Planned community

Partizánske/Baťovany in Slovakia – an example of a typical planned industrial city founded in 1938 together with a shoemaking factory in which practically all adult inhabitants of the city were employed

Aplanned community,planned city,planned town,orplanned settlementis any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.^[2]

The termnew townrefers to planned communities of thenew towns movementin particular,mainly in the United Kingdom.It was also common in theEuropean colonization of the Americasto build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlierNative Americanvillages.^[3]

Planned capitals

Aplanned capitalis a city specially planned, designed and built to be a capital. Several of the world'snational capitalsare planned capitals, includingCanberrain Australia,Brasíliain Brazil,Belmopanin Belize,New Delhiin India,Abujain Nigeria,Islamabadin Pakistan,Naypyidawin Myanmar (Burma),Washington, D.C.in the United States, the modern parts ofAstanain Kazakhstan, andAnkarain Turkey. In Indonesia,Nusantarais planned to be inaugurated on 17 August 2024,^[4]and in Egypta new capital city(to the east of Cairo) is under construction.Putrajaya,the federal administrative and judicial centre ofMalaysia,is also a planned city.

Abu Dhabi(UAE) and some of the recently built cities in thePersian Gulfregion are also planned cities.

Sejongwas constructed to be a planned-administrative capital of South Korea.

Africa

Botswana

The city ofGaboronewas planned and constructed in the 1960s.^[5]

Egypt

Company towns

During the construction of theSuez Canalin the 1860s, and after, new towns were planned and built to serve the new international shipping canal. Other smallercompany townswere built during the 20th Century to serve oil exploration sites and factories. The larger towns have since been incorporated into mainstream local government.^[6]

Port Fuad– Port Said Governorate.
Port Tewfik– Suez Governorate
Ismailia– Ismailia Governorate
Ras Ghareb– Red Sea
Mosta'maret al-Mahallah– Gahrbia
Kima – Aswan
Sahary – Aswan
Mosta'maret al-Sad – Aswan

New urban communities

In the late 1970s, it became national policy to construct new desert towns in Egypt, managed by theNew Urban Communities Authority.

6th of October (city)– Giza Governorate.
10th of Ramadan (city)– Sharqia Governorate.
15th of May(city) – Cairo Governorate.
Badr– Cairo Governorate.
New Borg El Arab– Alexandria Governorate.
El Shorouk– Cairo Governorate.
New Akhmim– Sohag Governorate.
New Aswan– Aswan Governorate.
New Asyut– Asyut Governorate.
New Beni Suef– Beni Suef Governorate.
New Cairo– Cairo Governorate.
New Damietta– Damietta Governorate.
New Fayum – Fayum Governorate.
New Nubariya– Beheira Governorate.
New Qena– Qena Governorate.
New Salhia– Sharqia Governorate.
New Tiba– Luxor Governorate.
Obour (city)– Qalubyia Governorate.
Sheikh Zayed– Giza Governorate.

NUCs under construction

New Administrative Capital – Cairo
New Alamein– Matrouh
New Ismailia – Ismailia
El Galala – Suez (not part of NUCA)

Pre-modern

Memphis, Egypt– The first capital of Egypt. It was built by the kingNarmeraround 3150 B.C.
Akhetaten– A city which was built by the KingAkhenatenin the 14th century B.C. It was the capital of Egypt in his reign.
Pithom– A city was built by the KingRamesses IIin the 13th century B.C.
Pi-Ramesses– Another city which was built byRamesses IIin the 13th century B.C. It was the capital of Egypt in his reign and it was the first city to exceed 100,000 in history. At its peak, the population of the city was 300,000.
Heracleion– A city built in the 7th Century B.C. The city had been a major port in Ancient before it sank.
Alexandria– A city built byAlexander the Greatin the 4th century B.C. It was the first city to have a population of half million.
Ptolemais Hermiou– A city built by Ptolemy I in the 4th century B.C.
Berenice Troglodytica– A city built byPtolemy Iin the 3rd century B.C. on the Red Sea Coast.
Fustat– A city built by'Amr ibn al-'Aswhen he conquered Egypt to be its capital around the 7th century A.C.
al-Askar– The capital of Egypt during the Tulunide Dynasty.
al-Qata'i– Capital of Egypt during the Ikhshid Dynasty.
Cairo– It was built in the 10th century A.D. by the Fatimid CaliphAl Muizz.

Equatorial Guinea

In 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site atOyala.^[7]

Kenya

Konza Technology Cityis a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030.^[8]

Tatu City is also another planned city located in Kiambu county.

Nigeria

The capital,Abuja,is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s.^[9]Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include:Eko Atlantic City,a planned city ofLagos Statebeing constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development, is anticipating 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 150,000 commuters.^[10]Centenary City,in theFederal Capital Territory,is another plannedsmart cityunder development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country.^[11]A list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows:

Abuja,one of the most populous planned cities, and the fastest growing city in the world.
Banana Island,an affluent neighbourhood inIkoyi,Lagos,Lagos State
Bonny IslandinRivers State
Centenary Cityin theFederal Capital Territory
Eko AtlanticinLagos State
Festac TowninLagos,Lagos State
- FESTAC Phase 2, the next phase for Festac has been proposed.^[12]
Ikeja,the capital ofLagos State
Lekki,a new city inLagos State
- Lekki Free Zone,a free trade zone in the Lekki
- Orange Island, a planned real estate development in Lekki.^[13]
Victoria IslandinLagos,Lagos State

Senegal

Akon City,the nation's first planned city, co-planned by the Senegalese-American singerAkon.

South Africa

A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants includedWelkom,SasolburgandSecunda.Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non-whites such as the former homeland capital ofBisho.^{[citation needed]}

Asia

Hong Kong

The terrains of Hong Kong are mostly mountainous and many places in theNew Territorieshave limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate rapidly growing populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns includedTsuen WanandKwun Tong.Wah Fu Estatewas built in a remote corner onHong Kong Island,with similar concepts in a smaller scale.

In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed to date. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns areSha Tin,Tsuen Wan,Tuen MunandTseung Kwan O.Tuen Munwas intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful at the beginning and maintained as adormitory townup until the recent decades like the other new towns. More recent developments areTin Shui WaiandNorth Lantau.The government also plans to build such towns inHung Shui Kiu,Ping Che-Ta Kwu Ling,FanlingNorth andKwu TungNorth. At present, there are a total of nine new towns:

Indonesia

Jakarta
- Batavia(predecessor of modernJakarta) was a planned city, modeled after Dutch 17th century coastal city architecture. First, in the 17th century as a planned fortified city, crisscrossed with Dutch-style canals dug in regular grid. The city served as the administrative center ofDutch East India Company.
- In the early 19th century, the Dutch colonial authority moved their administrative center from the dilapidated and unhealthy port town of Old Batavia (nowKotaarea) several kilometres south toWeltevredenarea (nowCentral Jakarta). Old Batavia and Weltevreden were connected by the Molenvliet Canal and a road (now Gajah Mada Road) that ran alongside the waterway.^[14]It was a well-planned community around theKoningsplein,theWaterloopleinand Rijswijk (Jalan Veteran). The area, then known as Weltevreden, which include the Koningsplein, Rijswijk, Noordwijk, Tanah Abang, Kebon Sirih, and Prapatan became a popular residential, entertainment and commercial district for the European colonial elite.
- Menteng,today a sub-district in Central Jakarta, was first built as a well-planned community. Anurban designdeveloped in the 1910s set the area to become a residential area for Dutch people and high officials. At the time of its development, the area was the first plannedgarden suburbin colonialBatavia.Supported by easy access to service centers and nearby to the central business district, this area has become one of the most expensive areas for residential real estate in modern Jakarta.
In the early 20th century,Bandungwas planned by theDutch East Indiesgovernment as a new capital city to replace Batavia. The idea was to separate the busy trading port or the commercial center (Batavia) from the new administrative and political center (Bandung). By the 1920s the plan to transfer the capital to Bandung was underway. As the city began to laid the master plan of a well-planned new city, grid of streets and avenues were laid, and numbers of government buildings were constructed, such asGedung Satethat was planned as the colonial administrative center of Dutch East Indies. The plan, however, failed due to theGreat Depressionand the outbreak of theSecond World War.^[15]
SincePalangkarayawas established as the capital ofCentral Kalimantanprovince in 1957, the first president of Indonesia,Sukarno,outlined a plan to develop Palangkaraya as the future capital of Indonesia. Palangkaraya is far larger in area thanJakartaand safe from the danger of earthquakes andvolcanoes,common on the island ofJava.
In the late 1950s to the first half of the 1960s,Sukarno,Indonesia's first president, laid a master plan to buildJakartaas the planned national capital of the Republic of Indonesia. He filled Jakarta with numbers of monuments and statues. Numbers of monumental projects were conceived, planned and initiated during his administration, includingMonumen Nasional,Istiqlal mosque,DPR/MPR Building,andGelora Bung Karnostadium. Sukarno also filled Jakarta with nationalistic monuments and statues, includingSelamat Datang Monument,Pemuda Monument at Senayan, Dirgantara Monument at Pancoran, and Irian Jaya Liberation Monument atLapangan Banteng.Although many of this projects were completed later in his successor era (Suhartoadministration), Sukarno is credited for shaping Jakarta's monuments and landmarks. He desired Jakarta to be the beacon of a powerful new nation.^[16]
Because of Jakarta's environmental degradation andoverpopulationproblems, there has been an idea to build a new proposed capital city to replace Jakarta.^[17]^[18]In 2019, PresidentJoko Widodoannounced that Indonesiawill move its capitalfrom Jakarta to the new planned city in theEast Kalimantanprovince which will be built in between the regencies ofPenajam North PaserandKutai Kartanegara.Its construction will commence in 2020.^[19]The new national capital will be calledNusantaraand it is set to be inaugurated in 2024 with the groundbreaking ceremony in March 2022. The capital is expected to form a new province separated from East Kalimantan, similar to Jakarta.

Iran

In the period of the PersianSafavidEmpire,Isfahan,the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it.

In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such asTehran,Isfahan,ShirazandTabriz.Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as:

Pardis,which is built as a scientific city.
Poulad-Shahr,which is an industrial city built for the housing of Isfahan's steel industry workers.
Shirin Shahrwhich is to provide housing for the sugar industry personnel.
Tehranparswhich was built to house Tehran's additional population.
Shahrak-e Gharb,built as a massive project of modern apartment buildings.
Parandwhich is intended to provide residences for the staff ofImam Khomeini International Airport.
ShushtarNew Town which was built to provide housing for the employees of a sugar cane processing plant.

576,000 people were planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by 2005.

For a list of Iran's modern planned cities see:List of Iran's planned cities.

Israel

According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. De facto all the cities which have Jewish population its new Jewish side have been planned like New Acre and Nazareth Illit. Those cities also known asDevelopment Towns.The most successful isAshdodwith more than 200,000 inhabitants, aportand developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan areShoham,KarmielandArad.Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'uthas been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It was designed and planned by Israeli architectMoshe Safdie.ManyIsraeli settlementsfollow this model, including towns likeModi'in IllitandBetar Illit.

Malaysia

Kuala Kubu Bharu
Bandar Baru Bangi
Shah Alam
Putrajaya,Malaysia's new administrative capital
Cyberjaya
Petaling Jaya (New Town)
Kulim Hi-Tech Park
Iskandar Puteri
Iskandar Malaysia

Japan

The city ofKyotowas developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then calledHeian-kyō), built on a grid layout and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east–west streets being numbered, such as 4th street(Tứ điều,shi-jō).In modern times,Sapporowas built from 1868, following an Americangrid plan,and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-basedJapanese addressing system.

Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the big cities inKansairegion. Some towns, (Senri New Town,Tama New Town) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby cities. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from the new urban fringe).

Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations (sangyo-shuseki) (Tsukuba Science City,Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance withUzō Nishiyama's "life-spheres" principle.

Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to whatManuel CastellsandSir Peter Hallcalltechnopolis.The technopolis program of the 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment.

In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled.

Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on a primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-AmericanGarden Citytradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development.

In 2002 Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumiannounced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment.

Sources:

Ministry of Construction, Japan International Cooperation Agency, City Bureau. 1975? City Planning in Japan.
Hein, Carola. 2003. “Visionary Plans and Planners: Japanese Traditions and Western Influences” in Japanese Capitals in Historical
Perspective, Nicholas Fiévé and Paul Waley, eds. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 309–43.
Scott, W. Stephen. 2006. Just Housing? Evidence of Garden City Principles in a Postwar Japanese New Town. Undergraduate diss. New College of Florida.

Myanmar

Naypyidawis the capital of Myanmar. It is administered by theNaypyidaw Union Territory,as per the2008 Constitution.^[20]On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to agreenfield3.2 km west ofPyinmana,and approximately 300 km north ofYangon(Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, myanmaArmed Forces Day.Much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012.^[21]As of 2009, the population was 925,000,^[22]which makes it Myanmar'sthird largestcity, afterYangonandMandalay.

Pakistan

Islamabad,planned capital citywhose foundations were laid during the 1950s^[23]^[24]
Ravi City,riverfront and urban development megaproject (expected population 25–35 million, under construction since December 2020^[update]^[25])
Gwadar,port city established as the southern leg forChina–Pakistan Economic Corridor
Faisalabad,established by the British and later Ayub Khan as a plannedindustrial city
Jauharabad,a planned town situated in Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan
Sargodha,established by the British for air defence
Sahiwal
Bahria Town,privately built towns inIslamabad–Rawalpindi,LahoreandKarachi
Defence Housing Authority, Islamabad
Defence Housing Authority, Lahore
Defence Housing Authority, Karachi
Clifton, Karachi
WAPDA Town
DHA City
LDA City

Palestinian territories

Rawabi

People's Republic of China

Many ancientcities in China,especially those on theNorth China Plain,were carefully designed according to thefengshuitheory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples areChang'aninTang dynastyand Beijing.

An exception to that is an ancient town inTekes County,Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture,Xinjiang, with a shape of aba gua.

In modern China, manyspecial economic zonesare developed from the sketch, for example,Pudong,a new district of Shanghai.

Philippines

Quezon Citywas the planned city of PresidentManuel L. Quezon,who had earlier proposed a new city to be built on land northeast of theCity of Manila.Carefully planned districts include Santa Mesa Heights (part of the originalBurnhamPlan for Manila), the Diliman Estate (includes theUniversity of the Philippines), New Manila, the Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 and 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8.

PresidentElpidio Quirinoproclaimed Quezon City as the national capital on 17 July 1948, with PresidentFerdinand Marcosrestoring Manila as the capital on 24 June 1976. He then created a metropolitan area calledMetro Manila,which remains congested today due to failed execution of the Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan.

Other planned cities (in order of foundation):

Saudi Arabia

King Abdullah Economic City,a future planned city along theRed Sealocated in Saudi Arabia.

In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known asJubail,was designated as a new industrial city by theSaudi government.It provides 50% of the country's drinking water throughdesalinationof the water from thePersian Gulf.

Singapore

The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town,Queenstown,from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, theHousing and Development Board.Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country.

Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on.

Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded theWorld Habitat AwardtoTampinesNew Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992.^[26]

South Korea

Since 2007Sejongwas planned as the new capital, but it is becoming the de facto administrative capital instead, with many national government agencies and research institutes moving there between 2013 and present. It has a planned population of 0.8 million, which is the largest of all the newtown development plans. The head of the domestic-administration, thePrime Minister of South Korea,also residents in Sejong, along with more than 65% of the South Korea's government facilities.

New Songdo Cityis a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10-kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in the world.

Gwanggyonewtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation (GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure was scheduled to be constructed by 2012.

Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in theSeoul Metropolitan Areato alleviate housing demands inSeoul.They include:

Several ongoing developments inHwaseong,including Bongdam, Dongtan1 & 2, and Hyangnam, Suji in Yongin.
Gangnam, Seocho & Jamsil, Southern Seoul called Gangnam
Bundang,Seongnam City
Ilsan,Goyang City
Hwajeong, Goyang City
Jungdong, Bucheon
Pyeongchon, Anyang
Sanbon, Gunpo
Dongtan1, Hwaseong
Dongtan2, East Hwaseong: The largest in South Korea with more than 100,000 flats and 300,000 inhabitants
Pangyo,Seongnam City
Wirye, SE Seoul
Haewun dae in East Busan.
Myeongji in West Busan
Dunsan in Daejeon after relocating air field site development.

Taiwan

After losing theChinese Civil War,the central government of China and its government forces retreated to the former Qing province and laterJapanese colonyof the island of Taiwan, which was still a Japanese territory under Allied occupation. As a result,Nationalistforces constructed severalmilitary dependents' villagesthat were intended to be temporary housing for party members and their families to regainMainland Chinafrom theCommunists.Many of these neighborhoods became permanent and still exist today.

Beginning in the 1950s, theTaiwan Provincial Governmentwas moved out ofTaipeito central Taiwan for security reasons. Several new planned communities were created to house these government employees. The first planned community under the background wasGuangfu New Village,located inWufeng, Taichung.After Guangfu New Village, other communities were created as well:^[27]

Zhongxing New Village,the seat of the provincial government, Nantou County
Liming New Village,Taichung City

In the 1970s, several new cities were planned to help alleviate the overpopulation in Taiwan's largest cities, includingLinkou new townandDanhai New Townto alleviate Taipei downtown's overpopulation, Dapingding new town to alleviate Kaohsiung downtown.^[28]Most of the new city plans during the time did not succeed due to strong opposition from locals and negative responses from various government departments.^[29]^[30]

Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone,which is located inTaichung,Taiwan, was a major planned community. Before Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone Plan, only a few farmhouses were scattered along a limited number of narrow streets.^[31]Today, this area the new central business district (CBD) of Taichung, away from the city'sCentral District.^[32]It features broad and widely spaced boulevards, large apartments complexes, department stores, and office towers. There are many universities nearby, such asTunghai UniversityandFeng Chia University.^[33]

Turkey

Some parts of the biggest city,Istanbul,are beingre-developed and re-planned.^[34]

The capital,Ankara,was built by a plan and is constantly re-planned.^[35]

Atça,Aydınwas burned down by Greek forces in theTurkish Independence War.The rebuilding plan was based on Paris' plan.^[36]

Some other cities includingErzincan,Karabük,Kars,Kayseri,Konyawere also planned.

United Arab Emirates

Capital city ofAbu Dhabi,is a planned city to some extent
Certain new parts of Dubai, are planned
Masdar City,conceived of as a mixed purpose residential and commercial area

South Asia

Ancient history

An urban culture is evident in the mature phase ofIndus Valley civilizationwhich thrived in present-day Pakistan and north western India from around 3300 BC. The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge ofurban planningand efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority onhygiene.The streets of major cities in present-day Pakistan such asMohenjo-daroandHarappa,the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfectgrid patterncomparable to that of present-day New York City. The houses were protected from noise, odours, and thieves.

As seen in the ancient sites ofHarappaandMohenjo-daroin Pakistan and western border of India, this urban plan included the world's first urbansanitationsystems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water fromwells.From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing,waste waterwas directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to innercourtyardsand smaller lanes.

The ancient Indus systems ofsewageanddrainagethat were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Valley were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern South Asia today. The advanced architecture of theHarappansis shown by theirdockyards,granaries,warehouses,brick platforms, and protective walls.

Medieval history

A number of medieval Indian cities were planned including:

Ahmedabadin Gujarat. Established by Sultan Ahmad Shah in 1411.
Jaipurin Rajasthan. Established in 1727 by Maharaja SawaiJai Singh II.It is the capital ofRajasthanstate of India.
Udaipurin Rajasthan. It was the historic capital of the former kingdom ofMewar.
Thanjavurin Tamil Nadu Which was the Capital ofChola dynastyDuring the Rule KingRaja Raja Cholan
Madurai,in the state ofTamil Nadu.It was the capital of the erstwhilePandyan kingdomand is noted for its lotus-like symmetry.
Fatehpur SikriinAgra.Its planning was done by theMughal emperor Akbar the Great.
Vijayanagarin Karnataka, the capital of the erstwhileVijayanagara Empire.
Hampiin Karnataka, which was the former capital of theVijayanagara Empireprior to the city of Vijayanagar.

Modern history

India

India has a number of planned cities. Some prominent planned cities areNavi Mumbai,Noida,Dholera,Amaravati,New Delhi andChandigarh.Noida was one of the most successful experiments as a planned city, undertaken by the State Government. It was divided into sectors, with residential and commercial zones, local water tanks and electricity distributors. Each sector is surrounded by roads, which ultimately connect to New Delhi, the capital of India.

The period followingindependencesaw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. New states such asGujaratwere formed with planned capital cities.

The major planned cities of India include:

Amaravati,^[38]a new city planned to become the capital ofAndhra Pradesh
Auroville^[39]
Bhilai,planned township inChhattisgarh^{[citation needed]}
Bhubaneshwar,^[40]the capital ofOdisha
Bidhannagar, Kolkata(Salt Lake City),^[41]planned township nearKolkata
Bokaro Steel City^[42]
Chandigarh^[43]India's first planned city
Dhule,^[44]Maharashtra,a city planned by the renowned architect of India, Sir Vishveshwarayya.
Dispur^[44]first planned city inAssam
Durgapur^[44]India's second planned city
Gandhinagar
Greater Noida
Jamshedpur,^[45]planned township inJharkhand
Kalyani^[46]
Lavasa^[47]
Manesar(Gurgaon)^[48]
Mohali^[49]
Navi Mumbai,planned city.Contains a population of 2.6 million.^[50]^[51]
Naya Raipur,^[52]the upcoming capital ofChhattisgarh
New Delhi^[53]
New Gurgaon^[48]
New Town, Kolkata
Noida
Panchkula,planned city nearChandigarh& part of Chandigarh Tricity^[54]
Patiala^[55]
Palava
Pimpri-Chinchwad^[56]
Rajarhat(New Town, Kolkata),^[57]a planned township nearKolkata
Rourkela^[58]
Sri Ganganagar^[59]
Vijayawada
Vishakhapatnam
Bhopal HabibganjTownship.
Bhararisain^{[citation needed]}

Europe

History

New settlements were planned in Europe at least since Greek antiquity (see articleHistory of urban planning). The Greeks built new colonial cities around the Mediterranean. The ancient Romans also founded many new colonial towns through their empire. There are, however, also traces of planned settlements of non-Roman origin in pre-historic northern Europe. Most planned settlements of medieval Europe were created in the period of about the 12th to 14th centuries. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found new villages and towns on their estates, to gain economic, political or military power. The settlers generally were attracted by fiscal, economic and juridical advantages granted by the founding lord, or were forced to move from elsewhere from his estates. Most of the new towns were to remain rather small (as for instance thebastidesof southwestern France), but some of them became important cities, such as Cardiff, Leeds, 's-Hertogenbosch, Montauban, Bilbao, Malmö, Lübeck, Munich, Berlin, Bern, Klagenfurt, Alessandria, Warsaw and Sarajevo.^[60]

Roman Empire

TheRomansbuilt a large number of towns throughout their empire, often as colonies for the settlement of citizens or veterans. These were generally characterised by a grid of streets and a planned water-supply; and many modern European towns of originally Roman foundation still retain part of the original street-grid.

Belarus

Belarus has several planned towns, all built during the 1950s – 1970s fromKomsomolrapid construction projects. These planned towns include:

Salihorsk,built anew to host the population ofBelaruskaliworkers
Svietlahorsk,built on site ofShatsilkivillage to host population of Svetlahorsk power plant, Svetlahorsk chemical textile plant and Svietlahorsk cellulose-cardboard combinate.
Navapolatsk,built to host the population ofNaftan Oil Refineryworkers
Novalukoml,built to host workers ofLukoml power plant

Belgium

As many Roman army camps, the settlement ofAtuatuca Tungrorum,on the site of the modern town ofTongeren,grew into an important regional centre, laid out along agrid planand supplied with water by anaqueduct.While Tongeren's administrative and military functions were moved to Maastricht in the wake ofGermanic invasionsin the 350s, given the latter's better strategic position, remains of the Roman town are visible up to this day.

Named after kingCharles II of Spain,the town ofCharleroi(orCaroloregium,in Latin) was founded in 1666 as a stronghold near the French border, to fend off potential invasions. A few years before, in 1659, the border betweenFranceand theSpanish Netherlandshad shifted northward due to theTreaty of the Pyrenees.This shift, and the consequent loss of fortified border towns such asCambraiandAvesneshad sparked the need to found new forts to defend the border. The original fortifications were destroyed between 1867 and 1871, making place for a quickly expanding industrial centre.

In 1923, the city ofAntwerpannexed the sparsely populated, marshy lands known as Vlaams Hoofd, with the intention of using the area for urban development. Over the following decades, the terrain was elevated and a new urban community, now calledLinkeroever(literally 'Left Bank'), was created. Notably,Le Corbusiersubmitted a plan along the lines of hisCité radieuse^[61]but neither his plan nor those of his colleagues were accepted. Instead, Linkeroever was developed gradually over the 20th and 21st centuries, inspired by a mix ofmodernistand later ideas.^[62]

When theCatholic University of Leuvenwas split along linguistic lines in 1968, it was decided to move its French-speaking division, theUniversité catholique de Louvain,fromLeuven(in theFlemish Region) to a new location, some 30 kilometers south, in theWalloon Region.Construction on the town ofLouvain-la-Neuve(literally 'New Louvain') began in the 1970s, in what had previously been the mostly empty countryside near the village ofOttignies.Its city centre is supported by a concrete structure, allowing car traffic to pass underneath and making the city centre a pedestrian zone.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Slobomiris a new town in Republika Srpska and its name means: "the city of freedom and peace". It is located on theDrinariver nearBijeljina.It was founded by Slobodan Pavlović, a Bosnian Serb philanthropist. It aims to be one of the major cities of post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. In fact, the city will be located in two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, although majority of it will be in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is named after its founder, Slobodan Pavlović, and his wife, Mira.
Andrićgradis a town under construction by the famous Serbian directorEmir Kusturica,and will be located inVišegrad,Republika Srpska.^[63]

Bulgaria

The cities ofStara ZagoraandKazanlak,in central Bulgaria, were rebuilt as planned cities after they were burnt to the ground in the1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War.Also the city ofDimitrovgradin south Bulgaria, that was planned as a key industrial and infrastructure center.

Croatia

Červar-Poratis aresort townin western Croatia, located on the east coast of theAdriatic Seaon the Červar lagoon. It was built as a planned town in the 1970s, although the area was inhabited in Roman times. During the War of Independence it was used as acamp for refugeesfrom Bosnia and Herzegovina andVukovar.It was planned to house 6500 people.^{[citation needed]}

Rašain Istria was built as a "new town" during 1936–1937 as part ofMussolini's urban colonization of Istria and other Italian territories.

The capital ofZagrebunderwent major expansion during the 1960s. By that time, the city's official boundary was the riverSava,since nothing was built over it. After a flood in the 1960s, many residents were moved and some other districts were created for the residents, such asDubrava,which was the interconnection between the Zagreb's old part andSesvete.During the 1960s and 1970s, a planned part of Zagreb,Novi Zagreb(New Zagreb), was constructed, which is on the other, previously uninhabited part of the river Sava, and is now one of major districts consisting of purely residential buildings and blocks. It is still under expansion and some new landmarks were built in it, the most famous one being the recent one,Arena Zagreb,built in 2008.

Czechia

TheNew TownofPraguewas founded in 1348 by the King and EmperorCharles IV.This expansion made Prague, the new imperial seat, the third largest city in Europe by area at that time.

PorubaandHavířovwere established in the 1950s as new satellite residential towns for workers of coal-mining, steel-mill and other heavy-industry complex in the Ostrava region.^{[citation needed]}

Prague was extended by largehousing estates– "new towns" in the 1970s and 1980s:Severní Město(Northern Town),Jižní Město(Southern Town),Jihozápadní Město(South-Western Town) were the largest, with population around 100.000 each. Their remote position to the city centre was compensated for by underground lines constructed usually a decade after the completion of the housing projects.^{[citation needed]}A new housing estate calledZápadní Město(Western Town) is currently (2017) partly under construction (Britská čtvrť) and partly in planning stage.

Denmark

Fredericiawas founded in 1650 as a combinedmarket townandmilitary townfollowing theThirty Years' War.Similarly, theNorth Seaport city ofEsbjergwas constructed in 1868 following the loss ofAltona(nowpart of Hamburg).

More recent examples areGræse BakkebyinNorth Zealand,andØrestad(adistrict of Copenhagen), planned and built to strengthen development in theCopenhagen/Malmöregion. The suburb ofAlbertslundwas also built from scratch in the 1970s, merging the villagesVridsløselilleandHerstedvester.

In 2017, plans for a new 20,000-inhabitant town outsideFrederikssundnamedVingewere approved by the Danish authorities.

Finland

The city ofHelsinki,previously a town of 5,000 inhabitants, was made the capital of the newGrand Duchy of Finlandin 1812 by decree ofAlexander I, Emperor of Russia.The city center was rebuilt with the lead of the German architectCarl Ludvig Engel.

However, the last town in Finland that was ordered to be built on a previously completely uninhabited land wasRaahe,founded by governor generalPer Brahe the Youngerin 1649.

The city ofVaasawas rebuilt about seven kilometers northwest of its original location in 1862, after a fire which destroyed the city in 1852. The new town was planned byCarl Axel Setterberg.The disastrous consequences of the fire were considered as the design included five broad avenues which divided the town into sections and each block was divided by alleys.

Haminais an old Finnish Eastern trade capital, founded during the Swedish reign. The star-shaped fortress and the circular town plan are based on an Italian Renaissance fortress concept from the 16th century.

Finland also has various "ekokylä" communities or "ecological villages". For example,Tapiolais a post-wargarden cityon the edge ofEspoo.

HervantainTampereis a satellite city built starting from 1970s to accommodate a growing number of urban residents. It was built far from the city centre due to lower land prices. The district was intended to be as independent as possible. It includes a largeuniversity campus,thePolice University Collegeof Finland and offices of many technology companies.

France

Many new cities, calledbastides,were founded from the 12th to 14th centuries in southwestern France, where theHundred Years Wartook place, to replace destroyed cities and organize defence and growth. Among those,Monpazier,Beaumont,andVilleréalare good examples.

In 1517, the construction ofLe Havrewas ordered byFrancis I of Franceas a new port. It was completely destroyed during theSecond World Warand was entirely rebuilt in amoderniststyle, during theTrente Glorieuses,the thirty-year period from 1945 to 1975.

Cardinal Richelieufounded the small Baroque town ofRichelieu,which remains largely unchanged.

A program of new towns (Frenchville nouvelle) was developed in the mid-1960s to try to control the expansion of cities.^[64]Tenvilles nouvelleswere created.

Near Paris:Cergy-Pontoise,Marne-la-Vallée,Sénart(former Melun-Sénart),Évry,Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
NearLille:Villeneuve d'Ascq(Former Lille-Est)
NearLyon:L'Isle-d'Abeau
NearMarseille:Rives de l'Etang de Berre
NearRouen:Le Vaudreuil
NearGrenoble:L'Isle-d'Abeau

La Défense,in the greater Paris area, could also be considered a planned town, though it was not built all at once but in successive stages beginning in the 1950s.

Germany

Planned cities in Germany are:

Bayreuth:an example of a medieval new city
Bremerhaven:founded as a seaport in the 19th century
Berlin – Friedrichstadt:founded in 1691
Eisenhüttenstadt:the "first socialist town" in Germany
Freudenstadt:the roads follow the layout of thenine men's morrisgame
Glückstadt:founded in 1617 by the Duke of Holstein, KingChristian IV of Denmark
Halle-Neustadt:a "Stadtteil" or borough inHalle, Saxony-Anhalt
Hellerau:first German garden city founded in 1909, today part ofDresden
Karlsruhe:the roads follow the layout of a hand-held fan with the castle being at the juncture
Ludwigsburg:planned new capital for the duke of Württemberg
Mannheim Quadratestadt:squares named like ranks and files on a chessboard
MunichMaxvorstadt: the first planned city expansion ofMunichwas realized from 1805 to 1810 according to a raster
Neu-Isenburg:founded in 1699 as a town of exiles by FrenchHuguenots
Neustrelitz:founded in 1733 with streets spreading from an octagonal market place
Neuwied:founded in 1653
Putbus:built around a circular centre with radially aligned streets
Sennestadt:founded in 1956, today part ofBielefeld
Wilhelmshaven:founded as a naval base by theKingdom of Prussia
Wolfsburg:founded in 1938 to host the factories for the newly built Volkswagen

Welthauptstadt Germaniawas the projected renewal ofBerlinas a planned city, although only a small portion was constructed between 1937 and 1943.

After World War II, several expellee towns were built likeEspelkamp,NeutraublingandTraunreut.

Greece

Planned cities in Greece are:

Lakki:planned and built in the 1930s by the Italians to house members of its military stationed on the island ofLeros;its initial name was Portolago
Nea Alikarnassos:founded in 1925 to houseGreek refugeesfromHalicarnassos,Asia Minor
Orestiada:founded in 1922 to houseGreek refugeesfromOrestiada,Eastern Thrace
Paralia Distomou:planned and built to house workers ofAluminium of Greece
Piraeus,planned to be the major port ofAthens.
Sparta:planned and built next to the ancient city, in 1834 after a decree issued by KingOtto of Greece

Hungary

All Hungarian planned cities were built in the second half of the 20th century when a program of rapid industrialization was implemented by the communist government.

TheAkadémiaújteleparea ofBudapestwas designed in a unique geometrical fashion.
Dunaújváros,built next to the existing village Dunapentele to provide housing for workers of a large steel factory complex. Once named after Stalin, the city maintains its importance in heavy industry even after the recession following the end of Communist era.
Tiszaújváros,built next to the existing village Tiszaszederkény and was named after Lenin for decades. A significant chemical factory was built simultaneously.
Kazincbarcika,created from the villages Sajókazinc, Barcika and Berente (the latter has become independent since then) in a mining area. The city and its population grew fast after the founding of a factory.
Tatabánya,created from four already existing villages was developed into a mining town and industrial centre and shortly after its elevation to town status became the county seat of its county, a status it still maintains despite the presence of historically more significant towns in the area.
Beloiannisz(although not a town, only a village) was planned and built in the 1950s to provide home for Greek refugees of theCivil War.
TheWekerletelepwas developed between 1908 and 1925 as a result of planned state construction in the area ofKispestin a unique lacy layout.

Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during theGeorgian era.Part ofLimerickcity was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery".

In 1961 the first new town ofShannonwas commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set. This has since been exceeded. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with theShannon Free ZoneandShannon Airport), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments.

It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns inCounty Dublin.These wereBlanchardstown,Clondalkin,LucanandTallaghtbut they were subsequently reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght. These areas had previously contained small semi-rural villages on the edge of the city of Dublin, but were greatly expanded throughout the 1970s. Each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today.

The most recent new town in Ireland isAdamstownin County Dublin. Building commenced in 2005 and it was anticipated that the occupation would commence late in 2006 with the main development of 10,500 units being completed within a ten-year timescale. As of 2017 Adamstown is complete but currently only has 3,500 out of the 25,500 planned.

Italy

A famous example of renaissance planned city is the walled star city ofPalmanova.It is a derivative of ideal circular cities, namely ofFilarete's imaginary Sforzinda.

In the early 20th century, during the fascist government ofBenito Mussolini,many new cities were founded, the most prominent beingLittoria(renamed Latina after the fall of the Fascism). The city was inaugurated on 18 December 1932. Littoria was populated with immigrants coming from Northern Italy, mainly fromFriuliandVeneto.

The greatSicilian earthquake of 1693forced thecomplete rebuilding on new plansof many towns.

Other well-known new cities are located close toMilanin the metropolitan area.Crespi d'Adda,a few kilometres east of Milan along the Adda River, was settled by the Crespi family. It was the first Ideal Worker's City in Italy, built close to the cotton factory. Today Crespi d'Adda is part of theUnesco World HeritageList.Cusano Milaninowas settled in the first years of the 20th century in the formerly small town of Cusano. It was built as a new green city, rich in parks, villas, large boulevards and called Milanino (Little Milan).

Lithuania

In 1961Elektrėnaiwas established as planned city for workers inElektrėnai Power Plantand in 1975Visaginaswas established as planned city for workers inIgnalina Nuclear Power Plant.

Malta

The fortified cities ofSengleaandVallettawere both built on agrid planby theKnights of Maltain the 16th century.
The town ofPaola,also known asRaħal Ġdid(New Town), is built on a grid plan by the Grand MasterAntoine de Paule.
The towns ofSan ĠwannandSanta Luċijawere built as planned cities in the 1960s and 1970s

Netherlands

One of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands,Flevoland(pop. 437,000 in 2022), was reclaimed from theZuiderzee(Southern Sea). After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, acauseway(theAfsluitdijk) was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer (IJssel-lake) and its previously salty water became fresh.

The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 (Oost-Flevoland) and the southern part (Zuid-Flevoland) in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986.

The capital of Flevoland isLelystad,but the biggest city isAlmere(pop. 219,000 in 2022), which was founded in 1975. Apart from these two larger cities, several 'New Villages' were built. In the Noordoostpolder the central town ofEmmeloordis surrounded by ten villages, all on cycling distance from Emmeloord since that was the most popular way of transport in the 1940s (and it's still very popular). Most noteworthy of these villages isNagelewhich was designed by famous modern architects of the time,Gerrit Rietveld,Aldo van Eyck,Willem WissingandJaap Bakemaamong them. The other villages were built in a more traditional/vernacular style. In the more recent Flevolandpolders four more 'New Villages' were built. Initially more villages were planned, but the introduction of cars made fewer but larger villages possible.

New towns outside Flevoland areHoofddorpandIJmuidennear Amsterdam,HellevoetsluisandSpijkenissenear Rotterdam and the navy portDen Helder.Elburgis an example of a planned city in the medieval period.

The cities ofAlmere,Capelle aan den IJssel,Haarlemmermeer(also a reclaimed polder, 19th century),Nieuwegein,PurmerendandZoetermeerare members of the European New Town Platform.

North Macedonia

The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within theMunicipality of Aerodromwithin theCity of Skopje,Republic of North Macedonia.

TheMunicipality of Aerodromwithin thecity of Skopjeis a planned community.

Norway

Oslo:After a great fire in 1624, it was decided by KingChristian IVthat the city would be moved behind the Akershus fortress. The new town, named Christiania, was laid out in a grid and is now the downtown area known as "Kvadraturen" (the Quadrature). The original town of Oslo was later incorporated into Christiania, and is now a neighborhood in eastern Oslo;Gamlebyenor "The Old City".
The city ofKristiansandwas formally founded in 1641 by King Christian IV. The city was granted all trade privileges on the southern coast of Norway, denying all other towns to trade with foreign states. As Oslo/Christiania before it, the city was behind a fortress, with a grid system allowing cannons to fire towards the two ports of the city and the river on the eastern end.

Poland

Four cities stand out as examples of planned communities in Poland:Zamość,Gdynia,TychyandNowa Huta.Their very diverse layouts are the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of each of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland and its neighbors that once comprised thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.These are theNobleman's Republic(16th to 18th centuries), the interwar period (1918–1939) andSocialist Realism(1944–1956).

The Nobleman's Republic of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during theRenaissanceleft Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes out of the grasp of the Royal Treasury.Jan Zamoyskifounded the city ofZamośćto circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość was planned by the renowned Paduan architectBernardo Morandoand modeled onRenaissancetheories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. toGreeks,ArmeniansandSephardic Jewsand secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamoyski's success withZamośćspawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such asBiałystokand many of these towns survive today, whileZamośćwas added to theUN World Heritage listin 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Interwar period

The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. AfterWorld War Iwhen Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport (De iurePolescould useGdańsk,which was the main port of the country before the War and is again today, butde factothe Germansresiding in the city made it almost impossible for them), making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities inGdynia,the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on theBaltic Sea.In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope the rapid development of 19th-century Chicago, growing from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. TheCentral Business Districtthat developed inGdyniais a showcase ofArt DecoandModernistarchitectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra whereHistoricisminspiredNeo-RenaissanceandNeo-Baroquearchitecture.

Socialist realism

After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, theCommunistgovernment that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals ofsocialist realism.This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such asWarsaw'sMDM.The City ofNowa Huta(now a district ofKraków) andTychywere built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland.

Portugal

Vila Real de Santo Antóniowas built after the1755 Lisbon earthquake,on the same model that was used for rebuildingLisbon,Portugal's capital city (also destroyed in the earthquake), and on a similar orthogonal plan.

Romania

The cities ofBrăila,GiurgiuandTurnu Severinwere rebuilt, according to new plans, in the first part of the 19th century and the cities ofAlexandriaandCălărașiwere built completely new the same time. The town ofVictoria,located inBrașov County,was built by the communist government starting in the late 1940s. The town ofMotruinOlteniadates to the 1960s.

Russia

Saint Petersburgwas built byPeter the Greatas a planned capital city starting in 1703, particularly due to his interests in seafaring and the pursuit of maritime affairs with Europe, as well as the inconvenient locations of both Moscow andArkhangelsk,which were two important trade centers at the time.
Magnitogorskis an example of a planned industrial city based onStalin's 1930s five-year plans.
The Avtozavodsky district ofTolyattiis a planned industrial city of Soviet post-war modernism.
Kostomukshawas built as a mining town in a Finnish-Russian cooperation in the 1970s–1980s.
Zelenogradwas planned as a center for textile industries and was re-oriented as the center for Soviet electronics and microelectronics. Today, it hosts a computer industry known as the "Soviet/Russian Silicon Valley", and remains an important center of electronics in modern Russia.

Serbia

Novi Beograd,meaningNew BelgradeinSerbian,is a municipality of the city ofBelgrade,built on a previously undeveloped area on the left bank of theSavariver. The first development began in 1947, the municipality has since expanded significantly and become the fastest developing region in Serbia.

Drvengrad,meaningWooden TowninSerbian,is a traditional village that theSerbianfilm directorEmir Kusturicahad built for his filmLife Is a Miracle.It is located in theZlatibor Districtnear the city ofUžice,two hundred kilometers southwest of Serbia's capital,Belgrade.It is located nearMokra GoraandVišegrad.

Slovakia

Partizánskewas established in 1938–1939, whenJan Antonín BaťaofZlín,Czechoslovakia(now Czech Republic) and his powerful network of companies built a shoe factory in the cadastral area of Šimonovany municipality. The newly created settlement for workers carried the name of Baťovany and was part of Šimonovany. With the growth of the factory, so grew the settlement. The whole municipality was renamed to Baťovany in 1948 and given town status. As a sign of recognition of local inhabitants fighting in theSlovak National uprising,the town was renamed Partizánske on 9 February 1949.^[65]
Svitwas established in 1934 by business industrialistJan Antonín BaťaofZlín,Czechoslovakia(now Czech Republic) in accordance with his policy of setting up villages around the country for his workers.
Nová Dubnicais the town planned by architectJiří Kroha,according to his concept of the ideal town. The construction of the town started in 1951, and while only one third of the original project was finished, the town center still remains one of the prime examples ofStalinist architecturein Slovakia.

Slovenia

Nova Gorica,built after 1947 immediately to the east of the new border with Italy, in which the town ofGoriziaremained.

Spain

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of Spain declined due to emigration to the Americas and later kings and governments made efforts to repopulate the country. In the second half of the 18th century, KingCharles IIIimplemented the so-called New Settlements (Nuevas Poblaciones) plan which would bring 10,000 immigrants from central Europe to the region ofSierra Morena.Pablo de Olavidewas appointed superintendent and about forty new settlements were established of which the most notable wasLa Carolina,which has a perfectly rectangular grid design.^[66]

Later kings and repopulation efforts led to the creation of more settlements, also with rectangular grid plans. One of them was the town of La Isabela (40.4295 N, 2.6876 W), which disappeared in the 1950s submerged under the waters of the newly created artificial lake ofBuendíabut is still visible just under the water in satellite imagery.

UnderFrancisco Franco,theInstituto Nacional de Colonización(National Institute of Colonization) built a great number of towns and villages.

Tres Cantos,nearMadrid,is a good example of a successful new town design in Spain. It was built in the 1970s.

Newer additional sections of large cities are often newly planned as is the case of theSalamanca districtorCiudad Linealin Madrid or theEixamplein Barcelona.

Sweden

Gothenburgwas planned and built as a major fortified city from nothing from 1621.

Karlskronawas also planned and built as a major city and naval base from nothing, beginning 1680.

Vällingby,a suburb, is an example of a new town in Sweden from after 1950.

Kirunawas built because of the large mine, from 1898.

Arvikawas also a planned city, in 1811.

Most old planned cities have grown far outside the original planned areas. The new areas were usually (but not always) also planned, but later and separately.Majornais a near suburb of Gothenburg that was not planned, but grew more ad-hoc, with irregular curvy streets following the topography.

Ukraine

Odesawas built as a planned city according to 18th-century plans by the Flemish engineer Franz de Wollant (also known as François Sainte de Wollant).^[67]The same engineer also planned the following municipalities in Ukraine in the late 18th century:

Voznesensk(Ukrainian:Вознесенськ), inMykolayiv Oblast
Ovidiopol(Ukrainian:Овідіополь), inOdesa Oblast

During its Soviet period, there were number of projects carry out in Ukraine as part of the All-Union urban development programs. In 1920s-1930s cities throughout the Soviet Union were "redeveloped" and had new neighborhoods created known as "Sots-gorodok" or "Sots-misto". After theWorld War IIthat program was discontinued, but number of cities still have some of their neighborhoods named after that program. Some city neighborhoods were developed as hubs for science development and were named as Akademgorodok which could be traced among many cities of the former Soviet Union. There also were built special cities like "Atomgrad" (cities of nuclear scientists), "Goroda Energetikov" (cities of power installers), city-satellites of hydropower plants, etc (Teplodar,Enerhodar,Yuzhnoukrainsk,Svitlodarsk,Svitlovodskand many others).

Horishni Plavni,founded in the 1960 asKomsomolsk,is the most prosperous planned city in Ukraine, depending on the internationally important iron ore mining business. The city was built by method of "community effort" (Soviet Union unpaid labor) and Komsomol activism.

Prypiatis another new city in Ukraine built in 1970. The city was abandoned on 27 April 1986 after theChernobyl nuclear disaster.On 26 April the city had 50,000 habitants, the majority working at theChernobyl nuclear power plant.Now theabandoned townis highly contaminated by radiation. Most of thePrypiat's former inhabitants were resettled toSlavutychwhich was planned and built for that purpose.

United Kingdom

The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The town ofWinchelseais said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions ofKing Edward Iin 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Another claimant to the title isSalisbury,established in the early 13th century by the thenBishop of Sarum.The best known pre-20th-century new town in the UK was undoubtedly theEdinburgh New Town,built in accordance with a 1766 master plan byJames Craig,and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of theGeorgian styleof British architecture.

England

The term "new town" often refers in the UK to towns built afterWorld War IIunder theNew Towns Acts.These were influenced by thegarden city movement,launched around 1900 byEbenezer HowardandSir Patrick Geddesand the work ofRaymond Unwin,and manifested atLetchworth Garden CityandWelwyn Garden Cityin Hertfordshire.

FollowingWorld War II,some 17 projected new towns were designated under theNew Towns Act 1946(9 & 10 Geo. 6.c. 68),^[a]and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people whose homes had been destroyed by theLuftwaffeduringWW2and partly to move parts of the population out of (mainlyVictorian) urbanslums.New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:^{[citation needed]}

the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population,
the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)
the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)
(later) theReith Reportinto New Towns (1947).

Also crucial to thinking was theAbercrombie Plan for London(1944), which envisaged moving a million and a half people from London to new and expanded towns. (A similar plan was developed for theClyde Valleyin 1946 to combat similar problems faced inGlasgow.) Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities. For some, this consensus was tied up with a concern for social welfare reform (typified by theBeveridge Report), as typified in the mottoif we can build better, we can live better;for others, such asJohn Betjemanit was a more conservative objection to the changing character of existing towns.

Following the building ofBorehamwood,Middlesex,12 miles north-west of central London, the first in a ring of major "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) wereStevenage,Hertfordshire, 33 miles to the north of London, andBasildon,Essex, 32 miles east of London along theRiver Thames.Hertfordshire built four other new towns, two in the vicinity of Stevenage (Welwyn Garden CityandHatfield), a third to the north calledLetchworth,andHemel Hempsteadto the west. New Towns in theNorth Eastwere also planned, such asNewton Aycliffe(which the social reformer and government adviserWilliam Beveridgewanted to be the "ideal town to live in" ),Washington,Killingworth,BillinghamandPeterleewhich were in bothCounty DurhamandNorthumberland(except Washington and Killingworth which are now inTyne and Wear).Bracknellin Berkshire, to the south-west of London, was designated a New Town in 1949 and is still expanding. Other London new towns from this era includeHarlowin Essex andCrawleyin West Sussex.

Later, a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of theCorby Steelworks.Finally, following theNew Towns Act 1965,five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such asPeterborough.Probably the most well-known wasMilton Keynes–designed from the outset to be a new city^[b]– midway between London and Birmingham, known for itsgrid networkof distributor roads between rather than through neighbourhoods, itsG2 listedcentral park and "covered high street" shopping centre. The 1960s saw new towns being designated around England's second-cityBirmingham,namelyRedditch,TamworthandTelford.

Other towns, such asAshfordin Kent,Basingstokein Hampshire andSwindonin Wiltshire, were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns:Cumbernauldin 1956, noted for its enclosed'town centre',Livingston(1962) andIrvine(1966).^[68]

In spite of the relative success of new towns in the London Metropolitan green belt, London continued to suffer from a chronic housing shortage, especially in the south-east. Another small New Town,Thamesmead,was developed adjacent to the Thames in the early 1960s but suffered from poor transport links. Some improvement in infrastructure has been seen subsequently.

All the new towns featured a car-aware layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. Milton Keynes in particular has agrid-based distributor road system,designed to minimise traffic in residential areas. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "new town blues".^{[citation needed]}These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes,^[69]public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.^{[citation needed]}

The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.^{[citation needed]}

All New Towns designated under the New Towns Act of 1946 were serviced by a secretariat, the New Towns Association, aquangothat reported to the New Towns Directorate of the Department of the Environment. It coordinated the work of the General Managers and technical officers, published a monthly information bulletin and provided information for visitors from around the world. As each New Town reached maturity, the town's assets were taken over by theCommission for New Towns.Set up in 1948, the New Towns Association was dissolved in 1998. All papers held by it and the Commission for New Towns are held in The National archives:^[70]

From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1992 (with the closure ofMilton Keynes Development Corporation), even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for New Towns was also dissolved and its assets – still including a lot of undeveloped land – passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known asEnglish Partnerships).

Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporatepublic artand cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. InHarlowthe architect in charge of the design of the new town,Frederick Gibberd,founded the Harlow Art Trust^[71]and used it to purchase works by leading sculptors, includingAuguste Rodin,Henry MooreandBarbara Hepworth.InPeterleethe abstract artistVictor Pasmorewas appointed part of the design team, which led to the building of theApollo Pavilion.Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. Thepublic art in Milton Keynesincludes theConcrete Cows,which resulted from the work of an 'artist in residence' and have gone on to become a recognised landmark.

In the 1990s, an experimental "new town", developed bythe Prince of Walesto use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles, was started atPoundburyin Dorset.

Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland, building ofCraigavonin County Armagh commenced in 1966 betweenLurganandPortadown,although entire blocks of flats and shops lay empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed.^[72]It was intended to be the heart of a newlinear cityincorporatingLurganandPortadown,but this plan was mostly abandoned and later described as having been flawed.^[73]

Derrywas the first ever planned city on the island of Ireland. In 1613, Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry (Doire Cholm ChilleorDoire). The walls were actually completed five years later in 1618. The central diamond (plaza) within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.^[74]

Scotland

Two "post-war new towns" were planned atEast Kilbride(1947) andGlenrothes(1948), then the late 1950s and early 1960s saw the creation ofCumbernauld,IrvineandLivingston.Each of these towns is in Scotland's list of 20 most populated towns and cities. Glenrotheswas the first new town in the UK to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concretehipposto bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes includeDavid Harding^[75]and Malcolm Robertson.^[76]

Wales

The only new towns in Wales have beenNewtownandCwmbran.Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of theSouth Wales Coalfield.

North America and the Caribbean

Canada

When Prime MinisterJohn A. Macdonaldbegan to settle the West in Canada, he put the project under the command of theCanadian Pacific Railway(CPR), which exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. Thefederal governmentgranted every second square mile section (totalling 101,000 km²) along the proposed route to the railway. The railway decided where to place thestations,and thus decided where the dominant town of the area would be. In most instances they built stations on empty sections of land to make the largest profit from land sales – meaning that the CPR founded many towns in western Canada, such asMedicine HatandMoose Jaw,from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the railway, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town.Calgary,Alberta andYorkton,Saskatchewan, were among the towns that had to move themselves.^{[citation needed]}

After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it planned how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the railway controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build where they wanted things to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas.

The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. Later influences on planned community development in Canada were the exploitation of mineral and forest wealth, usually in remote locations of the vast country. Among numerouscompany townsplanned and built for these purposes wereCorner BrookandGrand Fallsin Newfoundland,TémiscamingandFermontin Quebec.

In the modern suburban context, several "New Towns" were established in the suburbs of large cities. Early examples includeLeasidein Toronto andMount Royalin Montreal. Both were planned and developed by theCanadian Northern Railwayas middle class suburbs, though both, Leaside in particular, featured large industrial tracts. Leaside had its own municipal government until 1967, while Mount Royal continues to enjoy autonomy from the City of Montreal.^{[citation needed]}

In the post-war period, new corporate new towns were developed.Bramalea,located inBrampton,Ontario andErin Mills,located inMississauga,Ontario, were both developed in phases. Both included residential, commercial and industrial components. Development in Erin Mills continues to this day.

More recently, theCornelldevelopment inMarkham, Ontario,was built as a new town, using the concepts ofNew Urbanism.CityPlacein Toronto is another example of a planned community.

Mexico

Tenochtitlanwas the capital of theAztecempire, which was built on an island inLake Texcocoin what is now the Federal District in central Mexico. The city was largely destroyed in the 1520s by Spanishconquistadores.Mexico Citywas erected on top of the ruins and, over the ensuing centuries, most of Lake Texcoco has gradually been drained.

Pueblawas built because of the need of a Spanish settlement in the route betweenMexico Cityand the port ofVeracruz.

Cancunin the state ofQuintana Roois a planned city, considered a tourism destination of global scale. It was transformed from old-growth forest to a well known Mexican destination.

United States

Colonial and pre-Industrial periods

In the colonial history of the United States, the first planned community wasSt. Augustine,planned in 1565. The earliest towns in English-speaking America such asJamestownhad only rudimentary elements of planning. The first comprehensively planned town was Charles Town (laterCharleston, South Carolina), which was founded in 1670, planned in 1672, and relocated in 1680. Later planned cities includedPhiladelphia,1682;Albany,1695;Williamsburg,1699;Annapolis,1718; New York City 1731 (redesigned by the British);Savannah,1733;New Haven,1748 (with an early plan dated 1638); andAlexandria,1749.^[77]The national capital (Washington, D.C.), and several state capitals (Jackson, Mississippi;Columbus, Ohio;Indianapolis,Indiana;Raleigh, North Carolina;Columbia, South Carolina;Madison, Wisconsin;Salt Lake City,Utah;Tallahassee, Florida;andAustin, Texas) were essentially carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities.

TheHarmony Societycreated socialist utopian religious communities inHarmony, Pennsylvania(1804),New Harmony, Indiana(1814), and what is nowOld Economy Villagein Pennsylvania (1927).

Industrial Revolution era

During the early- to mid-19th century, after the success ofSlater's Milland mills atWaltham, Massachusetts,wealthy investors such as theBoston Associatesbought land on rivers, built dams andtextile mills,and createdmill townsincludingLowell,Lawrence,andHolyoke,Massachusetts.

Pullman,now incorporated into Chicago'sSouth Side,was a world-renowned company town founded by the industrialistGeorge M. Pullmanin the 1880s.

Venice of America,a California City opened in 1904, founded byAbbot Kinneywho saw a swamp like area wetland of land inLos Angeles Countyas an opportunity to create a visitor destination on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The entire city was laid out to conform to the contours of natural water runoff which allowed him to dredge mud from the low-lying areas thereby forming canals and with the dirt that was removed in the process, along the sides of the canals raise the elevation high enough to create housing pads.

InBeaver County, Pennsylvania,nearPittsburgh,American Bridge CompanyfoundedAmbridge, Pennsylvaniain 1905 as acompany townfor American Bridge; American Bridge is still based near Ambridge today in nearbyCoraopolis, Pennsylvania.

Another well-known company town isGary, Indiana,which was founded in 1906 by theUnited States Steel Corporationas a home for its new steel mill, theGary Works,and named afterElbert Henry Gary,the chairman of the company. For many years the Gary Works was the largest steel mill in the world, and it dominated the town, the main entrance being at the northern end ofBroadway,the city's main thoroughfare. The fortunes of this planned city have historically risen and fallen with those of the steel mill: prosperous in the 1930s, the city has lost 55 percent of its population since 1960.

Riverside, Illinois,Radburn, New Jersey,andKansas City, Missouri'sCountry Club Districtare other early examples of planned communities. Riverside is arguably the first plannedsuburb(as opposed to a stand-alone entity) in the United States, designed in 1869 byCalvert VauxandFrederick Law Olmsted.The village was incorporated in 1875. Established in 1912,Shaker Heights, Ohio,was planned and developed by theVan Sweringen brothers,railroad moguls who envisioned the community as a suburban retreat from the industrial inner-city of Cleveland.^[78]Kohler Companycreated a planned village ofthe same namewest of the company's former headquarters city ofSheboygan, Wisconsin,which incorporated in 1912. In 1918, theAluminum Company of Americabuilt the town ofAlcoa, Tennesseefor the employees of the nearby aluminum processing plant.Mariemont, Ohiois a town financed in the 1920s by philanthropistMary Emery,designed as a place for both single-family homes and affordable apartments outside of the inner city.

TheStelton Colonyin New Jersey was established as a anarchist community.

Government-led schemes

During the Florida land boom of the 1920s in South Florida, the communities ofCoral Gables,Opa-locka,andMiami Springs,now suburbs of Miami, were incorporated as fully planned "themed" communities which were to reflect the architecture and look of Spain, Arabia, and Mexico respectively, and are now considered some of the first modern planned communities in the United States.Oldsmar,located in west central Florida, was developed by automobile pioneerRansom E. Olds.

In 1928,San Clemente, Californiawas incorporated byOle Hansonwho designated that all buildings must be approved by an architectural review board to retain control over development and building style.

During theGreat Depressionof the 1930s, several model towns were planned and built by the Federal government.Arthurdale,Eleanor,andTygart Valley,West Virginia,federally fundedNew Dealcommunities, wereEleanor Roosevelt's projects to ease the burden of the depression on coal miners. The Tennessee Valley Authority created several towns of its own to accommodate workers constructing their new dams; the most prominent beingNorris, Tennessee.Three "Greenbelt Communities",Greenbelt, Maryland,Greenhills, Ohio,andGreendale, Wisconsin,built by the Federal government during the 1930s were planned with a surrounding "belt" of woodland and natural landscaping. Government policy prevented initial settlement by African-Americans in these communities.

DuringWorld War II,theManhattan Projectbuilt several planned communities to provide accommodations for scientists, engineers, industrial workers and their families. These communities, includingOak Ridge, Tennessee,Richland, WashingtonandLos Alamos, New Mexicowere necessary because the laboratories and industrial plants of the Manhattan Project were built in isolated locations to ensure secrecy. Even the existence of these towns was a military secret, and the towns themselves were closed to the public until after the war.

Postwar period

Aerial view ofLevittown, Pennsylvaniacirca 1959

TheLevittowns—in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (now known asWillingboro, New Jersey) – typified the planned suburban communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California'sRohnert Park(north of San Francisco) is another example of a planned city (built at the same time asLevittown) that was marketed to attract middle-class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class."Concord Park, Pennsylvania,established in 1954, was intended to be a model racially integrated community, though to accommodate discriminatory attitudes among financiers, the fraction of African-American households was capped at 45%. Parts ofLexington, Massachusetts(Six Moon Hill,Five Fields,Peacock Farm,andTurning Mill / Middle Ridge) were developed along different philosophical linkes, withmid-century modernarchitecture and semi-communal property, in stages from 1947 to 1967.

Many other places, such asOrange County, California,theConejo ValleyinVentura County,ValenciainLos Angeles County,as well asPhoenix, ArizonaandNorthern Arizonaalso have many master planned communities following the housing boom in the 1960s, which is when the fathers ofScottsdale, Arizonaforesaw a huge amount of growth in Arizona. Some of those communities includeAnaheim Hills,Rossmoor,Irvine,Ladera Ranch,Laguna Niguel,Mission Viejo,andTalega,Thousand Oaks,Westlake Village,Newbury Park,Valenciain California and (in the Phoenix area)Marley Park,Talking Rock Ranch,McCormick Ranch,Rio Verde,Tartesso andVerradoinBuckeye, Arizona.The neighborhood of Warren in the city ofBisbeehas the distinction of being Arizona's first planned community. In the Conejo Valley, which is in the East County Area of Ventura County, all cities were master planned. Most notably, the Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, and Westlake Village area was master planned by theJanss Investment Company,which was also responsible for the development ofWestwood Village,part of theWestsidein Los Angeles. Valencia is an area that is a master planned community that incorporated into the City ofSanta Clarita,developed and planned by theNewhall Land and Farming Company.About 25% of Orange County is composed of various master planned communities, much of which was done by theIrvine Company,and since 1990, 85% of all developments in Orange County and a slightly smaller amount of communities in Arizona were part of a master planned community. 75% of all resales today in the Phoenix area are homes in master planned communities, and 80% of all new home construction permits issued by Arizona building departments are master planned communities. These communities provide functionality to the precious land left in the area, as well as the ability to create a housing-business-transportation-open space balance.

Modern planned cities

The era of the modern planned city began in 1962–1964 with the creation ofReston, Virginia,followed a year later byCoral Springs, Florida,andColumbia, Maryland.In more recent years,New Urbanismhas set the stage for new cities, with places likeSeaside,Florida, andCelebration,Florida, developed byThe Walt Disney Company.

In the United States, suburban growth in the Sunbelt states has coincided with the popularity of Master Planned Communities within established suburbs. In 1970,Jonathan, Minnesotabecame the first new town in the United States to receive a guarantee of financial assistance from federal government as part of Title IV of the Housing and Urban Development act of 1968; this community folded in 1979, though remnants of the planned community are still visible today.Las Colinas,established in 1973, was another early example and is still growing. Las Colinas is a 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) master planned community within the Dallas-area city ofIrving.In 2006, residents approved changes to deed restrictions to allow greater density of urban mixed-use and residential construction. Also in the 1970s, just north of the existing town ofSpring, Texas(north ofHouston), oil and gas industry executiveGeorge P. MitchelldevelopedThe Woodlands,a major residential and commercial master planned community which is now considered one of the premier residential and business destinations in the Houston area. The Woodlands is still experiencing huge growth to this day. In the 1990s,Cinco Ranchwas first developed just south of the existing town ofKaty,one of the western suburbs of Houston, and has contributed to the explosive recent growth of Houston's suburban west side.

In theSan Francisco Bay Area,master planned commercial developments such as Bishop Ranch inSan RamonandHacienda Business ParkinPleasantonhave attracted major corporate tenants to relocate fromdowntown Oaklandand San Francisco; these companies includeSafeway,Chevron CorporationandAT&T(as the formerPacific Bell).

In recent years, new towns such asMountain House, California,have added a new wrinkle to the movement: to preventconurbationwith nearby cities, they have imposed strict growth boundaries, as well as automatic "circuit breakers" that place moratoriums on residential development if the number of jobs per resident in the town falls below a certain value.Centennial, California,a planned community on a portion ofTejon Ranchhalfway between Los Angeles andBakersfield,will incorporate such restrictions to minimize the commuter load on severely congestedI-5.Coyote Springs, Nevada,Destiny, FloridaandDouglas RanchinBuckeye, Arizonaare amongst the largest communities being planned for the 21st century. A recent twist is the town ofAve Maria, Florida,founded in 2007, which is anchored bya Catholic universityand has a largeCatholicchurch in the center of town surrounded by commercial and residential development.

Although the Walt Disney Company divested its interest in Celebration, Florida,^[79]in March 2022, the company selectedRancho Mirage, Californiaas the location of its first mixed-useStoryliving by Disneycommunity. Named Cotino, the community is being developed in collaboration with DMB Development ofScottsdale, Arizona.^[80]

South and Central America

Colonial cities in Spanish and Portuguese administration

The colonial city was the basic administrative organism of thePortugueseandSpanish viceroyaltiesin America.

Cities were built and organized according to the Castilian model. Streets were drawn according to a perpendicular layout and in the center was the "Plaza de Armas",where the local and religious authorities were. Cities can be divided into several categories: administration centers, international ports, regional ports, mining centers, indigenous centers, agricultural centers, presidios, border military centers or religious centers (missions).^[81]^[82]

Cities, of course, grew and transformed over time. The only example of the original layout of a city from the first decades of the conquest can be seen in the ruins ofLeón Viejo,next to Lake Managua, in Nicaragua. The city was abandoned and moved to its current location before the end of the 16th century.

Argentina

La Platawas planned in 1880 to replaceBuenos Airescity as the capital of theBuenos Aires Province.

Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north–south and east–west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively.

The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an international architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, City Hall by Germans, etc. Electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America.

Brazil

Brasília

Juscelino Kubitschek,President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction ofBrasília,fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to 21 April 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

The former capital of Brazil wasRio de Janeiro,and resources tended to be concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil. While the city was built because there was a need for a neutrally located federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil'shinterlandand better integrate the entire territory of Brazil. Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory.

Lúcio Costa,the city's principal architect, designed the city to be shaped like an airplane. Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc.^{[citation needed]}

Belo Horizonte

In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital ofMinas Gerais,in tune with a modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be set. In 1893, due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economical and cultural center of the state, under the new name of "Cidade de Minas," or City of Minas. Aarão Reis, an urbanist from the State of Pará, was then set to design the second planned city of Brazil (the first one is Teresina), and then Cidade de Minas was inaugurated finally in 1897, with many unfinished constructions as the Brazilian Government set a deadline for its completion. Inhabitation of the city was subsidized by the local government, through the concession of free empty lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan forBelo Horizontewas the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and Brazilian indigenous tribes.

Goiânia

The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas. In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás toGoiânia.The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.^{[citation needed]}

Other

Fordlândiawas built to be a part ofHenry Ford's motor company. Originally intended to be a rubber plantation, it failed within several years and is now home to squatting farmers.^[83]

Other notable planned cities in Brazil includeTeresina(The first one, inaugurated in 1842),Petrópolis,Boa Vista,Palmas,Londrina,andMaringá(the latter two in the state ofParaná).

Chile

While cities such asSantiago,La SerenaorConcepciónwere planned and built in theConquistaperiod (16th century), it was in the 18th century when authorities promoted the founding of cities through the Population Office ("Junta de Poblaciones del Reino de Chile"), establishing new planned cities such asRancagua,TalcaorChillán.^[84]AfterIndependence,more planned cities were founded to expedite the consolidation of national sovereignty in remote places, such asPuerto Montt,Punta ArenasandTemuco.In the 20th century onwards there were a few cases, likeCoyhaique,though until the 1930s there were private planned communities for mining workers calledoficinas,such asSewellorMaría Elena.^[85]

Panama

Although Panama City itself is not planned, certain areas are such as Costa del Este, an exclusive high density residential and business area, very close to downtown Panama City. The project combines many skyscrapers with beautiful green areas, and it is close to a highway that connects it to the city center. Other planned areas, but in a lesser degree, are Punta Pacifica and the former Canal Zone.

Venezuela

Guayana City–Bolívar State

Guyana City is a city inBolívar State,Venezuela. It lies south of theOrinoco,where the river is joined by theCaroní River.The city, officially founded in 1961, is actually composed of the old town of San Félix at the east and the new town ofPuerto Ordazto the west, which lies on the confluence of theCaroníandOrinocoRivers and is the site of theLlovizna Falls.There are bridges across the Caroni and a new bridge across the Orinoco (Second Orinoco crossing). The city stretches 40 kilometers along the south bank of the Orinoco. With approximately one million people, it is Venezuela's fastest-growing city due to its importantironandsteelworksand aluminium industries. The city has a largehydroelectric power plant,Macagua Dam.Guayana City is one of Venezuela's five most important ports, since most goods produced in Bolívar are shipped through it, onto the Atlantic Ocean via the Orinoco river. Due to its planned nature, the city has a drastically different feel to it than many other South American cities. The towers of the Alta Vista district recallBarranquilla,and many of the residential neighborhoods have architecture and landscaping that are similar to suburbs in the United States in the 1950s, including 'cookie cutter' homes, sidewalks, and patterned lawns. This is an artifact due to the presence in the 1960s and early 1970s of US Steel, an American company with iron mining operations in the region. US Steel built housing for hundreds of its American expatriate workers and families, who lived in Puerto Ordaz and other communities until the nationalization of the Venezuelan steel industry forced the company and its workers to leave.

Oceania

Australia

Australia's most prominent fully planned city isCanberra,its capital, designed by American architectWalter Burley Griffin.The early central areas of two state capital cities –AdelaideandMelbourne– were also planned by surveyors. Walter Burley Griffin was Australia's most notable city planner, having also designed smaller cities and towns, includingLeetonandGriffithinNew South Wales.A controversial Japanese-backed planned city,Multifunction Polis,was proposed in the 1980s, but never implemented.

Australia is still building planned communities with developers such asDelfin Lend Lease,anS&P/ASX 50company, that has been responsible for large master planned communities such as;

Forest Lake, Queensland,Brisbane (completed 2004)
The New Rouse Hill, Sydney (current)
Golden Grove, South Australia(Completed 1991)

Adelaide

Adelaidewas founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test outEdward Gibbon Wakefield's theories of systematic colonisation. Convict labour was not employed and the colony in theory would be financially self-sufficient; in practice, government assistance was used in the early stages. Land had been sold before any European settlers set foot in the largely unexplored territory and the city (the basis for the future central business district) was surveyed and planned in a remarkably short space of time. Adelaide's design has been praised for its four-square layout, its choice of setting and its ample parklands which have had minimal encroachment of developments. The town centre was in sufficient proximity to a water source, theRiver Torrens.

Melbourne

Melbournewas planned as a free settlement in 1837 through theHoddle Grid,drawn up byRobert Hoddleunder instructions fromGeorge Gipps,the original plan for Melbourne as part of the first land sales (prior to the planning only a handful of existing settlements were built on the fringe of the grid). The grid featured wide parallel streets, spanning a gently sloping valley between hills (Batman's Hill,Flagstaff Hilland Eastern Hill) and roughly parallel to the course of theYarra River.The deliberate exclusion of city squares or open space within the grid was a subject of future frustration for the municipality and residents.Elizabeth Street, Melbourne,in the centre of the grid, was built over agullyand has therefore been prone to flooding. Despite a later extension and later inclusion of planned suburbs, Melbourne's original plans were not as extensive as Adelaide's, and the city rapidly outgrew its original boundaries. As such, it is often not considered to be a planned city, but the grid continues to define much of the character of theMelbourne city centre.

Canberra

Canberra,established in 1908, was planned as the capital city of Australia and is Australia's most notable and ambitious example of civic planning. The city was designed to be the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia. The new nation required a capital that was located away from other major settlements such as Melbourne and Sydney. Canberra is thus located in a Territory – theAustralian Capital Territory– and not a State. Prior to this time the land that Canberra is found on was farming land, indigenous settlements, and forest. In 1912, after an extensive planning competition was completed, the vision of AmericanWalter Burley Griffinwas chosen as the winning design for the city. Extensive construction and public works were required to complete the city, this involved the flooding of a large parcel of land to form the center piece of the city,Lake Burley Griffin.Unlike some other Australian cities, the road network, suburbs, parks and other elements of the city were designed in context with each other, rather than haphazard planning as witnessed in much of Sydney. Notable buildings include the High Court, Federal Parliament, Government House, War Memorial, Anzac Parade and headquarters of the Department of Defence.

New Zealand

New Zealand has several smallnew towns,built for a specific purpose. Examples includeKawerauin the Bay of Plenty (a mill town),Twizelin south Canterbury,Mangakinoin the Waikato (both for hydroelectricity), andTūrangiin the Waikato (for theTongariro Power Scheme). Construction of Kawerau began in 1953. Twizel was built in 1968 to house workers constructing the UpperWaitakihydroelectric scheme and was supposed to close on their completion. However, its residents managed to save the town in 1983. Mangakino, constructed from 1946, was also meant to be a temporary construction town, but it too remains today. John Martin, the founder of the Wairarapa town ofMartinborough,set out the town's first streets in the pattern of theUnion Flagin the 19th century.

In 2006, construction began onPegasus Town,a new planned town adjacent toWoodend,approximately 25 km (16 mi) north ofChristchurch.

Notes

^There are more than 17 New Towns in total, but the remainder were designated under the 1965 and later Acts. SeeNew Towns Acts#Englandfor the complete list.
^In law it was a 'New Town', waiting until 2022 to be granted formalcity status.

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External links

European New Town Platform
Town and Country Planning Association(formerly the Garden Cities Association)
The Alicia Patterson Foundation:Disappointing New Towns of Great Britain
Movie: New Towns in Scotland
UK Model Villages, Garden Cities and New Towns^{[permanent dead link]}(this links to aKeyhole Markup Languagefile that opens inGoogle Earthto see aerial photos of the places.)

[68] There are more than 17 New Towns in total, but the remainder were designated under the 1965 and later Acts. SeeNew Towns Acts#Englandfor the complete list.

[69] In law it was a 'New Town', waiting until 2022 to be granted formalcity status.

[1] "World's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa".Euromonitor. 2 March 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2015.Retrieved26 October2015.

[2] Nilsson, Leonard; Gil, Jorge (2019), D'Acci, Luca (ed.), "The Signature of Organic Urban Growth: Degree Distribution Patterns of the City's Street Network Structure",The Mathematics of Urban Morphology,Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–121,doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12381-9_5,ISBN 9783030123819,S2CID 133953300

[3] Rosenthal, Nicolas G. (2 March 2015)."Native Americans and Cities".Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History.doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.22.ISBN 9780199329175.

[Bloomberg-4] Faris Mokhtar; Rieka Rahadiana (2 August 2022)."Indonesia Breaks Ground on Nusantara as Jakarta Sinks".Bloomberg.

[5] Njeru, Purity (2009)."History of Gaborone".Nairobi, Kenya:The African Executive.Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2011.Retrieved4 August2009.

[6] Moghazy, Ali (30 January 2018)."A Tied Life: The Rise and Fall of Company Town Housing in Egypt".Built Environment Observatory.Retrieved25 December2022.

[7] Australian Financial Review,9 January 2013.

[8] BBC News – Kenya begins construction of 'silicon' city Konza.Bbc.co.uk (23 January 2013). Retrieved on 21 July 2013.

[9] Murray, Senan (13 February 2007)."Life of poverty in Abuja's wealth".BBC News.

[10] Elumoye, Deji (26 September 2007)."Eko Atlantic city Underway".Thisday(via allAfrica.com).AllAfrica Global Media.Retrieved4 February2008.

[11] "FG urges Nigerians in Diaspora to invest in Centenary City".Vanguard Newspapers. 26 July 2013.Retrieved8 October2013.

[12] "Nigeria: Development Plan Dismisses Threats to Lekki/Victoria Island's Real Estate Prospects".allafrica.com. 6 July 2015.Retrieved15 December2015.

[13] "Orange Island N40 billion project broaches new housing deal in Lagos".The Guardian, Lagos.4 May 2015.Retrieved23 December2015.

[Heritage6-109-14] Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998).Architecture.Indonesian Heritage. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. p.109.ISBN 981-3018-30-5.

[Fanara-15] Dino Fanara (2006).Angel of the East Indies: Biography of the Van Dooremolen Family.iUniverse. p. 55.ISBN 9780595860449.

[Megacity-Jakarta-16] Silver, Christopher (2007).Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century – Planning, History and Environment Series.Routledge. p. 101.ISBN 9781135991227.

[Inilah1-17] "Tiru Malaysia, SBY Dukung Pemindahan Ibukota".www.inilah.com.Archived fromthe originalon 1 January 2019.Retrieved2 July2016.

[Oke1-18] "SBY: Mari Lanjutkan Ide Membangun Ibukota Baru".news.okezone.com.

[19] Maulia, Erwida (26 August 2019)."Jokowi announces Indonesia's new capital in East Kalimantan".Nikkei Asian Review.Retrieved4 September2019.

[eleven-20] "တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ".Weekly ElevenNews(in Burmese). 20 August 2010.Retrieved23 August2010.

[mcc-21] Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007).World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia.Marshall Cavendish. p. 650.

[pdo-22] "Construction of Myanmar new capital continues".People's Daily Online.Xinhua News.24 December 2009.

[23] "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency".Cia.gov.Retrieved27 August2016.

[24] "Capital Development Authority".Visitislamabad.net.Archived fromthe originalon 12 May 2016.Retrieved27 August2016.

[25] Raza, Syed Irfan (4 December 2020)."Work on Ravi urban project has started, PM told".Dawn.Retrieved11 February2021.

[26] "Building Social Housing Foundation".Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2004.Retrieved6 October2012.

[27] Lâm yến như; nhan văn như; trần trung phong; trương nguyên dục (29 June 2015)."Nhĩ thính quá tỉnh phủ túc xá mạ?".Our Island(in Chinese (Taiwan)).Public Television Service.Retrieved12 June2021.

[28] Cao hùng thị chính phủ tiệp vận công trình cục."Cao hùng tiệp vận song nguyệt khan đệ nhị kỳ 2006 niên 5 nguyệt 1 nhật".Archived fromthe originalon 20 August 2016.Retrieved19 June2018.

[29] Chu chí long (2000)."Đài loan tân thị trấn khai phát lịch trình dữ chính sách"(PDF).web.ntpu.edu.tw.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 October 2013.

[udn-2010-30] Xã luận (14 June 2010)."Vi hà “Tân thị trấn” vô nhất thành công? ".United Daily News.Archived fromthe originalon 16 June 2010.Retrieved19 May2024.

[31] Land Administration Bureau of Taichung City Government (2013).Phong hoa tái hiện: Đài trung thị thị địa trọng hoa thành quả giản giới(flash).Taiwan: Land Administration Bureau of Taichung City Government.ISBN 9789860325126.OCLC 908975986.

[32] Cha-li, Qiao."LiHe Group Manager Liu Zheng-san: The 7th Redevelopment Zone and its benefits".Translated by Lee, Ann. Compass Magazine Group.

[33] Trịnh tiến hưng (13 January 2005)."Kiến chứng hoang vu biến xa lưu đài trung thị thành lập trọng hoa triển lãm quán".New Taiwan Weekly(in Chinese (Taiwan)) (460). Taiwan: Bổn thổ văn hóa sự nghiệp hữu hạn công tư.ISSN 1026-0811.

[34] Marschall, Melissa."Mega Projects and the Limits of Urban Planning in Megacities: The Case of Istanbul in the AKP Era | Middle East Institute".Mei.edu.Retrieved27 August2016.

[35] "Bir Başkentin Oluşumu: Avusturyalı, Alman ve İsviçreli Mimarların İzleri – Yeni Başkente Doğru – Şehir Planlaması – Goethe-Institut".Goethe.de.Retrieved27 August2016.

[36] "İmar Plânı".Aydinatca.com.Retrieved27 August2016.

[Euromonitor-37] "World's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa".Euromonitor. 2 March 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2015.Retrieved26 October2015.

[38] ":: Amaravati Sustainable Capital City Development Project".crda.ap.gov.in.Retrieved24 November2018.

[39] "Welcome to Auroville | Auroville".www.auroville.org.Retrieved24 November2018.

[40] "Bhubaneswar celebrates its 70th Foundation Day today | KalingaTV".KalingaTV.13 April 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.

[41] Roy, Tasmayee Laha (2016)."Bidhannagar takes a leap to be under centre's Smart City scheme".The Economic Times.Retrieved24 November2018.

[42] "Bokaro | Jharkhand | Bokaro Steel City | Bokaro | Jharkhand".bokaro.jharkhand.org.in.Retrieved24 November2018.

[43] "Chandigarh goes cleaner! – Times of India".The Times of India.Retrieved24 November2018.

[Sanjeev-44] Sanyal, Sanjeev (3 February 2017)."Why Indian cities need flexible plans: Sanjeev Sanyal".Retrieved24 November2018.

[45] "Jamshedpur: the first planned industrial city in India".Mumbai Mirror.Retrieved24 November2018.

[46] "Application of GIS in urban development plan of Kalyani Urban Centre in West Bengal – A report in Geospatial World".www.indiawaterportal.org.Retrieved24 November2018.

[47] "Lavasa: Maharashtra's new planned city".UK India Business Council.2 April 2013.Retrieved24 November2018.

[Doshi-48] Doshi, Vidhi (4 July 2016)."Gurgaon: what life is like in the Indian city built by private companies".The Guardian.Retrieved24 November2018.

[49] "Why Chandigarh, India's best planned city, went under after three hours of rain".22 August 2017.Retrieved24 November2018.

[50] Appraisal of City Development Plan – Navi Mumbai Archived15 September 2012 at theWayback Machine.National Institute of Urban Affairs, 2008.

[51] "Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 March 2009.Retrieved7 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[52] Pioneer, The."SUDA to develop SlRM Centre in Naxal-hit Bastar region".The Pioneer.Retrieved24 November2018.

[53] "Imperial Delhi: How the British built a 'New Delhi' at the cost of the old".28 January 2018.Retrieved24 November2018.

[54] "District Administration, Panchkula".panchkula.nic.in.Retrieved24 November2018.

[55] "History Of Patiala".7 September 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 7 September 2009.Retrieved24 November2018.

[56] "Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation is a well-planned satellite town".The Economic Times.13 October 2012.Retrieved24 November2018.

[57] "A township that barricades itself".@businessline.Retrieved24 November2018.

[58] "Congress won't allow closure of HMT: Dr Ashok Tanwar".www.aninews.in.Retrieved24 November2018.

[59] Ganganagar-Rajasthan, Sri."History".sriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in.Retrieved24 November2018.

[60] Boerefijn, Wim (2010)The foundation, planning and building of new towns in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe. An architectural-historical research into urban form and its creation.Phd. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam.ISBN 978-90-9025157-8([1]).

[VRT-Linkeroever-61] Verstraete, A. (4 April 2019).Zo zou Linkeroever in Antwerpen er vandaag uitzien als Le Corbusier in 1933 zijn zin had gekregen.VRT NWS,

[62] Schoofs, D. (2003)Licht, Lucht en Ruimte. Van ideaalbeeld tot pragmatisme: een eeuw stedenbouwkundig denken toegepast op de Antwerpse linker Schelde-oever[Master's thesis, Catholic University of Leuven]. E-thesis.

[63] Почела градња "Андрићграда"(in Serbian)

[64] Holmes, Edward (1974).Coordination of Urban Development and the Planning and Development of Transportation Facilities.Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Planning. p. 54.

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