Jump to content

Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)
Part of theBattle of Aleppoand theSyrian Civil War

Syrian Armysoldiers after breaking the siege of Nubl and Zahra
Date1–16 February 2016
(2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
NorthernAleppo Governorate,Syria
Result SDF, Syrian army and allies victory[15]
Territorial
changes
Belligerents

Syrian Arab Republic
Iran[1]
Russia
Allied militias:
Kata'ib Hezbollah[2]
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba[2]
Badr Corps[1]
Liwa Fatemiyoun[1]
Hezbollah[1]
Liwa al-Quds[3]

Syrian Democratic Forces[4]

Al-Nusra Front
Army of Aleppo[9]

Sham Legion[11]
Fastaqim Union[9]
TurkeyTurkey(mainly against SDF)[12]

Supported by:[13][14][10]
Saudi Arabia
Qatar
Commanders and leaders

IranMaj. Gen.Qasem Soleimani[19][20]
(Head ofQuds Force)
IranBrig. Gen. Mohsen Ghajarian†[21]
SyriaLt. Gen.Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
SyriaGen. Hafez Ahmed Al-Abood†[22][23]
SyriaCol. Nawaf Hamad Al-Khatib†[22]
RussiaCol. Gen.Aleksandr Dvornikov[24]
Haydar Fariz†[22]

Abdo Ibrahim
(Afrin Cantondefense minister)[25]
Sewsen Bîrhat(Aleppo YPJ commander)[26]
Wissi Hijazi ( "Abu Uday Menagh" )[27][28]
(Army of Revolutionaries commander)
Zakur al-Diri (POW)[29]
(former Mountain Hawks Brigade commander, defected to the Army of Revolutionaries)		 Hashim al-Sheikh
(overall rebel Aleppo commander)[9][30]
Nimr al-Shukri†
(Ahrar ash-Sham Aleppo commander)[31]
Abu Ahmed al Abdullah†
(al-Nusra FrontTell Rifaatcommander)[32]
Abu Mustapha al-Saleh[33]
(Levant Front)
Zekeriya Karsli[12][33]
(Levant Front)
Ismail Nadef (POW)[34]
(Conquest Brigade)
Units involved

Syrian Armed Forces

IranArmed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran

RussiaRussian forces

SyrianHezbollahunits

  • National Ideological Resistance[39]

Free Syrian Army

Turkish Land Forces
Casualties and losses
SAA & allies:
143 killed[41](48 Iraqis, 14 IRGC, 3 Hezbollah)[42][43]
SDF:
18 killed[44][45][46][47]
Total:
161 killed		 Fighting SAA & allies:
309–335 killed[41][48][49][50]
Fighting SDF:
88 killed[44][46][47][51][52]
Total:
397-423 killed
119–168 civilians killed[41][53][54][55]
(one Lebanese journalist)[56]
50,000 civilians displaced[57]

TheNorthern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)refers to a military operation launched northwest ofAleppoin early February 2016 by theSyrian Arab Armyand its allies. The offensive successfully broke the three-yearSiege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa,effectively cutting off the main supply route of theSyrian rebelsfromTurkey.[2]

Preparations[edit]

See also:Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)

During the latter part of January 2016, reports began circulating of significantSyrian governmentreinforcements being sent toAleppofromDamascus,in preparation for a new offensive. Almost 3,000 additional soldiers were deployed.[58]

Offensive[edit]

Breaking the siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa[edit]

Main article:Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa
Pro-government forces in theNublandAl-Zahraapocket after breaking thesiege.

On 1 February 2016, a joint force consisting of the 4th Mechanized Division,NDF,Hezbollah,Kata'ib HezbollahandHarakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba(Iranian-backed Iraqi Shi'iteparamilitaryorganisations), attacked rebel positions around the towns of Duwayr al-Zeytoun and Bashkoy.[2]

After securing Duwayr Al-Zeitoun, the SAA and its allies turned north and routed rebels from the town of Tal-Jibbin within the span of two hours.[59][60]Spearheaded by Hezbollah units, the rebels were next struck at the Al-Mallah farms, where they made a determined defence.[61]

Citing this operation, theopposition groupsat theGeneva Syria peace talksformally announced on 1 February 2016 that they had opted out and the talks were suspended.[62][63]Rebel commanders said they hoped the collapse of the peace talks would "convince their foreign backers, states including Turkey and Saudi Arabia, that it was time to send them more powerful and advanced weapons, includinganti-aircraft missiles".One rebel leader said he expects" something new, God willing "after the failure of the Geneva talks.[16]

By 2 February, government forces had pushed north of Tal Jibbin and secured the town of Hardatin. Continuing their assault, the army momentarily capturedRatyanbefore being repulsed by a rebel counter-attack later in the day.[64]A later effort managed to push deep into Ratyan, bringing 75 percent of the town under government control. In addition to the government advance from the east, the fighters surrounded in the Nubl-Zahra pocket launched a complementary offensive from the west and managed to take some ground.[65]

The village of Muarrassat al-Khan was attacked by government forces in a pincer movement on 3 February. The fall of this village opened up a land bridge and broke the siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa the same day.[66][67]Residents thanked Assad, Iran and Hezbollah in celebratory scenes from the towns broadcast by Hezbollah'sal-Manar.[16]11 rebel commanders were killed in the operation.[68]

SDF assault launched and the battle for Ratyan[edit]

On 4 February, theYPG-ledSyrian Democratic Forces(SDF) also launched an offensive against the rebels in northern Aleppo and took control of Ziyara and Khreiybeh, north of Nubl. At the same time, government troops took the towns ofMayerandKafr Naya.[69][70][71]

By 5 February,Al-Masdar NewsandAl-Mayadeenreported that the military had taken control of Ratyan, while the rebels re-established control of Kafr Naya after a counter-attack from the north.[72][73]According toARA News,the rebelLevant Frontevacuated its headquarters in Ratyan after more than ten of its fighters were killed and a dozen more were wounded.[74]

TheSyrian Observatory for Human Rightsreported that the western half of Ratyan had been retaken by rebels that day,[75][76][77]andThe IndependentandThe Guardianreported fighting continuing on 7 February.[78][79]

By the evening of 5 February, the army reached positions overlooking Bayanoun, with clashes continuing in the village.[80]Thousands of people in the area fled towards the Turkish border.[81]

The next day, government forces captured all of Ratyan, as well as the Bashkoy-Ratyan road, after securing the soap factory.[80][82][83]In all, Al-Masdar reported that 140–160 fighters on both sides were killed in the battle for the village the previous day, including 100 rebels and 60 government fighters.[84]Among the government casualties were General Hafez Ahmed Al-Abood and Hezbollah commander Haydar Fariz.[22]According to Al-Masdar, at least one of the dead rebel fighters was achild soldier,as the rebels were reportedly sending more child fighters to the front line due to a lack of manpower.[85]Ali Yousef Dasho,described by Syrian government media as a "Lebanese war reporter", was killed while covering the battle for Ratyan from the government side, as was confirmed byHezbollahto Russian media.[56][86]

Later on 6 February, the YPG and theArmy of Revolutionariescaptured two villages, a hill and the al-Faisal mill.[8]One village was Al-Alqamiyeh, near the rebel-heldMenagh Air Base,[87][88]while further south YPG-led forces seized the quarry and Talat Al-Firan hill[89]that overlook Tannurah.[90]The town of Menagh was hit by Russian bombers after the SDF reportedly warned the rebels to hand the town over to avoid the strikes.[91]The SDF also reached the southern entrance to the town of Deir Jamal.[92][93]However, the SDF also allowed 80 fighters from theArmy of Conquestto pass through Afrin to reinforce the rebels in theAzazarea the next day.[94][95]

At the start of 7 February, government troops were seven kilometers from rebel-heldTell Rifaat.[96]They then advanced and captured the village of Kiffin, bringing them to within five kilometers of Tell Rifaat,[97]after which they proceeded to attack Kafr Naya from two different flanks.[35]Concurrently, the SDF seized three villages during the day,[97]including Ajar and its hill,[98][99]Maraanaz[69]andDeir Jamal.[69][100]During the SDF's advance on Deir Jamal, a localMountain Hawks Brigadeunit defected to theArmy of Revolutionariesand handed over Deir Jamal to the SDF.[29]The SDF also took full control of the road south of Deir Jamal, preventing government forces from advancing on Tell Rifaat via this route.[101]The army and the SDF reportedly set up a joint checkpoint near Kiffin to avoid potential skirmishes.[4]Heavy Russian air-strikes continued against Menagh throughout the following night.[102]

Capture of the Menagh Military Airbase[edit]

As of 8 February, a rebel handover of Menagh and its air base to the Kurdish forces had still not taken place due to a dispute between two rebel groups, while south of the base the SDF captured Kafr Antun.[98]Meanwhile, the army began an attack in the direction of Tannurah, south of Nubl and Al-Zahraa, which led to fighting in the hills overlooking the village.[103]The attack was repelled.[104]Nimr Shukri, Ahrar ash-Sham's Aleppo commander, was killed during the day.[31][105]

On 9 February,SDFforces (YPG and Jaysh al-Thuwar) captured Al-Mashtal, northwest of the Menagh air base.[106]Further south, a rebel convoy consisting of 100 vehicles carrying reinforcements and ammunition was seen traveling from Idlib towards Aleppo.[107]Later, a rebel convoy, including more than 20 vehicles, was reportedly destroyed by the Syrian Air Force on the Aleppo-Latakia Highway (M-4 Highway).[108]

On 10 February, fighting continued in the Menagh area and at the air base,[43]despite claims the previous night the base and its village were captured by the SDF.[109][110]More clashes took place around Tannurah.[43]That evening, the Menagh military airport and the village of Menagh were captured by the SDF,[7][111]after the base was hit with at least 30 Russian air strikes.[33]Meanwhile, after a three-day-long battle, Army, NDF and Hezbollah units broke through rebel positions around Kafr Naya and captured the village.[112][113]

SDF push north, government push south and Turkish shelling[edit]

Map of the Kurdish advancements during the offensive

Late on 11 February, according to several reports, the SDF reached the western outskirts ofAzaz,with clashes taking place at the national hospital and the Al Shat checkpoint, 2 kilometers from the city.[114][115]However, the SDF denied they had initiated an assault on Azaz.[116]The next morning, government troops took control of Duhrat Al-Qur'ah and Duhrat Al-Qundilah hills, near Tannurah,[117]following their second assault on the area during the week.[118][119]They then seized the Tannourah Quarries[120]and by the evening the northern part of Tannourah itself.[121]This advance brought the military back toMount Simeonfor the first time after three and a half years.[120]Elsewhere, the SDF advanced near Kafr Antoan[122]and allegedly seized the Al Shat checkpoint, near Azaz.[123]

On 13 February, the Army fully secured Tannourah,[124]advancing towardsAnadan,[125]while 20–46 air strikes hitTell Rifaat.[126]To the north, Turkish artillery shelled SDF forces at the recently captured Menagh air base and a village[127]continuously for three hours,[citation needed]after the SDF came within 500 meters of Azaz.[128]Several Twitter posts reported this was in support of a rebel counter-attack, which was eventually repelled.[129]A Turkish official claimed the shelling was in response to YPG shelling of Turkish border military outposts,[citation needed]while Turkey's Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu demanded that the SDF withdraw from all recently captured territory.[130]The SDF stated they would not retreat[131]and, despite the Turkish shelling, launched a two-pronged attack on Tell Rifaat. They captured the village of Ayn Daqnah, on the road between Tell Rifaat and Azaz,[132][133]and advanced to the western outskirts of Tell Rifaat.[134]

On 14 February, the Turkish military shelled Kurdish forces for a second day,[12]while government troops made attempts to advance from Tannurah to Anadan.[135][136]During the day, 350 rebel fighters crossed into Syria from Turkey to reinforce Tell Rifaat. They entered via the Atamah military border crossing and with the approval of Turkish authorities after they had earlier crossed into Turkey from Syria's Idlib governorate.[137]Late that evening, SDF forces entered the western and northern neighborhoods of Tell Rifaat and reached the train station where clashes took place,[138]after which they took control of the station,[139]leaving them in control of most of the town (70 percent) by morning.[133][140]The relative ease with which the SDF broke through into Tell Rifaat was due to no rebel defense lines being built on the western side of the town.[141]The SDF also captured Kafr Kashir,[142]after cutting the road between it and Azaz,[138]leaving those in Azaz in fear of an imminent SDF attack on the town.[143]The SDF also made attempts to advance towards the Kaljibrin area, moving closer to ISIS-controlled territory.[140]

On 15 February, government forces withdrew from Kafr Naya, handing over control of the town to the SDF.[144][145]The SDF also seized Kafr Naseh and fully cleared Tell Rifaat, while south of the town, government troops captured the villages of Misqan and Ahras.[146][147][148][149]At this point, the SDF were 6 kilometers fromISILterritory.[133]The Turkish Prime Minister vowed "We will not allow Azaz to fall" and warned the SDF not to move east ofAfrinor west of theEuphrates(into ISIL territory), as Turkish shelling continued for a third day,[55]including hitting targets in Tell Rifaat.[150]U.S. Vice PresidentJoe Bidencalled on the Turkish Prime Minister to "de-escalate" and "cease artillery strikes on Kurds". The call was received with "astonishment" by Turkish officials.[151]

On 16 February, it was reported rebel forces agreed to withdraw fromMare'(on the frontline with ISIL), thus leaving it to the SDF.[149]However, the rebels rejected this.[152]In addition, there was speculation the Army would hand over Ahras to the SDF so to ease tensions and avoid potential future clashes.[147]Later that day, the SDF captured Sheikh Isa, near Mare'.[152]Meanwhile, Turkey continued artillery strikes against the SDF.[153]

Aftermath – SDF advance in Aleppo city & SAA northwestern push[edit]

Advances made in February 2016
Syrian Army control
Opposition control (including al-Qaeda in the Levant)
Kurdish control
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Ongoing confrontation or unclear situation

During the night between 16 and 17 February, several unconfirmed reports stated the SDF had cut the Castello Road, which was the final rebel supply route into the rebel-held part of Aleppo city.[154]The next morning, it was confirmed that the SDF had launched an attack from the northern SDF-heldSheikh Maqsooddistrict against rebel positions: in the Bani Zaid district (to the west), in the Bustan al-Basha district (to the east), in the Ashrafiyah district (to the south) and at the Castello road (to the north).[155][156]Meanwhile, the SDF'sArmy of Revolutionariesreported that its positions in Bustan al-Basha came under attack from the Syrian Army on one side and theAhrar al-Sham-ledArmy of Aleppoon the other.[157]During the fighting, the SDF reportedly imposed fire control over the Castillo Roundabout and seized the Hanaan Hospital in Al-Ashrafiyah.[156]The SDF assault on the Castello Road was repelled.[158]Later during the day, a batch of 500 al-Nusra fighters, coming from Idlib, crossed into northern Aleppo from Turkey via Azaz under the supervision of Turkish authorities.[11][159][160]On 18 February, the SDF was reported to have captured the Youth Housing Area in Bani Zaid and the Castello Roundabout, potentially cutting the last rebel supply route into the city.[161]However, the rebels recaptured the Youth Housing Area on the following day,[162]or at least part of it.[163]

Between 22 and 23 February, the SDF reportedly captured the Saladin Mosque in Bani Zaid, and the Younis al-Saba'wi School and Jama' al-Istaqmat in Al-Ashrafiyah, supported by Russian airstrikes.[164]The SDF also advanced once again, in the Youth Housing Area.[165]On 24 February, it was reported that SDF forces fully recaptured the Youth Housing Area.[163]

On 26 February, Syrian government forces launched a new assault, northwest of Aleppo city, and reportedly through Kurdish-held territory, attacking Shaykh Aqil and Qabtan al-Jabal. The Syrian Army managed to capture Shaykh Aqil, but the rebels recaptured it a few hours later. The attempted advance took place hours before the implementation of a country-wide ceasefire.[166][167]The same day, the Army handed over Ahras to the SDF peacefully.[168]At the end of the month, preparations were reportedly underway for a new offensive to be launched west of Aleppo to cut the last rebel supply line into the city.[167]

At the start of March, according to both government and rebel sources, the SDF captured a strategic hill overlooking the Castello Road.[169][170]The YPG denied this.[171]

Iranian and Russian support[edit]

Iran's GeneralQasem Soleimani,the commander of theQuds Force,was reported to be present in the area and overseeing operations, whilst the Iranian contingent of the allied forces have reportedly played a crucial role in the victories of the Syrian army and its allies.[20]A total of 14–24 IRGC advisors died,[23][172]including Brigadier General Mohsen Ghajarian (محسن قاجاریان), commander of the 21st Imam Reza Armored Brigade of Neyshabur and anIran–Iraq Warveteran,[173][174]who was advising the allied troops during the assault when he and another six Iranians were killed.[21][175]

Russian air supportprovided to the ground forces during their onslaught in northern Aleppo was said to be one of the main reasons for the string of successes against the rebels in the offensive.[16][17]During the offensive, heavy Russian air strikes destroyed all three health facilities in the town ofAnadan.[176]

SDF role[edit]

The Iranian IRGC-affiliatedFars News Agencyreported that the Kurdish-ledPeople's Protection Units(YPG) were helping theSyrian Army,as the SDF ofEfrîncaptured the villages of Al-Ziyare and Kharebeh in the Shirava district. Fars' reports claimed that wounded Syrian government forces were sent to the Kurdish region.[177]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdefAmir Toumaj; Max Peck (13 February 2016)."The IRGC's involvement in the battle for Aleppo".Long War Journal.Retrieved20 December2016.
  2. ^abcdeLeith Fadel (1 February 2016)."Syrian Army, Hezbollah launch preliminary offensive in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 7 April 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  3. ^abLeith Fadel (16 February 2016)."Syrian Army launches major military operation in the Bani Zaid Quarter of Aleppo City".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 May 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  4. ^abcdChris Tomson (8 February 2016)."Kurds and Syrian Army in joint offensive to defeat rebels in northern Aleppo – Map update".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 21 December 2016.Retrieved8 February2016.
  5. ^Paul Antonopoulos (4 February 2016)."YPG take Ziyarah in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 10 April 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  6. ^khaled (4 February 2016)."أول مجموعة من عناصر وقادة حزب الله والحرس الثوري وقوات النظام تدخل بلدتي نبّل والزهراء والوحدات الكردية تتقدم في قريتين بعفرين".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved7 February2016.
  7. ^abJack Moore (11 February 2016)."KURDISH FEMALE FIGHTERS COMMANDEER TANKS IN BATTLE TO CAPTURE ALEPPO AIR BASE".Newsweek.Retrieved11 February2016.
  8. ^ab"Warplanes carry out raid on the northern countryside of Aleppo, and YPG and al-Thowwar Army advance in the countryside of Azaz".Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.7 February 2016.Retrieved7 February2016.
  9. ^abcdefghijAlbin Szakola, Ullin Hope (16 February 2016)."Aleppo rebels rally around former Ahrar leader".NOW News.Archived fromthe originalon 1 July 2017.
  10. ^abcdJesse Rosenfeld (25 February 2016)."What Do Syrian Rebels Think of the Cease-Fire?".The Nation.Archived fromthe originalon 17 May 2019.Retrieved16 September2018.
  11. ^ab"Hundreds of armed islamist fighters cross from Turkey into Syria, says monitor".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 11 March 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  12. ^abc"Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day".Philadelphia Inquirer.AP. 14 February 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  13. ^Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015)."The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria".Terrorism Monitor.Vol. XIII, no. 12.Jamestown Foundation.p. 3.
  14. ^Gareth Porter(28 May 2015)."Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'".Al-Ahram Weekly.Archived fromthe originalon 19 September 2015.Retrieved8 February2016.
  15. ^"Assad has taken Russia 'hostage,' and what comes next could be 'the worst this war has seen'".Business Insider.Retrieved28 July2016.
  16. ^abcd"Backed By Russian Jets, Syrian Army Closes In On Aleppo".Reuters. 4 February 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  17. ^ab"Syrian government forces in north choke opposition supply lines".The Guardian.5 February 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  18. ^"Backed by Russia, Syrian forces edge towards Turkey border".TodaysZaman.8 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2016.Retrieved10 February2016.
  19. ^John Davison (6 February 2016)."Thousands flee as Russian-backed offensive threatens to besiege Aleppo".Reuters UK.Retrieved7 February2016.
  20. ^abTom Perry, Jack Stubbs and Estelle Shirbon (5 February 2016)."Russia and Turkey trade accusations over Syria".Reuters UK.Retrieved5 February2016.
  21. ^ab"Reports: Iranian General Killed by Jihadists in Syria".Naharnet.Retrieved5 February2016.
  22. ^abcd"Regime And Hezbollah Published Pictures And Names For Their Deaths In Retyan".Qasioun News.6 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 7 February 2016.Retrieved7 February2016.
  23. ^abEdward."The regime forces and militiamen loyal to them control Meyer town adjacent to the Nubl and al-Zahraa, and intense raids target Aleppo neighborhoods and cause casualties and injuries".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved7 February2016.
  24. ^"Russian General Says Military Special Forces Active in Syria".AP.23 March 2016.Retrieved5 April2016– via The New York Times.
  25. ^"Kurdske snage nastavljaju ofanzivu u Alepu".Nezavisne novine.11 February 2016.Retrieved16 July2020.
  26. ^"Aleppo: New Group of YPG/YPJ Fighters Graduated from Training Course".YPG Rojava. 23 April 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2015.Retrieved2 May2015.
  27. ^"SDF-Led Jaish Al-Thwar militia gets a slap and loses its military commander".Al-Dorar al-Shamia.13 August 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2017.Retrieved28 August2017.
  28. ^Oliviero Reusser (13 August 2017)."Jaish al-Thuwar commander defects to Sultan Murad Division in northern Aleppo".Conflict News.Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved28 August2017.
  29. ^ab"The" rebel army "controls two villages in the northern countryside of Aleppo".SMART News Agency.8 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved26 August2017.
  30. ^Charles Lister [@Charles_Lister] (15 February 2016)."BIG news from #Aleppo: Most rebel groups have agreed to operate under the military leadership of former Ahrar al-Sham leader Hashem al-Sheikh"(Tweet) (in Arabic).Retrieved11 February2016– viaTwitter.
  31. ^abyaman2020."استشهاد القائد العسكري لقطاع حلب في حركة فجر الشام ومسؤولين في الحركة بغارات جوية على مدينة حلب".المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان(in Arabic).Retrieved10 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^"Rojava".Twitter.Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  33. ^abcSuleiman Al-Khalidi (11 February 2016)."Kurdish forces said to take air base near Turkish border".Reuters.Retrieved11 February2016.
  34. ^"America picked the wrong allies against the Islamic State".NOW News.17 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2017.
  35. ^abLeith Fadel (8 February 2016)."Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture Kiffeen in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved10 February2016.
  36. ^Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 May 2016)."The Local Defence Forces: Regime Auxiliary Forces in Aleppo".Retrieved20 February2018.
  37. ^Leith Fadel (5 October 2015)."Russian Air Force Strikes ISIS in Al-Raqqa and East Aleppo: Terrorists Suffer Heavy Casualties".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2016.Retrieved11 November2015.
  38. ^Huffington Post
  39. ^Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (15 August 2016)."Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'".Retrieved16 August2016.
  40. ^""لواء الفتح" يعلن انضمامه لـ "الجبهة الشامية" في حلب "[The "Fatah Brigade" announces that it joins the Levant Front in Aleppo].SMART News Agency.8 March 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 17 May 2019.Retrieved26 September2018.
  41. ^abc"Kurds Attack Syrian Air Base Held by Insurgents".The New York Times.Retrieved10 February2016.
  42. ^Chris Tomson (13 February 2016)."Rebels lose 20 villages in northern Aleppo in less than 14 days - Map update".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved14 February2016.
  43. ^abc"'Hundreds killed' in battle for Aleppo as air strikes pound villages ".Retrieved10 February2016.
  44. ^ab"Kurds recapture two villages after clashes with al-Qaeda near Aleppo".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2018.Retrieved14 February2016.
  45. ^"Turkey defends Syria's Islamists by combatting Kurds - ARA News".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved25 February2016.
  46. ^abkhaled (16 February 2016)."مفاوضات مستمرة حول مارع وقوات سوريا الديمقراطية تعلن استعدادها تسليم 28 جثة لمقاتلي الفصائل إلى ذويهم دون شروط".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  47. ^ab"Western-backed Syrian forces make new gains in Aleppo".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved18 February2016.
  48. ^"Jabha al-Shamiyah rebels agree with IS to stop Syrian Arab Army's advance in Aleppo - Shanghai Daily".Retrieved14 February2016.
  49. ^khaled (12 February 2016)."12 مقاتلاً من جبهة النصرة قضوا في المعارك المتواصلة بمحيط منطقة الطامورة بريف حلب الشمالي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved14 February2016.
  50. ^"Backed by Russian air cover, pro-Assad troops make new gains north Aleppo".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2017.Retrieved14 February2016.
  51. ^Dr Partizan [@Dr_Partizan] (6 February 2016)."#Efrîn: YPG have the body of one terrorist in their possession after clashes for Girê Mişka, strategic hill of height 200m"(Tweet).Retrieved14 February2016– viaTwitter.
  52. ^"YPG recaptures two towns in Syria's Aleppo after clashes with Islamist rebels - ARA News".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2018.Retrieved14 February2016.
  53. ^"Russian Airstrikes Killed 150 Civilians in Aleppo: U.S. Ambassador".NBC News.5 February 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  54. ^khaled (16 February 2016)."182 قضوا أمس بينهم 43 من قوات النظام والمسلحين الموالين لها، و61 استشهدوا جراء قصف للطائرات الروسية والسورية والقصف التركي وقصف لقوات النظام وسقوط قذائف وظروف أخرى".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  55. ^ab"Turkey vows harsh reaction as missiles hit Syria town - Reuters".Firstpost.15 February 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  56. ^abBarry Temmo (6 February 2016)."A Lebanese resistance war reporter killed in Aleppo".Retrieved7 February2016.
  57. ^Kathy Gilsinan (11 February 2016)."What the Fall of Aleppo Would Mean for the Syrian Civil War and the Future of Europe - The Atlantic".The Atlantic.Retrieved25 February2016.
  58. ^Leith Fadel (26 January 2016)."Something big is brewing in Aleppo as more government reinforcements arrive".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved5 February2016.
  59. ^Leith Fadel (1 February 2016)."Nusra defenses fall apart as Hezbollah, Syrian Army capture Tal Jibbin in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved5 February2016.
  60. ^"Syrian Army Continues Counterterrorism Operations across Country".Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  61. ^Leith Fadel (1 February 2016)."News Alert: Syrian Army, Hezbollah enter Al-Malaah Farms in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 8 February 2019.Retrieved5 February2016.
  62. ^"Syria conflict: Sides trade blame over talks' suspension".BBC.4 February 2016.Retrieved6 February2016.
  63. ^"Syrian opposition withdraws from Geneva peace talks, demands change on ground".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2018.Retrieved7 February2016.
  64. ^Leith Fadel (2 February 2016)."Hezbollah, Syrian Army capture Hardatineen in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved5 February2016.
  65. ^Chris Tomson (2 February 2016)."Syrian Army launches massive offensive in northern Aleppo - Map update".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved5 February2016.
  66. ^Laila Bassam (4 February 2016)."Syrian army and allies breaks rebel siege of Shi'ite towns: army".Reuters.Retrieved5 February2016.
  67. ^Zen Adra (3 February 2016)."Breaking News: Syrian Army breaks the siege on Nubbul and Zahraa in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved5 February2016.
  68. ^The'Nimr'Tiger 🇸🇾 [@Souria4Syrians] (4 February 2016)."11 sectarian" rebel "commanders/leaders were killed in North Aleppo in just 2 days"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  69. ^abc"Syrian army advances towards Turkey as refugees flee".The Irish Times.8 February 2016.Retrieved10 February2016.
  70. ^Chris Tomson (4 February 2016)."Syrian Army captures Mayir and Kafr Naya in new northern Aleppo offensive - Map update".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2018.Retrieved5 February2016.
  71. ^Albin Szakola (4 February 2016)."Syria Kurds advance in north Aleppo following regime victory".Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2018.Retrieved18 February2016.
  72. ^Leith Fadel (5 February 2016)."Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture the strategic village of Rityan in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2016.Retrieved19 August2020.
  73. ^"The Statesman: Syrian army captures new rebel bastion in Aleppo".The Statesman.Archived fromthe originalon 12 March 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
  74. ^"Syrian army, allies report new gains in Aleppo, Daraa".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2018.Retrieved7 February2016.
  75. ^"Up to 20,000 people at Syrian border - UN".RTE.ie.5 February 2016.Retrieved19 August2020.
  76. ^jack (5 February 2016)."Rebels advance in Retian".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved7 February2016.
  77. ^khaled (5 February 2016)."رتيان 2016 هل ستكون وبالاً على النظام مثل رتيان 2015 بعد مقتل العشرات من عناصره في معارك داخلها وآلاف النازحين ممنوعون من أي شيء سوى الموت".المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان(in Arabic).Retrieved7 February2016.
  78. ^Pitel, Laura (7 February 2016)."Turkey 'can take no more' as refugees build up on border".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2022.Retrieved19 August2020.
  79. ^Black, Ian (7 February 2016)."Tens of thousands of Syrian refugees remain stranded at Turkish border".the Guardian.Retrieved19 August2020.
  80. ^abLeith Fadel (5 February 2016)."Syrian Army, Hezbollah launch major operations to capture Bayyanoun and Misqan in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2017.Retrieved7 February2016.
  81. ^"Thousands more Syrians rush toward Turkey to flee fighting".KSL.com.5 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2016.Retrieved6 February2016.
  82. ^Leith Fadel (6 February 2016)."Syrian Army, Hezbollah capture Bashkoy-Rityan Road".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved7 February2016.
  83. ^"Qasioun News Agency - Regime forces seize over Ratyan in Aleppo northern countryside".Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2016.Retrieved7 February2016.
  84. ^Leith Fadel (7 February 2016)."Islamist rebels suffer over 100 casualties at Rityan in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved7 February2016.
  85. ^Leith Fadel (6 February 2016)."Rebels deploy child soldiers to fight in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved7 February2016.
  86. ^"Ali Yousef Dasho, Syria".International Press Institute.20 June 2016.Retrieved19 August2020.
  87. ^Leith Fadel (6 February 2016)."Kurdish forces enter rebel heartland in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2019.Retrieved7 February2016.
  88. ^khaled (8 February 2016)."الوحدات الكردية تسيطر على بلدتين بريف حلب الشمالي وخلاف بين عائلتين يؤخر سيطرتها على مطار منغ وتأمين مأوى وممر لنحو 2500 عائلة نازحة".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved14 February2016.
  89. ^Leith Fadel (7 February 2016)."Kurds expand south as the Islamist defenses crumble in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved7 February2016.
  90. ^Hassan Ridha [@sayed_ridha] (6 February 2016)."#YPG have taken control of the quarries & Talet Al-Feran which overlooks Al-Tamourah held by #JN & friends south of #NublZahraa #Aleppo"(Tweet) (in Arabic).Retrieved10 February2016– viaTwitter.
  91. ^Julian Röpcke [@JulianRoepcke] (6 February 2016)."#News Russian airstrikes on the village of #Menagh,hours after #YPG told the #FSA to" hand it over to avoid this ""(Tweet) (in Arabic).Retrieved10 February2016– viaTwitter.
  92. ^"مزارع جتل زاراته".Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2017.Retrieved7 February2016.
  93. ^yaman2020."قوات النظام تتقدم في ريف حلب الشرقي والوحدات الكردية تسيطر على طريق جنوب دير جمال وعشرات العوائل تصل لمدينة عفرين".المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان(in Arabic).Retrieved10 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  94. ^"YPG allow 80 fighters to enter from the countryside of Idlib to Azaz area in the countryside of Aleppo, and a man killed by border guards' bullets in the countryside of Al-Raqqah".Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.7 February 2016.
  95. ^Tim Khalil (7 February 2016)."أنباء عن دخول العشرات من مقاتلي المعارضة إلى ريف حلب الشمالي عبر عفرين [News about the entry of dozens of opposition fighters into the northern countryside of Aleppo via Afrin]".ARA News.Archived fromthe originalon 8 February 2016.
  96. ^Syrian army advances towards Turkish border town
  97. ^ab"Syria rebels squeezed on multiple fronts".AFP. 8 February 2016.Retrieved10 February2016.
  98. ^abLeith Fadel (8 February 2016)."Kurdish forces capture more villages near Mennagh Airbase in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved10 February2016.
  99. ^Edward (8 February 2016)."For the first time since the summer of 2013, the regime forces are almost 25 km away from the Syrian–Turkish border after losing Menagh military airport, and YPG advance in the northern countryside".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved10 February2016.
  100. ^Leith Fadel (8 February 2016)."Breaking: YPG takes full control of Deir Jamal in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved10 February2016.
  101. ^Edward (8 February 2016)."YPG control a road south of Deir Jamal and tens of families arrive to Afrin city".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved10 February2016.
  102. ^"Ivan Sidorenko".Twitter.Retrieved10 February2016.[permanent dead link]
  103. ^khaled (8 February 2016)."استمرار الاشتباكات في منطقة تلال الطامورة بريف حلب الشمالي وقذائف تستهدف مدينة حلب وبلدتي نبل والزهراء".المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان(in Arabic).Retrieved10 February2016.
  104. ^yaman2020."رتل من نحو 100 آلية محملة بالعتاد والمقاتلين شوهدت متجهة من ريف إدلب الشمالي" نحو حلب "وقوات النظام تفشل في هجومها على ضهرة القرعة قرب نبل والزهراء".المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان(in Arabic).Retrieved10 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  105. ^"Ivan Sidorenko".Twitter.Retrieved10 February2016.[permanent dead link]
  106. ^Hassan Ridha [@sayed_ridha] (9 February 2016)."#YPG & Jaish Thuwar have taken control of Al-Mashtal village NW of Menagh AB, & is now besieged from N, W & S"(Tweet).Retrieved10 February2016– viaTwitter.
  107. ^Edward."A convoy of about 100 vehicles loaded with ammunition and fighters were seen heading from the northern countryside of Idlib" towards Aleppo "and the regime forces fail in attacking Dahrat al-Qar'aa near Nubl and al-Zahraa".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved10 February2016.
  108. ^Leith Fadel (9 February 2016)."Syrian Air Force destroys large rebel convoy heading to northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2018.Retrieved10 February2016.
  109. ^Leith Fadel (10 February 2016)."Kurdish forces reportedly capture Mennagh Military Airport in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 9 September 2019.Retrieved10 February2016.
  110. ^جيش الثوار داخل بلدة منغ
  111. ^yaman2020."جيش الثوار ووحدات حماية الشعب يسيطران على مطار وقرية منغ واشتباكات عنيفة داخل بلدة كفرنايا".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved14 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  112. ^Leith Fadel (10 February 2016)."Hezbollah, Syrian capture Kafr Naya in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved14 February2016.
  113. ^Julian Röpcke [@JulianRoepcke] (11 February 2016)."#Map Shiite militias capture #KafrNaya, Kurdish #YPG troops #Menagh. Both supported by #Russian air strikes. #Syria"(Tweet).Retrieved14 February2016– viaTwitter.
  114. ^Chris Tomson (11 February 2016)."Kurdish fighters surround rebel stronghold of Azaz in northern Aleppo - Map update".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved14 February2016.
  115. ^[1][2][3]
  116. ^yaman2020."الوحدات الكردية وجيش الثوار ينفيان صحة هجومهما على اعزاز وأكثر من 45 ضربة جوية تستهدف ريف حلب الشرقي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved14 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  117. ^Leith Fadel (12 February 2016)."Hezbollah, Syrian capture 2 hills in northern Aleppo as rebels continue to retreat".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved14 February2016.
  118. ^khaled."قوات النظام ومسلحي نبل والزهراء والحرس الإيراني يسيطرون على تلال بريف حلب الشمالي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved14 February2016.
  119. ^"Syrian army advances on final supply route to Aleppo".BelfastTelegraph.co.uk.Retrieved14 February2016.
  120. ^abLeith Fadel (12 February 2016)."Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah seize the Tannourah Quarries and enter Mount Simeon".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved14 February2016.
  121. ^Leith Fadel (13 February 2016)."Hezbollah, Syrian Army seize most of Tannourah as rebels retreat in northwestern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2018.Retrieved14 February2016.
  122. ^Edward."YPG and al-Thowwar Army control area adjacent to al-Alqamiyyeh near Menagh airbase and Cutting the palm of a man in Al-Raqqah city".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved14 February2016.
  123. ^curdistani [@curdistani] (12 February 2016)."YPG fighters have liberated Shat village within 500m to Azaz town center. #Rojava #Syria"(Tweet).Retrieved14 February2016– viaTwitter.
  124. ^"Peace hopes fade as Syrian army tightens grip on Aleppo".Retrieved14 February2016.
  125. ^khaled."قوات النظام تقترب من عندان وتسيطر على منطقة الطامورة الاستراتيجية بريف حلب الشمالي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved14 February2016.
  126. ^ABC News."Syrian Troops Capture Village Near Northern City of Aleppo".ABC News.Retrieved14 February2016.
  127. ^Reuters Editorial (13 February 2016)."Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds".Reuters UK.Retrieved14 February2016.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)
  128. ^Piri Medya (13 February 2016)."TSK obüsleri Suriye'deki PYD mevzilerini vuruyor".Yeni Şafak.Retrieved14 February2016.
  129. ^[4][5]
  130. ^Paul Carrel, Shadia Nasralla and Tom Perry (14 February 2016)."Syrian army gains ground around Aleppo, looks to Raqqa".Reuters.Retrieved14 February2016.
  131. ^"Syria's Kurds 'won't retreat' despite Turkish shelling".Retrieved18 February2016.
  132. ^suliman."قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تقطع الطريق الرئيسي بين اعزاز وتل رفعت بريف حلب الشمالي وتقدم لقوات النظام بريف حلب الشرقي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  133. ^abcReuters Editorial (15 February 2016)."Kurdish-backed forces take Syrian town near Turkish border".Reuters UK.Retrieved18 February2016.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)
  134. ^Emmanuel [@EmmanuelGMay] (13 February 2016)."North-#Aleppo map: Positions shelled by #Turkish army. Ayn Daqnah contested. #YPG advance to outskirts of Tal Rifaat"(Tweet).Retrieved14 February2016– viaTwitter.
  135. ^khaled."15 مقاتلاً من الفصائل المقاتلة والإسلامية قضوا في المعارك بمحيط تل رفعت وقصف جوي وبري مكثف على ريف حلب الشمالي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  136. ^Leith Fadel (14 February 2016)."Hezbollah, Syrian Army push south towards Anadan in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved18 February2016.
  137. ^Edward."About 350 fighters moved from the Turkish border crossing to the countryside of Idlib to Tall Rifaat and the northern countryside of Aleppo and the Turkish shelling continue on The Syrian Democratic Forces controlled areas and the citizens are displacing".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved18 February2016.
  138. ^abMilitary Advisor [@miladvisor] (14 February 2016)."#SDF enter in Tel Rifaat from west/north neighbourhoods & have reached train station,clashes ongoing"(Tweet).Retrieved18 February2016– viaTwitter.{{cite web}}:|author1=has generic name (help)
  139. ^Aldin 🇧🇦 [@aldin_ww] (14 February 2016)."Northern #Aleppo #YPF #SDF advancing inside Tell RIfat, train station captured"(Tweet).Retrieved18 February2016– viaTwitter.
  140. ^absuliman."قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تسيطر على أجزاء واسعة من تل رفعت بريف حلب الشمالي ومعارك متواصلة بشكل عنيف في أطرافها".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  141. ^Syrian Rebellion Obs [@Syria_Rebel_Obs] (15 February 2016)."#SRO - #SDF progressing in #Tal_Rifaat as no defenselines were built by islamists and jihadis forces in the town to protect it from west"(Tweet).Retrieved18 February2016– viaTwitter.
  142. ^[6][7][8][9]
  143. ^Jenan Moussa [@jenanmoussa] (14 February 2016)."Rebel groups #Azaz fear YPG/SDF-attack 2night from Minigh &Ayn Daqnah towards Kafr Khasher. Asking 4 reinforcements"(Tweet).Retrieved18 February2016– viaTwitter.
  144. ^khaled."قوات سوريا الديمقراطية تسيطر على بلدة كفرنايا بريف حلب الشمالي وتقترب من مناطق سيطرة تنظيم" الدولة الإسلامية "".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  145. ^Julian Röpcke [@JulianRoepcke] (15 February 2016)."It seems #KafrNaya was handed over by #Assad's Shiite militias to #YPG / #SDF. #Putin's plan to draw in #Turkey"(Tweet).Retrieved18 February2016– viaTwitter.
  146. ^Syrian Democratic Forces control Tal Rifaat and Kafr Naseh, the regime forces control Ihres after controlling Masqan
  147. ^abLeith Fadel (16 February 2016)."Hezbollah, Syrian Army take control of Ahras in northern Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2019.Retrieved18 February2016.
  148. ^"Bitter Rebels Blame Kurds for Looming Tide of Syrian Refugees".VOA.16 February 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  149. ^abNick Paton Walsh, CNN (16 February 2016)."Syria war near Aleppo: Huge impact on Sunni moderates".CNN.Retrieved18 February2016.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)
  150. ^"UN, US condemn Syria air strikes as 'almost 50 civilians' killed".Yahoo News.15 February 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  151. ^"Turkey cries foul over US call to stop shelling Syrian Kurds".The Times of Israel.Retrieved18 February2016.
  152. ^abEdward."The Syrian Democratic Forces control Sheikh Isa village and reach the outskirts of Mare' the almost-entirely-besieged-city in the northern countryside of Aleppo".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved18 February2016.
  153. ^"Turkey asking coalition partners for joint Syria ground operation - Business Insider".Business Insider.16 February 2016.Retrieved18 February2016.
  154. ^[10][11][12]
  155. ^khaled."اشتباكات في مدينة حلب بين قوات سوريا الديمقراطية والفصائل ومزيد من القذائف تستهدف أماكن في المدينة".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved18 February2016.
  156. ^abLeith Fadel (17 February 2016)."Kurdish forces advance around Aleppo City".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2019.Retrieved18 February2016.
  157. ^"The rebel army declares Aleppo and its northern countryside a military zone".Hawar News Agency.16 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 17 February 2016.
  158. ^[13][14]
  159. ^PCL., Post Publishing."Bangkok Post".Retrieved28 July2016.
  160. ^Edward."Hundreds of fighters enter Azaz through Turkish territory coming from the countryside of Idlib".Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.Retrieved18 February2016.
  161. ^Leith Fadel (18 February 2016)."Kurdish forces advance inside Aleppo City".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 2 August 2017.Retrieved25 February2016.
  162. ^suliman."اشتباكات متواصلة في مدينة حلب بين الوحدات الكردية والفصائل وبين قوات النظام وتنظيم" الدولة الإسلامية "في ريف حمص الجنوبي الشرقي".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved25 February2016.
  163. ^abLeith Fadel (24 February 2016)."Kurdish forces seize the entire Youth Housing Complex in Aleppo City".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2017.Retrieved25 February2016.
  164. ^Leith Fadel (23 February 2016)."Russian airstrikes propel the Syrian Democratic Forces to capture several sites inside Aleppo City".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2017.Retrieved25 February2016.
  165. ^khaled."تنظيم" الدولة الإسلامية "يقتحم بلدة خناصر ويسيطر على أجزاء واسعة منها ومعارك عنيفة تشهدها المنطقة".المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان.Retrieved25 February2016.
  166. ^"Agathocle de Syracuse".Archived fromthe originalon 9 October 2017.Retrieved5 April2016.
  167. ^ab"Syria regime reportedly mobilizing for west Aleppo campaign".29 February 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 12 April 2016.Retrieved5 April2016.
  168. ^"Yesterday #SAA withdrew from the... - Syria 24 English - Facebook".Facebook.Retrieved5 April2016.
  169. ^ABC News."ABC News".ABC News.Retrieved5 April2016.
  170. ^Leith Fadel (2 March 2016)."Syrian Democratic Forces capture strategic hill overlooking rebel supply route in Aleppo".Al-Masdar News.Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2017.Retrieved5 April2016.
  171. ^user3."معارك عنيفة واستهدافات متبادلة في محيط الشيخ مقصود والوحدات تنفي سيطرتها على طريق الكاستيلو".Retrieved28 July2016.{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  172. ^Iran in Syrian war [@warreports] (5 February 2016)."Photos and names of 24 Iranians #IRGC who have been killed since 1 Feb in northern Aleppo, Syria"(Tweet) (in Persian).Retrieved5 February2016– viaTwitter.
  173. ^"شهید قاجاریان به قولش وفا کرد/راه پدرم را ادامه می دهم".خبرگزاری مهر - اخبار ایران و جهان - Mehr News Agency(in Persian). 4 February 2016.Retrieved7 February2016.
  174. ^"Farsnews".Archived fromthe originalon 12 August 2018.Retrieved7 February2016.
  175. ^Militants kill Iranian general in Syria: Reports
  176. ^"Syrian and Russian forces targeting hospitals as a strategy of war".Amnesty International. 3 June 2016.Retrieved5 May2016.
  177. ^"فتح بزرگ سوریها درنبرد نُبل و الزهرا /فتح الفتوح بعدی در راه است/ پیام قاطع مقاومت از نزدیکی مرزهای ترکیه به ژنو".خبرگزاری فارس(in Persian). 5 February 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)&oldid=1232467823"