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Niyama

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This article containsIndic text.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks or boxes,misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Niyamas(Sanskrit:नियम,romanized:niyama) are positive duties or observances.[1]InDharma,particularlyYoga,niyamasand their complement,yamas,are recommended activities and habits for healthy living, spiritual enlightenment, and a liberated state of existence.[2]It has multiple meanings depending on context in Hinduism. In Buddhism, the term extends to the determinations of nature, as in theBuddhistniyama dhammas.[3]

Etymology

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Niyama(नियम) is derived from the Sanskrit rootniyam(नियम्) which means "to hold". Thus,niyamatranslates to "rule", "observances", or "practices of self-restraint".[4][5][6]

Hinduism

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Within theYogaschool ofHindu philosophy,niyamasare described in the eight limbs (steps;ashtanga yoga) of yoga.[7]Niyamais the second limb which includes virtuous habits, behaviors, and observances (the "dos" ).[8][9]These virtues and ethical premises are considered in Hinduism as necessary for an individual to achieve a liberation ormoksha.[10]

Five niyamas

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In Patanjali'sYoga Sutras,the fiveniyamasare listed as:[11]

  1. Shaucha(शौच): external (the body) and internal (the mind) purity.[12][13]
  2. Santosha(सन्तोष): contentment; disinterest in acquiring more than one's needs of life.[2][13]
  3. Tapas(तपस्): austerity, self-discipline,[14]persistent meditation and perseverance.[15][16]
  4. Svādhyāya(स्वाध्याय): study of sacred scriptures for one's liberation.[13]
  5. Īśvarapranidhāna(ईश्वरप्रणिधान): offering all of one's activities to Supreme/God (Īśvara).[13]

Ten niyamas

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Some texts suggest a different and expanded list ofniyamas.For example, the Shandilya and VarahaUpanishads,[17]theHatha Yoga Pradipika,[18]verses 552 to 557 in Book 3 of theTirumandhiramof Tirumular suggest tenniyamas.[19]The Hatha Yoga Pradipika lists the following ten niyamas in verse 1.18:[18][20]

  1. Tapas(तपस्): persistence, perseverance in one's purpose, austerity[15][16]
  2. Santosha(सन्तोष): contentment, acceptance of others and of one's circumstances as they are, optimism for self[2]
  3. Āstikya(आस्तिक्य): faith in Real Self (jnana yoga, raja yoga), belief in God (bhakti yoga), conviction in Vedas/Upanishads (orthodox school)[21]
  4. Dāna(दान): generosity, charity, sharing with others[22]
  5. Īśvarapūjana(ईश्वरपूजन): worship of the Ishvara (God/Supreme Being,Brahman,True Self, Unchanging Reality)[23]
  6. Siddhānta vākya śravaṇa(सिद्धान्त वाक्य श्रवण) orSiddhāntaśravaṇa (सिद्धान्त श्रवण): Listening to the ancient scriptures[21]
  7. Hrī(ह्री): remorse and acceptance of one's past, modesty, humility[18][24]
  8. Mati(मति): think and reflect to understand, reconcile conflicting ideas[25]
  9. Japa(जप): mantra repetition, reciting prayers or knowledge[26]
  10. Huta(हुत) orVrata(व्रत):
    1. Huta (हुत): rituals, ceremonies such asyajnasacrifice.
    2. Vrata (व्रत): Fulfilling religious vows, rules and observances faithfully.[27]

Some texts replace the last niyama ofHutawithVrata.[21]The niyama ofVratameans making and keeping one's vows (resolutions), which may be pious observances.[28]For example, a promise to fast and visit a pilgrimage site is a form ofVrata.The education process in ancient India, whereVedasandUpanishadswere memorized and transmitted across generations without ever being written down, required a series ofVrataniyamas over a number of years.[29]

Other niyamas

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At least sixty five ancient and medieval era Indian texts are known so far that discussniyamas.[17]Most are in Sanskrit, but some are in regional Indian languages of Hindus. The number of niyamas mentioned in these texts range from just one to eleven, however five and ten are the most common.[17]The order of listed niyamas, the names and nature of each niyama, as well as the relative emphasis vary between the texts.[21]For example, Sriprashna Samhita discusses only one niyama in verse 3.22 -ahimsa.[17]Shivayoga Dipika, Sharada Tilaka,Vasishtha Samhita,Yoga Kalpalatika, Yajnavalkya Smriti, and many others, each discuss 10niyamas.[17][30]The Bhagavata Purana discusses elevenniyamas,with kind hospitality of guests, to one's best ability, as an additional virtuous behavior. Other texts substitute one or more different concepts in their list ofniyamas.For example, in the fiveniyamaslisted by Markandeya Purana in verse 36.17, Matanga Parameshvaram in verse 17.31, andPashupata Sutrain verse 1.9, each suggestakrodha(non-anger) as aniyama.[17][31]

Ahimsais the most widely discussed ethical theory and highlighted as the highest virtue by majority of these texts.[17]

Buddhism

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Buddhist commentary from the 5th to 13th centuries CE contains thepañcavidha niyama,the fivefold niyamas, in the following texts:

  • In theAṭṭhasālinī(272-274), the commentary attributed to Buddhaghosa on theDhammasangaṅi,the first book of the Theravāda Abhidhamma Piṭaka;[32]
  • In theSumaṅgala-Vilāsinī(DA 2.431), Buddhaghosa's commentary on theDīgha Nikāya;[33]
  • In theAbhidhammāvatāra(PTS p. 54), a verse summary ofAbhidhammaby Buddhaghosa's contemporary, Buddhadatta.[34]
  • Abhidhammamātika Internal Commentary.(p. 58) TheAbhidhamma-mātikais a matrix of abstracts for the Abhidhamma, with lists of pairs and triplets of terms from which the whole of the text can theoretically be reconstructed. The passage on the niyamas is from an internal commentary on the mātika associated with the Dhammasaṅgaṇī (the niyāmas do not appear to be mentioned in the mātrix itself, but only in this appendix.); and was composed in South India by Coḷaraṭṭha Kassapa (12th–13th century).
  • Abhidhammāvatāra-purāṇatīkā(p. 1.68). Composed in Sri Lanka by Vācissara Mahāsāmi c. 13th century or Sāriputta c. 12th century. This text is an incomplete word-by-word commentary on the text of the Abhidhammāvatāra Nāmarūpa-parichedo (ṭīka).

The five niyamas in this set are:

  1. utu-niyāma"the constraint of the seasons", i.e. in certain regions of the earth at certain periods the flowering and fruiting of trees all at one time (ekappahāreneva), the blowing or ceasing of wind, the degree of the heat of the sun, the amount of rain-fall, some flowers like the lotuses opening during the day and closing at night and so on;
  2. bīja-niyāma"the constraint of seeds or germs", i.e. a seed producing its own kind as barley seed produces barley;
  3. kammaniyāma"the constraint ofkamma",i.e. good actions produce good results and bad actions produce bad results. This constraint is said to be epitomised by [Dhammapada] verse 127 which explains that the consequences of actions are inescapable;
  4. citta-niyāma"the constraint of mind", i.e. the order of the process of mind-activities as the preceding thought-moment causing and conditioning the succeeding one in a cause and effect relation;
  5. dhamma-niyāma"the constraint of dhammas", i.e. such events like the quaking of the ten thousand world-systems at the Bodhisatta's conception in his mother's womb and at his birth. At the end of the discussionSumaṅgalavilāsinīpassage the Commentary says thatdhammaniyāmaexplains the term dhammatā in the text of theMahāpadāna Sutta(D ii.12) (Cf. S 12.20 for a discussion of the use of the worddhammaniyamatāin the suttas)

In these texts the set of fivefold niyamas was introduced into commentarial discussions not to illustrate that the universe was intrinsically ethical, but as a list that demonstrated the universal scope ofpaṭicca-samuppāda.The original purpose was, according toLedi Sayadaw,neither to promote or to demote the law of karma, but to show the scope of natural law as an alternative to the claims of theism.[35]

C.A.F. Rhys Davidswas the first western scholar to draw attention to the list ofpañcavidha niyamain her 1912 book,Buddhism.Her reason for mentioning it was to emphasise how for Buddhism we exist in a "moral universe" in which actions lead to just consequences according to a natural moral order, a situation she calls a "cosmodicy" in contrast with the Christian theodicy.:[36][37]

In Rhys Davids' scheme the niyamas become:

  • kamma niyama:( "action" ) consequences of one's actions
  • utu niyama:( "time, season" ) seasonal changes and climate, law of non-living matter
  • bīja niyama:( "seed" ) laws of heredity
  • citta niyama:( "mind" ) will of mind
  • dhamma niyama:( "law" ) nature's tendency to perfect

This is similar to the scheme proposed by Ledi Sayadaw.[38]Western BuddhistSangharakshitahas taken up Mrs Rhys Davids conception of the niyamas and made it an important aspect of his own teachings on Buddhism.[39]

Spelling

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In Pāli the word is spelled bothniyamaandniyāma,and the Pali Text Society Dictionary says that the two forms have become confused.[40]It is likely thatniyāmais from a causative form of the verbni√i.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Moyer, Donald (1989). "Asana".Yoga Journal.84(January/February 1989): 36.
  2. ^abcN Tummers (2009), Teaching Yoga for Life,ISBN978-0736070164,page 16-17
  3. ^"What does niyama mean?".www.definitions.net.Retrieved15 January2021.
  4. ^Cusack, Carmen (2012). "Alternative dispute resolution and niyama, the second limb of Yoga Sutra".Journal of Peace Education and Social Justice.6(2): 107–122.
  5. ^Chicago, The University of; Libraries (CRL), Center for Research."Digital South Asia Library".dsal.uchicago.edu.Retrieved4 June2024.
  6. ^Sivasubramaniam, Thirunavukkarasu (24 May 2019)."Niyama".Classic Yoga.Retrieved4 June2024.
  7. ^"Hindu Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy".Retrieved10 May2024.
  8. ^N Tummers (2009), Teaching Yoga for Life,ISBN978-0736070164,page 13-16
  9. ^Y Sawai (1987),The Nature of Faith in the Śaṅkaran Vedānta Tradition,Numen,Vol. 34, Fasc. 1 (Jun., 1987), pages 18-44
  10. ^KH Potter (1958),Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View,Philosophy East and West, 8(1/2): 49-63
  11. ^Āgāśe, K. S. (1904).Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi.Puṇe: Ānandāśrama. p. 102.
  12. ^Sharma and Sharma, Indian Political Thought, Atlantic Publishers,ISBN978-8171566785,page 19
  13. ^abcd"Yoga Sutras of Patanjali | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy".Retrieved10 May2024.
  14. ^Gregory P. Fields (2014).Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra.State University of New York Press. p. 111.ISBN978-0-7914-9086-0.
  15. ^abKaelber, W. O. (1976). "Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, 15(4), 343-386
  16. ^abSA Bhagwat (2008), Yoga and Sustainability. Journal of Yoga, Fall/Winter 2008, 7(1): 1-14
  17. ^abcdefgSV Bharti (2001), Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With the Exposition of Vyasa, Motilal Banarsidas,ISBN978-8120818255,Appendix I, pages 680-691
  18. ^abcMikel Burley(2000), Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice, Motilal Banarsidas,ISBN978-8120817067,pages 190-191
  19. ^Fountainhead of Saiva SiddhantaTirumular, The Himalayan Academy, Hawaii
  20. ^Original:
    तपः सन्तोष आस्तिक्यं दानम् ईश्वरपूजनम् ।
    सिद्धान्तवाक्यश्रवणं ह्रीमती च तपो हुतम् ।
    नियमा दश सम्प्रोक्ता योगशास्त्रविशारदैः ॥१८॥
    See:Hatha Yoga Pradipika;Note: this free on-line source author lists Tapas twice in the list of niyamas; others list the second last word of second line in the above as जपो, orJapa
  21. ^abcd"Niyama | 8 Limbs of Yoga".United We Care.30 June 2021.
  22. ^William Owen Cole (1991), Moral Issues in Six Religions, Heinemann,ISBN978-0435302993,pages 104-105
  23. ^ĪśvaraArchived3 March 2016 at theWayback MachineKoeln University, Germany
  24. ^HriMonier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary
  25. ^Monier Williams,A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged,p. 740, atGoogle Books,Mati, मति, pages 740-741
  26. ^HS Nasr, Knowledge and the Sacred, SUNY Press,ISBN978-0791401774,page 321-322
  27. ^"Siddha Community: The Saivite Hindu Religion".www.siddha.com.my.Retrieved12 January2017.
  28. ^व्रतVrata, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
  29. ^Hartmut Scharfe, Handbook of Oriental Studies - Education in Ancient India, Brill,ISBN978-9004125568,pages 217-222
  30. ^K. V. Gajendragadkar (2007), Neo-upanishadic Philosophy, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, University of California Archives,OCLC1555808,pages 96-97
  31. ^S. Dasgupta (2012), A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 5, Motilal Banarsidas,ISBN978-8120804166,pages 134-136
  32. ^Aṭṭhasālinī: Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Dhammasaṅgani.ed. E. Muller, PTS 1979 (orig. 1897) p.272, para. 562; trans. Pe Maung Tin as The Expositor PTS London 1921 vol.II p.360.
  33. ^Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī, Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Dīgha Nikāya.ed. W. Stede PTS 1931 p.432.
  34. ^Abhidhammāvatāra in Buddhadatta’s Manuals.ed. AP Buddhadatta PTS 1980 (orig. 1915) p.54.
  35. ^Manuals of Buddhism.Bangkok: Mahamakut Press 1978. Niyama-Dipani was trans. (from Pāli) by Beni M. Barua, rev. and ed. C.A.F. Rhys Davids, n.d.
  36. ^Buddhism: a study of the Buddhist normLondon:Williams and Norgate1912, pp.118–9.. Reprint by Read Books, 2007,Books.Google.com
  37. ^Padmasiri De Silva,Environmental philosophy and ethics in Buddhism.Macmillan, 1998, page 41.Books.Google.com
  38. ^Niyama-Dipani(online see below)
  39. ^The Three Jewels Windhorse1977 (originally published 1967) Windhorse pp.69–70; and in the lecture ‘Karma and Rebirth’, in edited form inWho is the Buddha?Windhorse 1994, pp.105–8.
  40. ^Pali Text Society."The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary".Digital South Asia Library.p. 368.Retrieved20 November2014.
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