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Niagara-on-the-Lake

Coordinates:43°15′19″N79°4′18″W/ 43.25528°N 79.07167°W/43.25528; -79.07167
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Niagara-on-the-Lake
Town (lower-tier)
Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake
Flag of Niagara-on-the-Lake
Flag
Niagara-on-the-Lake is located in Regional Municipality of Niagara
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Location in southern Ontario
Niagara-on-the-Lake is located in Southern Ontario
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Niagara-on-the-Lake
Niagara-on-the-Lake (Southern Ontario)
Coordinates:43°15′19″N79°4′18″W/ 43.25528°N 79.07167°W/43.25528; -79.07167
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
RegionNiagara
Settled1781
Incorporated1792
Government
•Lord MayorGary Zalepa
• Governing body[1]Town Council
•MPTony Baldinelli
•MPPWayne Gates
Area
[2]
• Land132.81 km2(51.28 sq mi)
Elevation
82.3 m (270.0 ft)
Population
(2021)
• Total19,088
• Density131.8/km2(341/sq mi)
[2]
DemonymNOTLer
Time zoneUTC-5(Eastern (EST))
• Summer (DST)UTC-4(Eastern Daylight (EDT))
Postal code
L0S 1J0
Area code(s)905/289
Websitewww.notl.org
The Court House, aShaw Festivaltheatre andParks Canadaheadquarters of Niagara National Historic Sites
St. Mark's Church,built in 1809, founded in 1791

Niagara-on-the-Lakeis atowninOntario,Canada. It is located on theNiagara Peninsulaat the point where theNiagara RivermeetsLake Ontario,across the river fromNew York,United States. Niagara-on-the-Lake is in theNiagara Regionof Ontario and is the only town in Canada that has alord mayor.[3]It had a population of 19,088 as of the2021 Canadian census.

Niagara-on-the-Lake is important in thehistory of Canada:it served as the first capital of the province ofUpper Canada,the predecessor of Ontario. It was called Newark from 1792 to 1797. During theWar of 1812,the town, the two former villages of St. David's andQueenston,andFort Georgewere the sites of numerous battles following the American invasion of Upper Canada, and the town was razed. Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to the oldestCatholicchurch, the second-oldestAnglicanchurch in Ontario, and the oldest survivinggolf coursein North America.

Today, Niagara-on-the-Lake draws tourists with itscolonial-stylebuildings, theShaw Festival,Fort George, wineries, an outlet mall on the highway, and its proximity toNiagara Falls.[4]The Niagara Region has the second-highest percentage of seniors in Ontario.[5]

History

[edit]

Before the British settlers came, the point where Fort Mississauga is situated was inhabited by at least three Native American tribes: theNeutral(15th century);Seneca(late 17th century); andMississauga(18th century).[citation needed]

The settlement was founded in 1781 asButlersburgin honour of ColonelJohn Butler,the commander ofButler's Rangers.It was later renamedWest Niagarato distinguish it fromFort Niagara.[6]It was a British military base and haven for pro-Britishloyalistsfleeing the United States during the volatile aftermath of theAmerican Revolution.[7]RenamedNewarkbyLieutenant-GovernorJohn Graves Simcoein 1792, it was the first capital of Upper Canada (now the province of Ontario). The Upper Canada legislature first met atNavy Hallon September 17, 1792, and met there four more times until June 1796.[7][8]In 1797, Simcoe moved the capital toYorkbecause Newark was very close to the border with the U.S. Newark was renamedNiagarain 1798.[6]

McFarland House,c. 1800
Niagara lodge 2, built in 1816
McDougal-Harrison, built in 1820

Fort Georgewas built just south of the settlement in 1796-1799. During the War of 1812, Niagara was taken in theBattle of Fort Georgeby American forces in May 1813 after a two-day bombardment by cannon from Fort Niagara and the American fleet, followed by a fierce battle. After capturing Fort George, the Americans built their own fortifications there. The British retook the fort in December 1813 but abandoned it in 1815. The tiny portion of the fort that still remains has been fully restored.[9]Fort Mississaugawas built starting in 1813 but was not completed until after the war in 1816. During the war, the settlement of Niagara was razed and burnt to the ground by American soldiers as they withdrew to Fort Niagara. (Afterwards, on December 19, 1813, the British captured Fort Niagara.)[10]The citizens rebuilt Niagara after the war, with the residential quarter around Queen Street and toward King Street, where the new court house was rebuilt out of range of Fort Niagara's cannons.[7]

TheSmith's Canadian Gazetteerof 1846 describes "Niagara (formerly called Newark)" as follows:

It has been a place of considerable trade. On the east side of the town is a large military reserve. About half a mile up the river are the ruins of Fort George, where the remains of General Brock were originally interred; they were removed. A new town-hall and court-house are intended to be erected by the town. There is a fire brigade with two engines and a hook and ladder company. Churches and chapels total five. Two newspapers are published weekly... Steamboats run daily, as long as the weather will allow of it, from Toronto... The Niagara Harbour and Dock Company were incorporated in the year 1830... the vessels turned out by the Company [include] the steamboat "London," which commenced running in the spring of 1845, the fastest boat on the upper lakes... The Company usually employ about 150 hands; and, when particularly busy, have employed as many as 350. There is also on the premises a marine railway, large enough for hauling up vessels of the first class. Post Office, post every day. Professions and Trades.—Three physicians and surgeons, nine lawyers, twelve stores, taverns, two chemists and druggists, three booksellers and stationers, two saddlers, four wagon makers, two watchmakers, two tallow-chandlers, marble works, two printers, two cabinet makers, one hatter, four bakers, two livery stables, two tinsmiths, three blacksmiths, six tailors, seven shoemakers, one tobacconist, one bank agency,... large quantities of apples, peaches, and cider are shipped annually.[11]

In 1859, the town built its first public school,Niagara Public School.[12]The town's present name of Niagara-on-the-Lake was adopted around 1880 as a postal address to distinguish the town fromNiagara Falls.The name was officially adopted in 1970 when the Town of Niagara and the Township of Niagara merged.[7]

Historic sites

[edit]

Most of the former military sites, such as Fort George, Navy Hall, andButler's Barracks,have been restored. Fort George's restoration was done as a "Make Work Project," guided by plans from theRoyal Engineersduring theGreat Depressionof the 1930s, an early example of historic preservation. Fort George National Historic Site is a focal point in a collection of War of 1812 sites, which, collectively, are managed byParks Canadaunder the name Niagara National Historic Sites. That administrative name includes several national historic sites:Fort Mississauga,Mississauga Point Lighthouse (1804, the first on theGreat Lakes), Navy Hall, Butler's Barracks, andQueenston Heights.

Cenotaph and clock tower

Niagara-on-the-Lake features historical plaques.[13]Critical battles in defence of Upper Canada took place here, and at nearby atQueenstonand St. David's, both now part of Niagara-on-the-Lake. In one of these,Laura Secordgained her fame (She is known for having walked 32 km out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack).[clarification needed]The town was both as a stop on theUnderground Railroadfor those travelling further into Upper Canada and as a refuge in its own right.

Its stock ofregencyandclassical revivalbuildings, considered the best in the country from the post-War of 1812 period, led the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada to recommend the town's historic district be designated aNational Historic Site of Canada,a designation which was approved in 2003.[14][15]The historic centre had been designated as a provincial Heritage Conservation District under theOntario Heritage Actin 1986. Although it did not make the final list, the historic district was considered for nomination as aWorld Heritage Site.[16]The town has other National Historic Sites of Canada within its boundaries: theBattlefield of Fort George[17]and nearby Fort George,[18]Butler's Barracks,[19]Fort Drummond,[20]Fort Mississauga,[21]the site of theMississauga Point Lighthouse,[22]theNiagara Apothecary(the oldest apothecary in Canada),[23]theNiagara District Court House,[24]Queenston Heights,[25][26]Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-electric Plant,[27][28]Willowbank[29][30]and Vrooman's Battery.[31]

The Gate House, built after 1849, was the site of the former Wilson's Hotel and the inaugural meeting of theLaw Society of Upper Canadain 1797. John "Irish John Wilson (1744-~1798) was a sergeant with theButler's Rangersand Loyalist from New Jersey.[32][33]The stone foundation of the Gate House is the remains of the hotel after 1849 fire. His son John Wilson Jr. built the nearby Wilson-Guy House.[32]

Government

[edit]

Niagara-on-the-Lake is within thefederal electoral district of Niagara Falls,currently represented in theHouse of Commons of CanadabyTony Baldinelli,and the provincial electoral district ofprovincial electoral district of Niagara Falls,represented in theLegislative Assembly of OntariobyWayne Gates.

It is the only municipality in Canada whose elected leader is designated as lord mayor, a title most common in theUnited Kingdom.[3]Popular legend suggestsPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearnbestowed the title on the mayor of Niagara during a visit to the town in the early 19th century, in recognition of the town's history as the first capital of Upper Canada;[3]however, there is no record of a mayor using it until Jerry Mussen in the early 1920s, and even afterward the title was used only irregularly until theRegional Municipality of Niagara Actof 1969 legislated that "The mayor of the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake shall be known as the Lord Mayor."[3]The town's current lord mayor is Gary Zalepa, as of the 2022 municipal election.[35]Previous lord mayors have includedBetty Disero,Patrick Darte, Dave Eke, Gary Burroughs, Art Viola,Mike Dietsch,Stan Ignatczyk, Jim Marino, Wilbert Dick,Jake Froeseand Fred Goring.[3]

Climate

[edit]

Niagara-on-the-Lake experiences ahumid continental climate(KöppenDfbbordering onDfa) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm but also borders anoceanic climate(KöppenCfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm, having four seasons, with warm summers, cold winters, and cool to mild autumns and springs. Snowfall is moderate, averaging around 3 feet (92 cm) per year, one of the lowest yearly snowfall totals received in all of Ontario. A long shoreline alongLake Ontarioresults in more moderate temperatures than neighbouring cities, as well asseasonal lag.

Climate data for Niagara-on-the-Lake (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.5
(95.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		28.0
(82.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		12.9
(55.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3
(27) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.7
(33.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		12.6
(54.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.6
(61.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.3
(20.7) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.5
(45.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		4.8
(40.6)
Record low °C (°F) −26.0
(−14.8) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−16.0
(3.2) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		5.0
(41.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−19.5
(−3.1) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 55.1
(2.17) 		51.0
(2.01) 		57.7
(2.27) 		81.1
(3.19) 		81.9
(3.22) 		75.8
(2.98) 		79.2
(3.12) 		74.9
(2.95) 		91.8
(3.61) 		76.8
(3.02) 		88.1
(3.47) 		66.5
(2.62) 		879.6
(34.63)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 30.1
(1.19) 		23.8
(0.94) 		43.5
(1.71) 		76.6
(3.02) 		81.9
(3.22) 		75.8
(2.98) 		79.2
(3.12) 		74.9
(2.95) 		91.8
(3.61) 		76.8
(3.02) 		84.1
(3.31) 		49.0
(1.93) 		787.4
(31.00)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 24.9
(9.8) 		27.2
(10.7) 		14.1
(5.6) 		4.5
(1.8) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		4.0
(1.6) 		17.5
(6.9) 		92.2
(36.3)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2 mm) 14.6 10.8 12.6 14.2 12.6 11.3 11.0 11.5 12.5 13.8 15.7 13.5 154.3
Average rainy days(≥ 0.2 mm) 6.9 5.0 9.5 13.1 12.6 11.3 11.0 11.5 12.5 13.8 14.4 8.5 130.3
Average snowy days(≥ 0.2 cm) 8.8 6.9 4.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 6.1 29.1
Source:Environment Canada[36]

Demographics

[edit]
Census Population
1871 1,600
1901 1,258
1911 1,318
1921 1,357
1931 1,228
1941 1,541
1951 2,712
1961 2,108
1971 12,552
1981 12,186
1991 12,945
2001 13,839
2006 14,587
2011 15,400
2016 17,511
2021 19,088

In the2021 Census of Populationconducted byStatistics Canada,Niagara-on-the-Lake had a population of19,088living in7,857of its8,578total private dwellings, a change of9% from its 2016 population of17,511.With a land area of 131.35 km2(50.71 sq mi), it had a population density of145.3/km2(376.4/sq mi) in 2021.[37]

Communities

[edit]
Queenston,c. 1805,by Army surgeon Edward Walsh

In addition to the primary town site of Niagara-on-the-Lake (the Old Town), the town also includes the settlements of Colemans, Homer, McNab, Mississauga Beach,Queenston,St. Davids, and Virgil.[38]

Glendale is located near the junction of the Queen Elizabeth WayQEW,Highway 405,andHighway 55,and adjacent to theWelland Canal.It is home to the Niagara-on-the-Lake campus ofNiagara Collegeand a large outdoor shopping mall.

Virgil, just southwest of the Old Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, is the area most visited by tourists. The community has a largeMennonitecommunity, who settled in the area from Russia in the early to mid-20th century. Virgil has a large sports park, serving as the centre of Niagara-on-the-Lake's bustling hockey, softball, lacrosse and soccer leagues, two arenas, three baseball diamonds and a skate park. Once a year, on the Victoria Day weekend in May, the community holds its "Virgil Stampede." The festival includes rides, attractions and its annual soccer start-up tournament. Virgil's educational institutions are St. Michael's Elementary School and Crossroads Public School, which opened in September 2011, amalgamating the now-closed Virgil and Colonel John Butler Public Schools. The town's only secondary school, Niagara District, was closed by theDistrict School Board of Niagarain 2010.

The Old Town also had an elementary school on King Street: Parliament Oak Public School. It was on the site of the signing of theAct Against Slaveryof 1793, by the first legislative session of the parliament of Upper Canada.[39]The school was closed on June 25, 2015.[40]

  • St. Davids Public School serves Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8 students in the southern part of the municipality.
  • St. Michael Catholic Elementary School serves Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8 students in the southern part of the municipality.
  • Crossroads Elementary School serves Junior Kindergarten to Grade 8 students in the northern part of the municipality.
  • High school students now take a bus to Laura Secord in St. Catharines or to A.N. Myer in Niagara Falls.

Economy

[edit]

Tourism

[edit]
Niagara-on-the-Lake beach, 2021

The town is home to theShaw Festival,Canada's second largest producing theatre and a repertory company featuring the works ofGeorge Bernard Shaw,his contemporaries, or plays about his era (1856–1950), running from April to December. The festival operates four theatres in the centre of town: the Festival, The Jackie Maxwell Studio, The Royal George, and the Court House Theatre. The Festival produces over 750 performances annually, featuring its lauded repertory ensemble and employs over 520 artists, artisans and artsworkers locally.

Along the Niagara Parkway isRiverBrink Art MuseuminQueenston.It is home to a collection of over 1,400 artworks and artifacts by Canadian and international artists assembled by Samuel E. Weir. Completed in 1970, the building features Georgian-style architecture, including a mansard roof and gabled windows. It served as Weir's country residence and was converted into an art museum following his death in 1981.

The oldNiagara Public School,today abed and breakfast

Niagara-on-the-Lake is home to many shops, restaurants, wineries, and a growing number of breweries. Historic Old Town is a popular shopping and dining destination. In 2014, Niagara-on-the-Lake also opened an open-air outlet mall, theOutlet Collection at Niagara,which is Canada's largest open-air outlet mall.

Film location shooting

[edit]

Films that have used Niagara-on-the-Lake as a filming location include:

Transportation

[edit]

Niagara-on-the-Lake can be reached by theQueen Elizabeth Way,a highway that stretches toFort Erieto the south,Hamiltonto the west and curves around Lake Ontario to Toronto. Public transportation is served byNiagara-on-the-Lake Transit.

Sports

[edit]

Niagara-on-the-Lake has a long history of recreational boating. There are 2 boat clubs located there. Niagara-on-the-Lake Sailing Club is located at 10 Melville Street, Niagara-On-The-Lake.[45]Smuggler's Cove Boat Club is located at 16001 Niagara River Parkway, Niagara-On-The-Lake.[46]

Niagara-on-the-Lake has a junior men's hockey team,Niagara Predatorsin theGreater Metro Junior A Hockey League.

The current team was first registered as Toronto Predators from 2013 to 2020 and relocated after the cancelled 2020-2021 season to NOTL to playoff in the Meridian Credit Union arena located in Virgil.

The team replaced theNiagara-on-the-Lake Nationals,which joined as a Junior A team in 2018-2019 sponsored by the local bar Bricks and Barley.[47]The Nationals left theCanadian Premier Junior Hockey League[48]but announced that the team would fold after their first season due to poor attendance, but returned to play the following season.

The Predators play at the 500 seat Meridian Credit Union Arena across from Centennial Sports Park. Built in 2003-2005 the rink has seating and attached to the smaller Centennial Arena built in 1967.[49]

Niagara-on-the-Lake also has a Men's soccer team, the Lakers, which plays in the Peninsula Soccer League (PSL). The team was formed in the 2019 season and sponsored by a local bar, Sand Trap.

Niagara-on-the-Lake also has a rich history in the sport of lacrosse.

Awards and recognition

[edit]

The Town of Niagara was the site of the8th World Scout Jamboreein 1955. Over 11,000 Scouts from 71 countries attended the Jamboree. It was the first to be held outside Europe and had the theme "Jamboree of New Horizons." Niagara-on-the-Lake was named the Prettiest Town in Canada in 1996 byCommunities in Bloom,a nationwide beautification programme.[50]The town is now a popular tourist destination, located at the northern terminus of theNiagara Parkway,a scenic drive and biking/walking path.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Clerk's Declaration of Election Results".Niagara-on-the-Lake.RetrievedNovember 13,2018.
  2. ^ab"Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario census profile".2016 Census of Population.Statistics Canada.February 8, 2017.RetrievedMarch 4,2017.
  3. ^abcde"Oh, Lordy!; Niagara-on-the-Lake's mayor is the only one in Canada referred to as 'lord,' but as reporter Monique Beech discovered, the title's official status isn't clear"ArchivedOctober 2, 2013, at theWayback Machine.St. Catharines Standard,August 4, 2007.
  4. ^"Things To Do In Niagara on the Lake - OntarioTravel.net".www.ontariotravel.net.
  5. ^"Best places to retire in Ontario".www.comfortlife.ca.
  6. ^abCumberland, Barlow (March 12, 2001)."A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River".www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca.
  7. ^abcd"Niagara on the Lake History - Historical Events & Facts".www.infoniagara.com.Archived fromthe originalon June 7, 2009.RetrievedJuly 23,2009.
  8. ^"Town of Niagara".Ontario's Historical Plaques.Alan L. Brown.RetrievedOctober 24,2022.
  9. ^"Fort George".Ontario's Historical Plaques.Alan L. Brown.RetrievedOctober 24,2022.
  10. ^"The Battle of Fort George".Ontario's Historical Plaques.Alan L. Brown.RetrievedOctober 24,2022.
  11. ^Smith, Wm. H. (1846).Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting all parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West.Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. p. 129.
  12. ^"Brancliff Inn circa 1859 at NiagaraBB.com".niagarabb.com.
  13. ^"Plaques & Markers".www.niagaraparks.com.
  14. ^Niagara-on-the-Lake[permanent dead link],Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  15. ^Niagara-on-the-Lake.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  16. ^Parks Canada Tentative List for World Heritage Sites, 2004.ArchivedFebruary 24, 2007, at theWayback Machine
  17. ^Battlefield of Fort George.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  18. ^Fort George.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  19. ^Butler's Barracks.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  20. ^Fort Drummond.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  21. ^Fort Mississauga.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  22. ^Mississauga Point Lighthouse.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  23. ^Niagara Apothecary.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  24. ^Niagara District Court House.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  25. ^Queenston Heights[permanent dead link],Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  26. ^Queenston Heights.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  27. ^Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-electric Plant[permanent dead link],Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  28. ^Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-electric Plant.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  29. ^Willowbank[permanent dead link],Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada
  30. ^Willowbank.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  31. ^Vrooman's Battery.Canadian Register of Historic Places.
  32. ^ab"Untitled Document".
  33. ^"The Niagara Settlers - Petitions" Willson to Wilmot "".
  34. ^"Exploring Niagara - Queen's Royal Park".www.exploringniagara.com.
  35. ^"'I'm excited for the community:' Gary Zalepa elected Niagara-on-the-Lake's new lord mayor ".notl.org.October 24, 2022.RetrievedOctober 25,2022.
  36. ^"Niagara On the Lake, Ontario".Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010.Environment Canada.Archived fromthe originalon July 18, 2020.RetrievedAugust 21,2019.
  37. ^"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario".Statistics Canada.February 9, 2022.RetrievedMarch 30,2022.
  38. ^"Niagara-on-the-Lake".Statistics Canada. November 2, 2016.
  39. ^"VF 03 Parliament Oak School and the 1793 Act Against Slavery".Friends of Laura Secord.RetrievedApril 12,2021.
  40. ^Cheevers, Melinda (June 17, 2015)."Community says farewell to Parliament Oak".niagarathisweek.com.
  41. ^"Famed gazebo prop for movie".Niagarathisweek.com.RetrievedOctober 27,2021.
  42. ^Davies, Tanya."People".MacLean's.RetrievedOctober 27,2021.
  43. ^Simon, Jeff (December 2, 1994)."Paradise Lost Redemption is a Reach for Three Idiot Brothers".The Buffalo News.RetrievedOctober 27,2021.
  44. ^Scheer, Mark (September 22, 2020)."SCHEER: Remembering 'Canadian Bacon'".Niagara Gazette.RetrievedOctober 27,2021.
  45. ^https://niagaraonthelakesailingclub.com/
  46. ^https://smugglerscoveboatclub.com/
  47. ^https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/26527/niagara-on-the-lake-nationals
  48. ^https://www.niagarathisweek.com/life/niagara-on-the-lake-lands-junior-hockey-team/article_80ba730b-653d-543f-bd25-7ebcad1cf972.html
  49. ^https://domino.notl.com/sites/notl/NOTLCOTW.nsf/vwReports/439F93256EEA59368525828D004F3F1D/$file/OPS-18-018.pdf
  50. ^"Town full of charms in Ontario".The Washington Times.
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