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New York Life Building

Coordinates:40°44′34″N73°59′08″W/ 40.74278°N 73.98556°W/40.74278; -73.98556
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For other uses, seeNew York Life Building (disambiguation).

New York Life Building
Map
Location51 Madison Avenue,Manhattan,New York
Coordinates40°44′34″N73°59′08″W/ 40.74278°N 73.98556°W/40.74278; -73.98556
Area2.5 acres (1.0 ha)[1]
Built1927–1928
ArchitectCass Gilbert
Architectural styleGothic Revival
NRHP referenceNo.78001876[1]
NYSRHPNo.06101.001754
NYCLNo.2067
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJune 2, 1978[1]
Designated NHLJune 2, 1978[4]
Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980[2]
Designated NYCLOctober 2, 2000[3]

TheNew York Life Buildingis theheadquartersof theNew York Life Insurance Companyat 51Madison Avenuein theRose HillandNoMadneighborhoods ofManhattaninNew York City.The building, designed byCass Gilbert,abutsMadison Square Parkand occupies an entirecity blockbounded by Madison Avenue,Park AvenueSouth, and 26th and 27th Streets.

The New York Life Building was designed withGothic Revivaldetails similar to Gilbert's previous commissions, including90 West Streetand theWoolworth Building.The tower is 615 feet (187 m) tall (the equivalent of forty stories), consisting of 34 office stories topped by a pyramidal, gilded six-story roof. At the time of the building's construction, many structures were being built in theArt Decostyle, and so Gilbert's design incorporated Art Deco influences in itsmassingwhile retaining the older-style Gothic Revival detailing. The New York Life Building is distinguished from the skyline by itsgildedroof.

The New York Life Building was constructed in 1927–1928 on the site ofMadison Square Garden.Upon completion, the New York Life Building was described as being run "like a small city". After World War II, New York Life became especially profitable, and built an annex to the north between 1960 and 1962. Additionally, New York Life completed a series of renovations to the original building during the late 20th century. The building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1978 and was designated a city landmark by theNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissionin 2000.

Architecture

[edit]

Designed in 1926 byCass Gilbert,[5][6]the New York Life Building was the last significant Gilbert skyscraper in Manhattan. The New York Life Building was also the last major insurance company "home office" to be built in New York City, and one of the few such structures remaining in the city.[7][a]Its design was inspired bySalisbury Cathedral,[8]although Gilbert also said that he took inspiration from some of his previous commissions, including90 West Streetand theWoolworth Building.The building was designed for theNew York Life Insurance Companyfor three main reasons: to provide expansion space, as an investment, and as an icon.[9]

The building occupies the full block between 26th Street, 27th Street,Madison Avenueand Park Avenue South.[10]The lot measures 200 by 425 feet (61 by 130 m), with the longer axis running west–east.[11]The New York Life Building stands 615 feet (187 m) tall and contains 34floors,though is technically 40 stories high.[11][12]In addition to a ground-level retail area, there are five basement levels, a first-floor mezzanine, 33 above-ground office stories, and six mechanical stories in the roof.[13][14]The structure has been described as being one of the brightest in the city, with a totalwattageof 30,000 watts.[15]

Form

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The New York Life Building combines streamlinedGothicdetails and amassingthat is distinctlyModernein design. The massing contains severalsetbacksas mandated under the1916 Zoning Resolution.[16]The setbacks are located at the 5th, 14th, 26th, 30th, 31st, 34th, and 35th floors, while the roof rises from the 35th-floor setback.[13][14]The massing does not fill the entire zoning envelope, but the slenderness of the upper floors allowed for fewer elevators to be used, thus opening up additional space on lower floors.[17]

The lowest four stories, including the mezzanine, comprise the base, while the fifth through 13th floors comprise the building's nine-story "central section". The building's 21-story "tower" section rises from the 14th to 34th floors.[13][14][9]Between the 14th and 25th floors, the "tower" is flanked by wings to the west and east.[18]

Facade

[edit]

Thefacadeis made ofgraniteat the base, while the other stories are faced withlimestone.[13]The building contains 2,180 windows, most of themplate glasspanes.[14][19]Most of the windows are one-over-onesash windowswith one of fourlinteltypes, though the 34th floor contains single-pane windows that replaced thelouveredor empty openings on that level.[20]The windows originally all contained bronze frames.[19]There are several ventilation intake openings on the facade of the building; the artificial ventilation initially had its intake in the basement and was exhausted through the penthouse. Numerous signs are also affixed to the building, including bronze company nameplates at the corners, signs for the subway on the eastern facade, and awnings on the storefront.[20]

Base

[edit]
Park Avenue entrance

At ground level, all four sides contain arched double-heightarcadesthat overlook the ground floor and the first-floor mezzanine. On the ground floor, there are storefronts with bronzedisplay windowframes above granite bulkheads, optionally with atransom;several of the storefronts have revolving doors with transoms. Some of the original storefronts have been modified.[13]

The arcades on the Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South facades each have nine verticalbays,[18]while the 26th and 27th Street facades have 19 bays.[21]Each bay corresponds to one arch of the arcade.[18]The main entrance archway is from Madison Avenue to the west, flanked by smaller arches on either side. There is also a smaller entrance from Park Avenue South. On the second through fourth floors, there are decorativespandrelpanels between the windows on each floor.[14][20]

Central section and tower

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The central section of the building comprises the 5th through 13th floors. the windows on each floor are separated by decorative spandrels, while each bay is separated by protrudingpiers.There are other decorative elements such asgargoylesand aparapeton the 13th floor, and flagpoles on the 14th floor.[18]The central section consists of seven bays on Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South,[20]and seventeen bays on 26th and 27th Streets.[21]

The square tower rises above the 14th floor and consists of five bays on either side. The wings to the west and east, which rise to the 25th floor, have three bays on either side. The west and east walls of the tower between the 14th and 25th floors, which are mostly hidden by the "wings", each have one window bay to the north and south, flanking the respective wings. There are minimal setbacks at the 30th and 31st floors. As with the central section, there are protruding piers separating each bay, as well as other decorative elements.[18]

Roof

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The octagonal pyramidal roof at the top is 88 feet (27 m) tall[22]and includes the 35th through 40th stories.[21]The 35th floor is slightly set back from the 34th floor; it contains arched window openings,finialsbetween each window bay, and a parapet.[21]The roof itself consists of 25,000 gold-leaf dipped clayroof tilesproduced byLudowici,with afinenessof 22 karats.[8][22]The roof was originally gold leaf on a copper base, but due to coppercorrosion,the roof was subsequently renovated in 1967 and 1995.[23]At the top, a lantern rises another 57 feet (17 m) and serves as the ventilation outflow.[22]

Interior

[edit]
Subway entrance inside the building

Inside the New York Life Building is a large lobby running west–east for 400 feet (120 m), the entire length of the building. The lobby is designed similar to thenaveof a cathedral,[10][24]withtravertinewalls, a paintedcofferceiling with barrel vaults 38 feet (12 m) tall, as well as bronze ornamental grilles on doorways and elevators.[14]Perpendicular to the lobby are a pair of passages running north and south to 27th and 26th Streets respectively, providing six entrances from the surrounding streets.[10][14]

There are five basement levels, extending 87 feet (27 m) below ground level.[14][24]The eastern side of the first basement level incorporates an entrance to the downtown platform of theNew York City Subway's28th Street station,serving the6and<6>​ trains.[14]Another basement contains a vault developed in conjunction with engineers from theFederal Reserve Bank of New Yorkand theUnited States Department of the Treasury.The vault contained features such as atime lock,an 800-pound (360 kg) steel door, and some 80 miles (130 km) of wiring for the alarms.[25]The other basements include service facilities, restaurants, and storage for the company's documents.[14][24]

The rest of the interior is relatively unadorned, with a few exceptions. The executive offices contain woodenpanelingand the premium deposit room contains a marble floor. In addition, the company's 48-by-25-foot (14.6 by 7.6 m) boardroom was moved over from the former346 Broadwayheadquarters; this relocation had included all of the boardroom's furnishings, including the English brown oak paneling, tapestries, and windows.[14][24]The clerical department was located on the second through fifth floors and contained the largest pneumatic tube system in the United States at the building's completion. In the original design, the interior spaces were heavily soundproofed with thick glass panes, acoustic ceilings, and forced ventilation.[24]The original ornamentation in the other rooms was removed or scaled down in subsequent renovations.[26]

History

[edit]

Madison Square Park,a 7-acre (2.8 ha) green space diagonally across from the building to the southwest, was opened in 1844.[27]The space was used extensively for cultural and military events, and Madison Avenue on the park's eastern border became an upscale residential row. The site of the New York Life Building was used between 1837 and 1871 as the Union Depot of theNew York & Harlemand theNew York & New HavenRailroads (now part of thePark Avenue main line).[28][29][30]The location then hosted a concert garden named Gilmore's Garden,[31]as well asP.T. Barnum'sHippodrome.[30][32]Thefirst Madison Square Garden (MSG)was built in 1879 on the northeast corner of Madison Avenue and 26th Street, and was replaced in 1890 by thesecond Madison Square Garden.[33][34]

TheNew York Life Insurance Companyhad been chartered in 1841 and was originally located in theFinancial Districtof lower Manhattan.[35]Its previous structures in New York City had been clustered around lower Manhattan, including346 Broadway(erected 1870),[b]though New York Life also built branches in other cities around the world.[37]New York Life took up themortgageof MSG in 1912,[16]and bought the facility outright four years later, when the venue went bankrupt.[38]

Planning and construction

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Planning

[edit]

New York Life first commissioned Cass Gilbert in 1919 to draw plans for a possible new skyscraper on the MSG site, having chosen Gilbert due to his reputation for creating designs that expressed discretecorporate identities.Gilbert proposed two plans for a tall tower: one with a high base and light courts, and the other with a lower base; however, neither was pursued further at the time.[16][34]According to a New York Life archivist, there remained no copies of Gilbert's plans.[39]At the time, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations" in the general public.[40][41]This had been a trend since 1870,[41][42]with the completion of the formerEquitable Life Buildingin Manhattan's Financial District.[41][43]Furthermore, life insurance companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries generally built massive buildings to fit their large clerical and records-keeping staff.[44]

The building's roof from the north

By the 1920s, New York Life was undergoing another period of rapid growth, and operations could no longer fit in the 346 Broadway building. The company formed a committee in 1923 to determine whether a new headquarters could feasibly be constructed on the MSG site, and by the end of that year, the committee concluded that such construction was possible.[16]Additional sites were considered and rejected.[16][c]

In February 1924, Gilbert proposed a 28-story structure to the company's board of directors.[16]Two months later, the architect proposed a structure with a 21-story base and a 2-story, 50-foot (15 m) tower.[47][48]The board submitted "tentative plans" to theNew York City Department of Buildingsin May 1924.[34][49]The plans were slightly changed from Gilbert's original: the tower was expanded to seven stories, and the setbacks and light courts were minimized. The structure would also feature a north–south passageway and east–west lobby; five basement stories, including a subway entrance on the highest basement; and retail space at ground level, facing both inside and outside.[16][34][50]Gilbert and the board of directors also considered other designs throughout the rest of 1924.[16]

Construction

[edit]

All leases at MSG were set to expire in May 1925.[51]Demolition of MSG began at that time, and work on the foundation began in August 1925, after the old structure had been demolished.[16]The directors had considered retaining some portions of the MSG structure, such as theDianasculpture,[51]but this was deemed infeasible.[52]The erection of the New York Life Building's steelwork began in January 1926.[53]Gunvald Auswas selected as the structural engineer and theStarrett Brothersas general contractor.[11]

BuilderPaul Starrettof the Starrett Brothers, whose opinion New York Life's board had asked, had seen Gilbert's tentative plan as an "unlighted, unrelieved box of a building".[34]In mid-1926, Starrett convinced New York Life to cancel an existing steel order for the project, and askedYasuo Matsui,an associate in his company, theStarrett Brothers,to come up with a new plan. Within 48 hours, Matsui submitted his revised plans.[16][54][55]At the time, some $1 million had been spent and work was partially complete. The remaining cost of construction had been deemed too expensive; excessive ventilation and artificial lighting systems would have been needed due to the lack of light courts, making it difficult for the space to be profitable as originally planned.[16]Such concerns had been expressed by the state'sInsurance Department,[56]as well as by Starrett.[52]In August 1926, a new plan was released for a 34-story limestone structure with setbacks, a pyramidal roof, and a Gothic design inspired by French and Dutch architecture. The foundation excavation was completed that month.[56][9]By then, Gilbert had lost interest in the construction process, and his office was "simply approving or disapproving [...] Starrett Brothers' decisions, largely without comment" by 1927.[56][9][57]

The ceremonialcornerstone,laid in June 1927,[58]was filled with documents such as a copy ofThe New York Timesand various company-related reports.[59]New York Life started to move into the 51 Madison Avenue building in November 1928.[60]During that month New York Life transferred 75 million documents representing $6.85 billion in policies to the new building.[61]An additional $675 million in securities was transported to the new structure, protected by 100armored carswithmachine guns.[62]The New York Life Building at 51 Madison Avenue was officially opened on December 12, 1928,[10]when U.S. presidentCalvin Coolidge,a board member of New York Life,[63]pressed a button at the White House.[10]The structure had been completed at an ultimate cost of $23.35 million;[10][11]of this, the land cost $2.35 million and the actual construction was $21 million.[11]

Use

[edit]
Seen at street level from Park Avenue South and 27th Street

The New York Life Building was described as being run "like a small city": it had a security force of 25 security guards, which doubled as a fire brigade, as well as a cleaning team for the building's several miles of corridors. There was an employee clinic on the 14th floor, a system of 105 fire standpipes, a system of elevators carrying over 50,000 people a day, a mail system that handled 50,000 pieces of mail daily, and even an employee newspaper.[64]New York Life initially only occupied about 65% of the space.[26]The remaining floor area was rented out to other commercial and office tenants, such as wool firms,[65]a drug store,[66]andNew York University.[67]For several years, New York Life retained ownership of theDianastatue, finally shipping it to thePhiladelphia Museum of Artin 1932.[68]

After World War II, New York Life became especially profitable, being involved in several New York City housing developments.[69]In 1959, New York Life acquired much of the block located immediately to the north, between 27th and 28th Streets,[70]and submitted plans to the Department of Buildings for a 16-story building on the site, to be located at 63 Madison Avenue.[71]Carson & Lundindesigned the annex[69]whileTurner Constructionwas the contractor.[72]Construction began in August 1960,[73]and despite a major fire in early 1962,[74]was completed later that year. Upon the annex's completion, it became known as the "North Building", while the older 51 Madison Avenue building was called the "South Building".[72]

New York Life also completed a series of renovations during the late 20th century. In 1956, part of the roof was repaired as an interim measure.[69]The entire roof of the building's tower section was replaced in 1966–1967,[23]and most of the stonework on the 35th-floor stone facade was removed. As part of the renovation,Carson, Lundin & Shawreplaced the gilded copper roof with gilded ceramic tiles, rearranged the structural steel holding up the roof, and extended the roof's slope downward.[69]Several other projects involved addingair conditioningandfluorescent lightingto the interior, upgrading the elevators, and usingalternating currentrather thandirect currentfor electricity. Some of the original interior decor was stripped in the process.[26]

In 1985, to celebrate New York Life's 140th anniversary, a 617-foot-high (188 m) artificial candle was lit at the top of the pyramid.[75]Other upgrades during the 1980s and 1990s included mechanical equipment on the setback of the 14th floor; new roofs above the setbacks on the 26th, 34th, and 35th floors; and cooling equipment on the western setback of the 26th floor.[13]For New York Life's 150th anniversary, in 1994–1995 the pyramid was restored with new tiles and lit at a cost of $4.1 million.[22]The New York Life Insurance Company continued to maintain its headquarters in the building, but started leasing extra office space throughCushman and Wakefieldin 2004.[76]

Impact

[edit]

Reception

[edit]

At opening, New York Life president Darwin P. Kingsley described the structure as "a majestic cathedral of insurance".[10]Miriam Berman, a historian, described the gold-plated roof as one "that catches and reflects the sunlight by day and by night is one of the more easily recognized shapes on the city's illuminated skyline".[19]In February 1929, the Fifth Avenue Association dubbed the structure as the "finest commercial building" erected aroundFifth Avenuein 1928.[77]Claude Fayette Bragdonsaid in 1931 that the design "attempted to reconcile the original Gothic ideals of the skyscraper [...] and the newer ideal which relies less upon surface and finial ornament and more upon the arrangement of cubic masses."[78][79]George Shepard Chappell,writing inThe New Yorkerunder the pseudonym "T-Square", said that Gilbert had been "allowed the luxury of a definite 'style'" and considered the sparing ornamentation to be "decidedly refreshing".[9][80]Robert A. M. Stern,in his bookNew York 1930,said that even as the building "was remarkably simplified by comparison with Gilbert's previous works, it was also more stolid".[9]

A plaque outside the building, installed by the New York Landmarks Preservation Foundation, describes it as "a powerful example of corporate architecture, symbolizing the New York Life Insurance Company’s financial strength and stability".[81]TheNational Park Servicesaid that 51 Madison Avenue was "an excellently maintained example of Cass Gilbert's work" whose plans "best represents the large, well-structured organization of the New York Life Insurance Company" in its heyday. This was contrasted with the former Broadway headquarters, which were described as not being among the best work of its respective designer,McKim, Mead & White.[11]TheNew York City Landmarks Preservation Commissioncalled the structure "a powerful symbol" of New York Life's "public spiritedness, lasting stability, and financial success."[82]After the 1995 renovation, the building received a Merit Citation Award from theNew York Landmarks Conservancy.[83]

Not all critics appraised the building positively. TheWPA Guide to New York Citycompared the New York Life Building to the Woolworth Building: "Although the Gothic ornament [of the New York Life Building] is similar to that of the Woolworth Building, it lacks the powerful upward movement embodied in the latter."[84]Charles Phelps Cushingwrote that the gilded roof resembled an "inverted ice cream cone, of golden brown pastry, stamped in the Nabisco pattern".[85]

Landmark designations

[edit]

The building was listed in theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmarkin 1972.[86][4][87]The New York Life Building was designated an officialNew York City landmarkby the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2000.[3][23]At the time,The New York Timessaid that the building had never been proposed to the commission for designation, despite being "one of New York's most familiar landmarks".[23]

See also

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References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The others include:
  2. ^346 Broadway had been built in 1870[7]and further expanded in the 1890s.[36]
  3. ^These included the "Spanish Flats" atCentral Park SouthandSeventh Avenue,which was the same size as the MSG site. However, the area waszonedonly for residential use at the time, and New York Life determined the Spanish Flats site to be too difficult to acquire,[45][39]and it was redeveloped for apartments instead.[46]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abc"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.July 9, 2010.
  2. ^"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)".New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.November 7, 2014.RetrievedJuly 20,2023.
  3. ^abLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 1.
  4. ^ab"New York Life Building".National Historic Landmark summary listing.National Park Service. September 16, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon June 6, 2011.
  5. ^White, Norval& Willensky, Elliot (2000).AIA Guide to New York City(4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 200.ISBN978-0-8129-3107-5.
  6. ^"New York Life Building".Vertical Access. Archived fromthe originalon March 27, 2014.RetrievedApril 17,2013.
  7. ^abcLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 4.
  8. ^abEvent Horizon: Mad. Sq. Art.: Antony Gormleyinstallation guideArchivedApril 11, 2020, at theWayback Machine,published by theMadison Square Park Conservancy(2010)
  9. ^abcdefStern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,p. 543.
  10. ^abcdefg"Huge Home Opened by New York Life; New Home of New York Life Insurance Co".The New York Times.December 13, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  11. ^abcdefNational Park Service 1978,p. 2.
  12. ^"New York Life Building".Emporis.com. Archived fromthe originalon March 17, 2008.RetrievedJuly 12,2008.
  13. ^abcdefLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 8.
  14. ^abcdefghijkNational Park Service 1978,p. 5.
  15. ^Scott, Georgia (December 22, 1996)."Who Keeps Leaving the Lights On?".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 27, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 27,2020.
  16. ^abcdefghijkLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 5.
  17. ^Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,pp. 543–544.
  18. ^abcdeLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,pp. 9–10.
  19. ^abc"New York Life Insurance".Madison Square Park Conservancy.August 8, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on February 27, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 27,2020.
  20. ^abcdLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 9.
  21. ^abcdLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 10.
  22. ^abcd"Postings: New York Life Renovates; A $4.1-Million Facelift For a 150th Birthday".The New York Times.July 10, 1994.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  23. ^abcdKirby, David (October 29, 2000)."Neighborhood Report: Madison Square; Everyone's Landmark Finally Joins the Landmark Club".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  24. ^abcdeStern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,p. 544.
  25. ^"Makes Its Vault Safer; New York Life Insurance Company Develops New Protection".The New York Times.March 17, 1929.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  26. ^abcNational Park Service 1978,p. 6.
  27. ^Landmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 11.
  28. ^Landmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 2.
  29. ^"Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower"(PDF).New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.February 19, 1974. pp. 1–2.Archived(PDF)from the original on February 24, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 2,2020.
  30. ^ab"Madison Square Garden I".hockey.ballparks.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 23, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 24,2020.
  31. ^Gopnik, Adam(September 1, 2014)."Heaven's Gaits".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on August 28, 2014.RetrievedAugust 29,2014.
  32. ^New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission;Dolkart, Andrew S.;Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.).Guide to New York City Landmarks(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-0-470-28963-1.p. 75.
  33. ^Pollak, Michael (July 9, 2010)."Readers' Questions Answered".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  34. ^abcdeStern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,p. 542.
  35. ^Swarns, Rachel L. (December 18, 2016)."Insurance Policies on Slaves: New York Life's Complicated Past".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on March 1, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  36. ^Margolies, Jane (November 23, 2018)."Act III for a Lower Manhattan Landmark".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 9, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  37. ^Hudnut, J.M. (1895).Semi-centennial History of the New-York Life Insurance Company 1845–1895.The Company. pp.209-210.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  38. ^"Madison Sq. Garden Sold for $2,000,000; New York Life Insurance Co. Makes Only Bid for Historic Property at Auction".The New York Times.December 9, 1916.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  39. ^abStern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,p. 810.
  40. ^Gibbs 1984,p. 25.
  41. ^abc"Germania Life Insurance Company Building"(PDF).New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.September 6, 1988. p. 7.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 12, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  42. ^Gibbs 1984,p. 24.
  43. ^Gibbs 1984,p. 39.
  44. ^Moudry, Roberta (2005). "The Corporate and the Civic: Metropolitan Life's Home Office Building". In Moudry, Roberta (ed.).The American Skyscraper: Cultural Histories.Cambridge University Press. p. 122.ISBN978-0-52162-421-3.Archivedfrom the original on June 25, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2020.
  45. ^Landmarks Preservation Commission 2000,pp. 12–13.
  46. ^"Plans $4,000,000 Apartment To Replace" Spanish Flats "".The New York Times.September 22, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 29, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 29,2020.
  47. ^"Plan High Building to Replace Garden; New York Life Is Considering Erection of Great Structure at Madison Square".The New York Times.April 19, 1924.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  48. ^"Plan Big Building on Garden Site".Brooklyn Times-Union.April 19, 1924. p. 7.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020– via newspapers.com.
  49. ^"28-story Building to Replace Garden; New York Life Files Tentative Plans of Cass Gilbert for New $15,000,000 Home".The New York Times.May 17, 1924.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  50. ^"May Raze Garden for a Skyscraper".Brooklyn Times-Union.May 17, 1924. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020– via newspapers.com.
  51. ^ab"St. Gaudens's Diana Homeless on May 1; Plans for Huge Office Building to Replace Madison Square Garden Almost Ready".The New York Times.November 26, 1924.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  52. ^abLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 13.
  53. ^"Begin New Building on Old Garden Site; Contracts for New York Life Insurance Home Let and Foundation Work Starts".The New York Times.January 6, 1926.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  54. ^Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,pp. 542–543.
  55. ^"Shift Plan to Build on Old Garden Site; Officials of New York Life Scrap Original Project and Start Work on a New One".The New York Times.June 25, 1926.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 27, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  56. ^abcLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 6.
  57. ^Gilbert, Cass (2000).Inventing the skyline: the architecture of Cass Gilbert.Heilbrun, Margaret., New-York Historical Society. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 147.ISBN0-231-11872-4.OCLC43227473.
  58. ^"Lay Stone for New Insurance Building; New York Life Officials Hold Ceremonies at Site of Old Madison Square Garden".The New York Times.June 18, 1927.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  59. ^"New York Life to Lay Cornerstone Today; Copy of Rag-Paper Edition of The New York Times to Accompany Documents of Record".The New York Times.June 17, 1927.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  60. ^"New York Life Co. Moves to Madison Sq.; Formal Opening of New Thirty- four-Story Structure on Old Garden Site Dec. 12".The New York Times.November 18, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  61. ^"Moving Day Begins for New York Life; Shift of Insurance Company to Its New Building Is Huge Undertaking".The New York Times.November 16, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  62. ^"$675,000,000 Securities Moved in Streets; Go in 100 Loads to New York Life's New Home".The New York Times.November 26, 1928.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  63. ^"Coolidge on Board of New York Life; Accepts Position as Director of Insurance Company, but Will Receive No Salary".The New York Times.April 11, 1929.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  64. ^"Run Big Building Like Small City; Huge Office Structures Require Many Well-Organized Departments".The New York Times.May 25, 1930.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  65. ^"Woolen Firm Rentals; Thirty-two Concerns in the New York Life Building".The New York Times.October 13, 1929.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  66. ^"Druggist Leases Space; Secures Store In New York Life Insurance Company Building".The New York Times.May 22, 1927.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  67. ^"N.Y.U. to Take Floor in New Skyscraper; Lease for Entire Fifth Story of New York Life Building Ready for Signing Today".The New York Times.January 15, 1930.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  68. ^"Old Garden's Diana Lost to New York; Famous Statue That Stood on Top of Madison Square Tower Goes to Philadelphia".The New York Times.March 25, 1932.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  69. ^abcdLandmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 7.
  70. ^"Big Site Acquired by New York Life; Company Gets Most of Block Between Madison and 4th Aves., 27th and 28th Sts".The New York Times.March 24, 1959.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 27, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
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  72. ^ab"New York Life Lets Building Contract".The New York Times.July 27, 1960.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  73. ^"New York Life Building Started".The New York Times.August 4, 1960.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
  74. ^Kirkman, Edward (January 20, 1962)."100 Saved as a 4-Alarmer Unbuilds a New Building".New York Daily News.p. 23.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 23,2020– via newspapers.com.
  75. ^Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (April 13, 1985)."New York Day by Day; A New Star in the Skyline".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  76. ^Siwolop, Sana (March 24, 2004)."Commercial Real Estate: Regional Market – Midtown South; Big Spaces Are Opening Up In Madison Square Park Area".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 25, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 25,2020.
  77. ^"Active Features of City and Suburban Realty Market; Award Medals for Artistic Buildings".The New York Times.February 24, 1929.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 26,2020.
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  79. ^Bragdon, Claude (March 1931). "Skyscrapers".American Mercury.Vol. 22. pp. 288–295.
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  82. ^Landmarks Preservation Commission 2000,p. 3.
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  85. ^Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987,pp. 810–811.
  86. ^""New York Life Building", February 1977, by George R. Adams (National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination) "(pdf).National Park Service. February 1977.
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Sources

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