Ning'an
Ning'an
Ninh an thị | |
|---|---|
 Jingpo Lakein Ning'an | |
 | |
  Ning'an Location in Heilongjiang  Ning'an Location in China | |
| Coordinates:44°20′28″N129°28′59″E/ 44.341°N 129.483°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| Prefecture-level city | Mudanjiang |
| Area | |
| • Total | 7,870 km2(3,040 sq mi) |
| Population (2003) | |
| • Total | 440,000 |
| • Density | 56/km2(140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8(China Standard) |
| Postal code | 157400 |
| Area code | 0453 |
| Climate | Dwb |
| Website | www |
Ning'an(Chinese:Ninh an;pinyin:Níng'ān) is a city located approximately 20 km (12 mi) southwest ofMudanjiang,in the southeast ofHeilongjiangprovince, China, borderingJilinprovince to the south. It is located on theMudanjiang River(formerly known as Hurka River), which flows north, eventually falling into theSungari RivernearSanxing.
Administratively, Ning'an is now acounty-level city,and a constituent part of theprefecture-level cityofMudanjiang.
The land area of the entire county-level city of Ning'an is 7,870 km2(3,040 sq mi); the reported population count, as of 2004, stood at 440,000. The government of the "county-level city" is located in the town of the same name (Ninh an trấn;Níng'ān zhèn).[1]
Notable geographic features of thecounty-level cityof Ning'an includeLake Jingpoand a crater underground forest (Hỏa sơn khẩu địa hạ sâm lâm). Lake Jingpo is a natural reservoir on the Mudanjiang River upstream (about 40 km or 25 mi southwest, straight-line distance) from Ning'an central urban area, result of the volcanic eruptions about 10,000 years ago.
History
[edit]Balhae
[edit]Shangjing Longquanfu,one of the capitals of theBalhaekingdom (between 756 and 785, and between 793 and 926), was located within today'scounty-level cityof Ning'an.[2]Its site was near today's smalltownsofDongjingcheng(Đông kinh thành trấn;Dōngjīngchéng zhèn) andBohai(Bột hải trấn;Bóhǎi zhèn;44°06′32″N129°12′54″E/ 44.109°N 129.215°E), about 25 km (16 mi) upstream (southwest) from the Ning'an main urban area.
Qing dynasty
[edit]During the earlyQing dynasty,the town of Ning'an, known then under theManchunameᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᠠ(Ningguta[3]) (transcribed into Chinese asNinh cổ tháp,Ningguta), was one of the most important towns in the entireManchuriabeyond the "Willow Palisade".The name" Ningguta "literally means" six "in Manchu language because it was once guarded by six grandsons ofMöngke Temür(Mãnh ca thiếp mộc nhi).
The Hurka River valley, where Ningguta was located, was the traditional homeland of theJianzhou Jurchens(who later started calling themselvesManchus), Ningguta and Sanxing being the two oldest centers of the incipient Manchu state.[4] After the Manchus conquered all of China in 1644, the Ningguta area continued to be considered by the Qing dynasty ruling family as the place of its origin.[5]
Already in 1652 the Qing government sent 2000 horsemen, armed with bows,matchlockfirearms, and iron cannons, commanded bySarhudato set a garrison at Ningguta, which was the first Qing garrison beyond theWillow Palisade.[6] In June 1653Sarhuda's position became styled "military deputy-lieutenant governor" (Ngang bang chương kinh,oramban-jiangginin Manchu)[7][8]and a deputy lieutenant general (Phó đô thống;fù dūtǒng) were appointed to command the Ningguta garrison.[9]
The suitability of Ningguta as an administrative center was in part due to its location on the Hurka River (or, for the original site, on the Hurka's tributary Hailang), which provided a convenient transportation route connecting Ningguta with the lower Sungari and the lowerAmur River.Early on, a great dockyard operated in Ningguta, building boats for the Mudanjiang/Sungari/Amur river system, although it was later relocated to Jilin City.[10]
In 1658Sarhuda,in charge of a Manchu fleet of several dozen ships, and including also GeneralShin Ryu's Korean force, sailed from Ningguta down the Hurka and theSungari,to defeat the smaller fleet of the Russian CossackOnufriy Stepanovnear the fall of the Sungari into theAmur.[11]
After the death of Sarhuda in 1659, his sonBahai(Ba hải) was appointed to occupy Sarhuda's position.[8]
In 1662, the title of the military deputy-lieutenant governor (amban-jianggin) position was changed to the Ningguta Military Governor (Trấn thủ ninh cổ tháp đẳng xử tương quân;zhènshǒu nínggǔtǎ děngchǔ jiāngjūn), Bahai being the first occupant of this post,[8]while the office of the deputy lieutenant general was relocated toJilin City.[9]
The early location of the Ningguta fortress was not at today's Ning'an, but some 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, on the Hailang River (a tributary of theMudanjiang River). That site is located near the present-day Gucheng village (Cổ thành thôn), part of the smalltownof Changting (Trường đinh trấn;44°29′N128°55′E/ 44.48°N 128.92°E). That site is not within the modern county-level city of Ning'an, but in the neighboring county-level city ofHailin.[7]
Growth of the more conveniently locatedJilin Cityresulted in the decrease of the relative importance of Ningguta. Still, Ningguta was the main seat of government of the eastern half of the beyond-the-palisade Manchuria until 1676,[6]when the Military Governor (jiangjun) moved from Ningguta toJilin City(then called Jilin Ula Cheng, i.e. Jilin River City), and the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Phó đô thống;fù dūtǒng) was transferred in the opposite direction (from Jilin City to Ningguta).[8][9]
Although now lower-ranked than Jilin City, Ningguta retained its importance into the 18th and 19th century as one of the few cities existing beyond theWillow Palisade.The Deputy Lieutenant-General stationed there was the top government official for the entire region stretching east to theSea of Japanand populated primarily by a variety ofTungusic peoples,such as theNanais.[5][12]
According to the evidence of theJesuitswho visited the area in 1709 along with a government-sponsoredginseng-harvesting expedition,[13]by the early 18th century Ningguta had become an important center of trade in local forest products, namelyginsengharvested in the region andsablepelts, collected as tax from the Nanai natives. Therefore, besides the Manchu garrison and the officials, Ningguta was home to numerousHan Chinesecivilians, some of whom had come to Ningguta from faraway provinces in order to participate in the profitable commerce.[5]There were already numerous peasant villages around the town, some at quite a distance from it, populated both by Manchus and by Han Chinese exiled to this area for various offenses against the law. (Convicts started being sent to Ningguta area as early as 1660; anti-Qing rebels, captured in southern China, followed in 1661[14]) A variety of cereal crops, such asmilletandoatswere grown there.[5]
In May 1910, the area was re-organized asNing'an Fu.[15]
Republic of China
[edit]Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Ning'an underwent a series of administrative changes. In March 1913, Ning'an Fu was re-organized as Ning'an County (simplified Chinese:Ninh an huyện;traditional Chinese:Ninh an huyện;pinyin:Níng'ān Xiàn).[15]In June 1914, Ning'an County was placed under the jurisdiction ofYanji Circuitin Jilin province.[15]
In February 1929,circuitswere abolished, and Ning'an was administered directly by the province.[15]At this time, Ning'an had a population of more than 170,000.[15]
Japanese occupation
[edit]Upon the formation of thepuppet stateofManchukuo,Ning'an remained within Jilin province until December 1934, when it became part of the newly formedBinjiang province.[15]In July 1937, it was placed underMudanjiang province.[15]
After occupation
[edit]In April 1946, the area was placed under the jurisdiction ofSuining province,but this was changed to the newly formedMudanjiang province.[15]In July 1948, the area was once again adjusted, this time falling under the jurisdiction ofSongjiang province.[15]In August 1954, Songjiang province was abolished and merged intoHeilongjiangprovince.[15]In March 1956, Ning'an, still acounty,was placed under the then-prefectureofMudanjiang.[15]From 1956 to 1962, Ning'an's borders were changed multiple times, until finally reaching their current iteration.[15]
In 1993, Ning'an was upgraded from a county to acounty-level city.[15]
Geography
[edit]
Ning'an is located in the southeast ofHeilongjiangprovince, on the shores ofJingpo LakeandMudan River.[15]The terrain is largely hilly, and theChangbai Mountainsrun through the city.[15]
Ning'an is bordered byMulingto the east,Hailinto the west,Wangqing CountyandDunhuaofJilinprovince to the south, and Mudanjiang's urban core to the north.[15]Ning'an is approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) away from Mudanjiang's urban core, 190 kilometres (120 mi) away from bothSuifenheandHunchun,and 320 kilometres (200 mi) away from theprovincial capitalofHarbin.[15]
Flora and fauna
[edit]112 species of plants used forChinese herbal medicinescan be found in Ning'an.[15]
Ning'an is home to a number of protected animal species, such as theSiberian tiger,sika deer,elk,andsable.[15]There are over 300 species of birds which have habitats in the city, includingSiberian cranes,Mandarin ducks,Chinese merganser,white-bellied sea eagles,andSteller's sea eagles.[15]
Climate
[edit]The city experiences an average annual temperature of 4.5 °C (40.1 °F), with the hottest recorded temperature in the city being 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), and the coldest record temperature being −40.1 °C (−40.2 °F).[15]Annual precipitation in Ning'an typically ranges from 500 millimetres (20 in) to 600 millimetres (24 in).[15]Ning'an typically experiences 130 to 135frost-free days per year.[15]
| Climate data for Ning'an (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
37.5 (99.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
29.9 (85.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
37.5 (99.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −10.4 (13.3) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
11.0 (51.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.7 (0.1) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
14.3 (57.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −23.6 (−10.5) |
−19 (−2) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−1.2 (29.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.2 (−42.2) |
−39.7 (−39.5) |
−26.4 (−15.5) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−26.6 (−15.9) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−41.2 (−42.2) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 5.2 (0.20) |
4.2 (0.17) |
12.0 (0.47) |
26.6 (1.05) |
61.5 (2.42) |
72.4 (2.85) |
118.8 (4.68) |
118.1 (4.65) |
58.8 (2.31) |
32.5 (1.28) |
17.2 (0.68) |
5.8 (0.23) |
533.1 (20.99) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.8 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 13.7 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 10.1 | 8.0 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 106.7 |
| Average snowy days | 7.3 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 43.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 70 | 64 | 58 | 53 | 59 | 69 | 77 | 80 | 75 | 66 | 66 | 70 | 67 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 176.4 | 193.5 | 227.0 | 222.7 | 240.4 | 247.9 | 241.9 | 229.3 | 233.2 | 204.2 | 165.5 | 159.5 | 2,541.5 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 61 | 65 | 61 | 55 | 53 | 54 | 52 | 53 | 63 | 61 | 58 | 58 | 58 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[16][17] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
[edit]Ning'an administers onesubdistrict,eighttowns,twotownships,twoethnic townships,and two othertownship-level divisions.[18]
The city's sole subdistrict isChengqu Subdistrict.[18]
The city's eight towns areNing'an,Dongjingcheng,Bohai,Shiyan,Shalan,Hailang,Langang,andJingpo.[18]
The city's two townships areMahe TownshipandSanling Township.[18]
The city's two ethnic townships areJiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic TownshipandWolong Korean Ethnic Township.[18]
The city also administersDongjingcheng Forestry BureauandNing'an Farmas township-level divisions.[18]
Demographics
[edit]| Ethnic group | Population (approximate) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Han Chinese | 356,400 | 81.0% |
| Manchu | 38,720 | 8.8% |
| Korean | 34,320 | 7.8% |
| Others | 10,560 | 2.4% |
| Total | 440,000 | 100.0% |
Economy
[edit]Ning'an produces a large amount of edible mushrooms, totaling 10,000 tons per year.[15]
Transportation
[edit]TheG11 Hegang–Dalian Expresswayruns through the city, as does theMudanjiang–Tumen railway.[15]
The city is located 19 kilometres (12 mi) away from theMudanjiang Hailang International Airport.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Mudanjiang City info(in Chinese)
- ^Shangjing Longquanfu, the Capital of the Bohai (Parhae) State
- ^Manchu Veritable Record Vol.3
- ^Lattimore, Owen(1931).Manchuria - Cradle of Conflict.Modern (2008) reprint by READ BOOKS. pp. 14, 33.ISBN1-4437-2496-3.
- ^abcdDu Halde, Jean-Baptiste(1735).Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise.Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. p. 6.
- ^abReardon-Anderson, James (2005).Reluctant pioneers: China's expansion northward, 1644-1937.Stanford University Press. p. 24.ISBN0-8047-5167-6..When quotingDu Halde,Reardon-Anderson implies that the Jesuit went to the region personally in the 1730s. That wasn't actually the case, as du Halde was merely the editor of a report by the Jesuits who had travelled down the Amur in 1709, one of many reports from which his multi-volume work was compiled.
- ^abMặc độc ninh cổ tháp[Silently reading Ningguta] (in Simplified Chinese). Hailin People's Government. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-07.Retrieved2009-04-04.
- ^abcdCát lâm tỉnh lịch sử câu trầm[An exploration of the history of Jilin Province]. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.[permanent dead link].There is alsosame article converted to HTML by Google[dead link]
- ^abcEdmonds, Richard Louis (1985).Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy.University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. pp. 113, 115–117.ISBN0-89065-118-3.
- ^Lattimore (1931), p. 108
- ^Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.,ed. (1943)..Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.United States Government Printing Office.p. 632.
- ^The Historical Atlas of China(ed. Tan), the Qing dynasty map showing the administrative boundaries as of 1820
- ^du Halde (1735), p. 8
- ^Reardon-Anderson (2005), p. 26
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaNinh an thị tình giản giới ( 2019 )[Ning'an Introduction (2019)].www.ningan.gov.cn(in Chinese). Ning'an Municipal People's Government. 2020-02-21.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-19.Retrieved2021-06-19.
- ^Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved5 July2023.
- ^ Trung quốc khí tượng sổ cư võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved5 July2023.
- ^abcdef2020 niên thống kế dụng khu hoa đại mã ( ninh an thị )[2020 Statistical Division Codes (Ning'an)].www.stats.gov.cn(in Chinese).National Bureau of Statistics of China.2020.Retrieved2021-06-19.
External links
[edit]- Ning'an City Government(in Chinese)
Heilongjiangtopics | |
|---|---|
| General | |
| Geography | |
| Education | |
| Visitor attractions | |
