on clutches, problems with exhaust pipes and engine oil reservoirs, failing door structures and defective wheelchair lifts. The report also noted that "none of these problems were remedied by the manufacturer."

The report also noted problems went unfixed for long periods, and if repaired, were often performed at LACMTA expense instead of under warranty. Some warranty claims were refused by Neoplan USA due to lateness in processing complaints.

The report also noted conflicts of interest with MTA inspectors. Three inspectors took jobs with Neoplan USA after leaving the LACMTA, with one of them working with Neoplan USA one month after their resignation. Many inspectors who traveled to the Lamar plant were caught falsifying travel and expense accounts for nearly $10,000 over a 7-month period ending in 1997. One LACMTA engineer accused of account padding was charged with grand theft in Los Angeles in 1999.

Pittsburgh

[edit]

Buses delivered under the 1982 PennDOT contract were subject to premature corrosion and required costly repairs, prompting a state investigation.[34]Port Authority of Allegheny County(PA Transit), servingPittsburgh, Pennsylvania,negotiated a settlement for $1.7 million in 1990 relating to the premature corrosion issues.[35]

PA Transit later bought 159 low floor buses from Neoplan USA that entered service in 1999, at a total cost of $47.7 million, or up to $300,000 apiece. The Pittsburgh buses were the first serially produced new AN440LF low-floor transit bus. Cracks in the frame were found shortly after the buses were delivered in August 1999, and the buses were pulled out of service by September 2000.[35]Neoplan USA agreed to pay for repairs for buses under warranty, and compensated the Port Authority for additional costs associated with the defects on the buses.[36][37]

It was reported that these same bus models had undergone testing by the Federal Transit Administration in 1994 and 1995, and problems were detected in these tests. One bus broke down shortly after testing started in May 1994, after being driven 94 miles (151 km), and structural cracks were found after 482 miles (776 km). By the time testing concluded in May 1995 with 15,000 miles (24,000 km) accumulated, numerous cracks had been found in 10 different places in the steel frame, air cooler outlet and axle mounts.[38][39]: 82–99 The repairs involved significant rework, adding plates and gussets to reinforce the existing structure.[40]

PA Transit retired its last Neoplan USA buses in December 2019.[41]

San Francisco

[edit]

TheSan Francisco Municipal Railway(Muni) began taking delivery of 230 Neoplan USA buses in April 2000, equipped with cleaner-burning diesel engines.[42]Residents complained about the noise from engine cooling system and called the new buses "screaming banshees", with tests showing noise levels of 88 to 90dB,exceeding the 83 dB contract requirement. The engine cooling fan was modified and sound-deadening material was added to reduce noise.[43]The original fans also proved to provide inadequate engine cooling, requiring the installation of electric fans, consuming 32 labor hours per bus.[44]By the end of 2001, the Neoplan USA buses for Muni were breaking down, with one driver declaring that "every one of those buses is a piece of garbage" and up to two per day required towing back to the bus yards.[45]

Articulated buses from Neoplan USA acquired by Muni in 2001 also exhibited issues, with the brake slack adjusters requiring replacement after 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of service, just1⁄10th of the typical maintenance interval.[46]

Muni#6413, articulated AN460 (2015)

Muni withheld the final payment to Neoplan USA for the 330 buses over a missed deadline to correct issues. After the June 30, 2005 deadline passed, Neoplan USA stated it could not continue its operations without payment and abandoned its bus overhaul yard in San Francisco in late September, leaving behind 98 unrepaired buses but taking all of its spare parts away.[47]

Boston

[edit]

TheMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority(MBTA) idled its entire fleet of newly delivered Transliner AN440LF low-floor transit buses in July 2005 after discovering damage on 21 buses that had traversed the same massivepothole.The pothole damaged the torque rods connecting the steering and suspension linkages, leading to two steering-related crashes.[48][49]Additional cracks in suspension components were discovered in 2006 and 2007.[50]

Acquisition and bankruptcy

[edit]

Neoplan USA was acquired byWillis Stein & Partners,a Chicago-based private investment firm in 1998,[51]making it independent of its German parent Neoplan,[52]although one source states it was spun off in 1989.[53]

The company opened a third US plant, occupying the space previously used byEagle Busat Brownsville, Texas in June 2001,[54]but that plant closed shortly afterward in June 2002[55]as part of a restructuring that began under new President John Russell, who came on board in April 2002.[51]Neoplan USA also discontinued its entire luxury motorcoach line (Cityliner, Skyliner, Starliner, and Spaceliner) in 2002, concentrating on its transit buses.[54]In August 2003, the company sold a small equity share to its lenders to reduce its outstanding loans by 75 percent, and announced its corporate headquarters would move from Lamar to Denver one year later, saving customers and suppliers a three-hour drive.[51]Neoplan USA moved into office spaces previously occupied byFrontier Airlines.[56]

In 2003–2006 it also built 28 40-foot (12 m)electric trolley busesand 32 articulateddual-mode busesfor Boston'sMBTA.[1]Neoplan USA was the sole bidder; because of the small size and specialized manufacturing needed for the order, MBTA was granted a waiver to Buy America requirements, as the buses would be assembled in Germany.[57]: 25 Neoplan USA reached a peak of 625 employees and revenue of $810 million before it ceased operations in January 2006.

On November 15, 2005, Neoplan USA announced it would close its Lamar plant on January 13 after failing to raise $10 million in new capital.[58]Neoplan USA filed forChapter 11 bankruptcy protectionin August 2006,[59]listing assets of $13.7 million and debts of $59 million.[52]In its last few months of operation, Neoplan USA had fallen on hard times, such as warranty issues with San Francisco'sMUNIand cash-flow problems after Boston'sMBTAcanceled an order due to late deliveries.[53]A manufacturing company based in Texas purchased the Neoplan factory in Lamar, promising to reopen in 2008.[60]

The company still technically continued to exist until selling its parts-supply division, Neopart. Once Neopart was sold, in October 2007,[61][62]Neoplan USA ceased to exist.

Models

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[edit]

References

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  1. ^abTrolleybus MagazineNo. 268 (July–August 2006), p. 92. National Trolleybus Association (UK).ISSN0266-7452.
  2. ^"Neoplan USA to Move Headquarters to Denver".Passenger Transport.APTA.August 9, 2004.ISSN0364-345X.RetrievedDecember 24,2018.
  3. ^"Mid-size coach gets test on some routes"(PDF).Transit-Times.Vol. 20, no. 1. Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District. July 1977.Retrieved22 November2020.
  4. ^abcdefWeiers, Bruce J.; Rossetti, Michael A. (March 1982)."4.8 NEOPLAN".Transit Bus Manufacturers' Profiles (Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Retrieved24 November2020.
  5. ^abc"German firm boosts town".The Pantagraph.Bloomington, Illinois. AP. March 29, 1981.Retrieved22 November2020.
  6. ^Salisbury, David F. (June 19, 1981)."German bus builder picks town 'Out West' for shootout with US competition".The Christian Science Monitor.Retrieved23 November2020.
  7. ^Schmidt, William E. (May 25, 1981)."Colorado Town Looks to Better Days, With A German Bus Factory".The New York Times.p. A8.RetrievedDecember 24,2018.
  8. ^Browning, William D.; Lovins, L. Hunter (1989).Energy Casebook.United States Department of Energy, Western Area Power Administration.Retrieved23 November2020.
  9. ^abSmith, Brad (December 7, 1982)."German bus maker in rural America".UPI Archives.Retrieved23 November2020.
  10. ^Feaver, Douglas B. (February 11, 1981)."Federal Hand in Mass Transit Sows Standards, Reaps Quirks".The Washington Post.Retrieved23 November2020.
  11. ^Karr, Albert R. (November 12, 1981). "Buses That Bend, Hold 60% More Riders Ring Bell for Cost Savings Across Nation".Wall Street Journal.p. 8.
  12. ^Lizdas, Connie (March 9, 1982)."LCTA Urges Effort To Get Bus Builder".Citizens' Voice.wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.Retrieved23 November2020.
  13. ^"8-7-1982 - Blast from the Past - 1000 Neoplan Bus order in PA".Philadelphia Transit Vehicles [blog].September 14, 2020.Retrieved23 November2020.
  14. ^"Good News for PAT Riders: New Buses Start Rolling In".The Pittsburgh Press.October 26, 1982.Retrieved23 November2020.
  15. ^Betz, Tom (September 15, 1983). "Neoplan Marketshare".Lamar Daily News.p. 1.
  16. ^"Bus firm may locate plant in Pennsylvania".UPI Archives.March 26, 1982.Retrieved23 November2020.
  17. ^Grata, Joe (April 21, 1984)."German bus firm turns on charm".Pittsburgh Press.Retrieved23 November2020.
  18. ^"Newspaper, farm life reflect progress, struggle in Lamar".Longview News-Journal.July 6, 1986.Retrieved22 November2020.
  19. ^"Neoplan USA was apparently winning bidding to supply Houston".UPI Archives.February 8, 1985.Retrieved23 November2020.
  20. ^abLynton, Stephen J (June 3, 193)."Metro Board Member Protests Deal With Bus Firm".Washington Post.
  21. ^abLynton, Stephen J (February 12, 1985). "8 More Metrobuses Idled With Cracks".Washington Post.p. D1.
  22. ^Merina, Victor (January 17, 1985)."Firm Ordered to Fix Buses Or Risk U.S. Recall Action".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved23 November2020.
  23. ^"PAT has 410 buses on U.S. recall list".Del Rio News.AP. January 17, 1985.Retrieved23 November2020.
  24. ^"U.S. insists Neoplan recall buses".Dayton Daily News.AP. February 13, 1985.Retrieved23 November2020.
  25. ^UPI (March 22, 1985)."Neoplan Recalls Defective Buses".United Press International.
  26. ^Lynton, Stephen J (February 14, 1985)."Metro Officials Dismissed Warning About Neoplan Bus Company".Washington Post.p. B1.
  27. ^Lynton, Stephen J (September 28, 1984)."Metro Funds Approved For Rail Safety on I-66".Washington Post.p. B9.
  28. ^Lynton, Stephen J (March 9, 1984). "Transit Authority Locates Hairline Cracks on 32 Buses".Washington Post.p. B3.
  29. ^"Cracks found in D.C. buses; no problems here".Green Bay Press-Gazette.AP. March 10, 1984.Retrieved23 November2020.
  30. ^Lynton, Stephen J (February 13, 1985)."Metro Halts Use of All Neoplan Buses".Washington Post.p. A1.
  31. ^Lynton, Stephen J (May 15, 1985). "Metro Nears Agreement on Repairs for 76 Buses; Colorado-Based Manufacturer May Pay $1 Million to Fix Cracks and Defects".Washington Post.p. C1.
  32. ^Sappell, Joel (October 2, 1984)."Cracks Force New RTS Buses to Make Pit Stops".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved23 November2020.
  33. ^Haefele, Marc B. (January 14–20, 2000)."Smelly Buses".LA Weekly.Retrieved27 December2018.
  34. ^Kirkpatrick, Rich (June 1, 1989)."Pa. House panel approves bill to study bus problems".The Gettysburg Times.AP.Retrieved23 November2020.
  35. ^abGrata, Joe (September 28, 2000)."Cracking in frames plagues 160 new buses".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.P.G. Publishing Co.Retrieved3 January2019.
  36. ^Editorial (January 24, 2001)."Uncracking the Case; Good News About Buses That Developed Fractures".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.P.G. Publishing Co. p. A10.
  37. ^Grata, Joe (October 23, 2000)."Port Authority Buses Showed Signs of Frame Problems in Pre-Purchase Tests".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.P.G. Publishing Co.Retrieved3 January2019.
  38. ^Editorial (October 31, 2000)."Get Off The Bus; The Port Authority Didn't Double-Check For Cracks".Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.P.G. Publishing Co. p. A18.
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  42. ^"Muni Starting To Receive New Diesel Buses".San Francisco Chronicle.April 26, 2000.Retrieved23 November2020.
  43. ^Epstein, Edward (February 8, 2001)."Muni's 'Screaming Banshees' Costing City Folk Sleep / New diesel fleet flunking purchase contract's noise standards".San Francisco Chronicle.Retrieved23 November2020.
  44. ^Epstein, Edward (May 24, 2001)."Muni's diesel buses in hot water again / Engine cooling fans sideline 100 units".San Francisco Chronicle.Retrieved23 November2020.
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  46. ^Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (January 20, 2003)."Wayward nuts put Muni in a bind over new coaches".San Francisco Chronicle.Retrieved23 November2020.
  47. ^Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (October 3, 2005)."Commissioner wants probe of police union chief".San Francisco Chronicle.Retrieved23 November2020.
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  55. ^Enguita v. Neoplan USA Corp.(S.D. Tex.December 2, 2005),Text.
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  66. ^"AN440T".Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe originalon October 29, 2000.
  67. ^ab"Neoplan USA Produktionsprogramm 1999 / 2000".auwaerter-neoplan-fotoarchive.de.Retrieved23 November2020.
  68. ^"AN440L".Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2000.
  69. ^"AN440TLF".Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe originalon October 30, 2000.
  70. ^"NEOPLAN Electric Trolley Bus"(PDF).Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 23, 2005.
  71. ^"AN460".Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe originalon October 30, 2000.
  72. ^"NEOPLAN Articulated AN460"(PDF).Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 23, 2005.
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  79. ^"Spaceliner".Neoplan USA. Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2000.
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