Tai peoples

Not to be confused with the ethnic group in Thailand,Thai people,which is one member of this group.

Tai

Distribution of Tai people
Regions with significant populations
Southeast Asia Myanmar(Tai Yai) Laos Thailand Vietnam South Asia India(Tai Khamti,Tai Ahom,Tai MeiteiTai Phake,Tai Aiton,Tai Khamyang,Tai Turung,and Tai Lai) East Asia China(Dai people,Zhuang people,Bouyei people)
Languages
Tai languages
Religion
MajorityTheravada Buddhism;Tai folk religion,Sanamahism,Hinduism;

Tai peoplesare the populations who speak (or formerly spoke) theTai languages.There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with the largestethnic groupsbeingDai,Thais,Isan,Tai Yai(Shan),Tai Lai(Shanni),Lao,Tai Ahom,Tai MeiteiandNorthern Thai peoples.

The Tai are scattered through much ofSouth ChinaandMainland Southeast Asia,with some (e.g.Tai Ahom,Tai MeiteiTai Khamti,Tai Phake,Tai Aiton) are inhabiting parts ofNortheast India.Tai peoples are both culturally and genetically very similar and therefore primarily identified through their language.

Names

Speakers of the many languages in the Tai branch of theTai–Kadai language familyare spread over many countries inSouthern China,IndochinaandNortheast India.Unsurprisingly, there are many terms used to describe the distinct Tai peoples of these regions.

According toMichel Ferlus,the ethnonyms Tai/Thai (or Tay/Thay) would have evolved from the etymon*k(ə)ri:'human being' through the following chain:kəri:>kəli:>kədi:/kədaj(-l->-d-shift in tense sesquisyllables and probable diphthongization of-i:>-aj).This in turn changed todi:/daj(presyllabic truncation and probable diphthongization-i:>-aj). And then to*daj^A(Proto-Southwestern Tai) >tʰaj^A2(in Siamese and Lao) or >taj^A2(in the other Southwestern and Central Tai languages byLi Fangkuei).Michel Ferlus' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part byWilliam H. Baxter(1992).

The ethnonym and autonym of theLao people(lǎo liêu ) together with the ethnonymGelao(Gēlǎo ngật lão ), aKra populationscattered fromGuìzhōu(China) to North Vietnam, and Sino-Vietnamese 'Jiao' as inJiaozhi(jiāo zhǐ giao chỉ ), the name of North Vietnam given by the ancient Chinese, would have emerged from theAustro-Asiatic*k(ə)ra:w'human being'.

lǎoLiêu<MClawX <OC*C-rawʔ [C.rawˀ]

jiāoGiao<MCkæw <OC*kraw [k.raw]

The etymon*k(ə)ra:wwould have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæwkɛːw^A1,a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory.In fact, Keo/ Kæwkɛːw^A1was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem ofThao Cheuang,and was only later applied to the Vietnamese.InPupeo(Kra branch),kewis used to name theTay(Central Tai) of North Vietnam.

The name "Lao" is used almost exclusively by the majority population ofLaos,theLao people,and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai:Isan speakers(occasionally), theNyaw or Yawand thePhu Thai.

TheZhuangin China do not constitute an autonymic unity: in various areas in Guangxi they refer to themselves aspow^C2ɕu:ŋ^B2,pʰo^B2tʰaj^A2,pow^C2ma:n^A2,pow^C2ba:n^C1,orpow^C2law^A2,while those inYunnanuse the following autonyms:pu^C2noŋ^A2,bu^B2daj^A2,orbu^C2jaj^C1(=Bouyei,bùyi bố y ).The Zhuang do not constitute a linguistic unity either, because Chinese authorities include within this group some distinct ethnic groups such as theLachispeaking aKra language.

TheNungliving on both sides of the Sino-Vietnamese border have their ethnonym derived from clan nameNong( nông / nông ), whose bearers dominated what are now north Vietnam and Guangxi in the 11th century AD. In 1038, a Nong general namedNong Quanfuestablished a Nung state inCao Bang,however was quickly annexed byAnnamitekingLy Thai Tongin the next year. In 1048, Quanfu's sonNong Zhigaorevolted against Annamese rule, and then marched eastwards to besiegeGuangzhouin 1052.

Another name that's shared between theNung,theTay,and theZhuangliving along the Sino-Vietnamese border isTho,which literally meansautochthonous.However, this term was also applied to theTho people,who are a separate group of indigenous speakers of Vietic languages, who have come under the influence of Tai culture.

History

See also:Baiyue,Dai people,Rau peoples,andKra–Dai-speaking peoples

Origin

James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of theYangtze basin,coinciding roughly with the establishment of theChu stateand the beginning of theZhou dynasty.Following the southward migrations ofKraandHlai(Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-dayZhejiang province,in the 6th century BCE, forming the state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter.According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed theLuo Yue,which moved intoLingnanandAnnamand then westward into northeastern Laos andSip Song Chau Tai,and later became the Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by theXi Ou,which became theNorthern Tai).

Comparative linguistic research seems to indicate that the Tai peoples were aProto-Tai–Kadaispeaking culture of southern China and dispersed into mainland Southeast Asia. Some linguists proposes that Tai–Kadai languages may descended from theProto-Austronesianlanguage family. Laurent Sagart (2004) hypothesized that the Tai–Kadai languages may have originated on the island ofTaiwan,where they spoke a dialect of Proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages.Unlike the Malayo-Polynesian group who later sailed south to thePhilippinesand other parts of maritime Southeast Asia, the ancestors of the modern Tai-Kadai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along thePearl River,where their language greatly changed from otherAustronesian languagesunder the influence ofSino-TibetanandHmong–Mienlanguage infusion.However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to the Daic (Tai-Kadai) expansion in its earliest phases. Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Tai-Kadai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates thatdental evulsion,face tattooing,teeth blackeningandsnake cultsare shared between theTaiwanese Austronesiansand the Tai-Kadai peoples of Southern China.

• 
  Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages (Blench,2018)
• 
  Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai) migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).
• 
  Tai-Kadai migration route according to Matthias Gerner'sNortheast to Southwest Hypothesis.

Early history in China and migration to Southeast Asia

Tai-Dong people of Guizhou, China, in traditional dresses, similar to the existing tribe in northern provinces of Thailand

Map showing linguistic family tree overlaid on a geographic distribution map of Tai-Kadai family. This map only shows general pattern of the migration of Tai-speaking tribes, not specific routes, which would have snaked along the rivers and over the lower passes.

The Tai peoples, fromGuangxibegan moving south – and westwards in the first millennium CE, eventually spreading across the whole of mainland Southeast Asia.Based on layers of Chineseloanwordsin proto-Southwestern Taiand other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from the modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometime between the 8th–10th centuries.Tai speaking tribes migrated southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into Southeast Asia, perhaps prompted by the Chinese expansion and suppression. Chinese historical texts record that, in 726 AD, hundreds of thousandsLǎo( liêu )rose in revolt behind Liang Ta-hai inGuangdong,but was suppressed by Chinese general Yang Zixu, which left 20,000 rebels killed and beheaded.Two years later, another Li chief namedChen Xingfandeclared himself the Emperor ofNanyueand led a large uprising against the Chinese, but was also crushed by Yang Zixu, who beheaded 60,000 rebels.In 756, another revolt led by Huang Chien-yao and Chen Ch'ung-yu that attracted 200,000 followers and lasted four years in Guangxi.In the 860s, many local people in what is now north Vietnam sided with attackers fromNanchao,and in the aftermath some 30,000 of them were beheaded.In the 1040s, a powerful matriarch-shamaness by the name ofA Nong,her chiefly husband, and their son,Nong Zhigao,raised a revolt, tookNanning,besiegedGuangzhoufor fifty seven days, and slew the commanders of five Chinese armies sent against them before they were defeated, and many of their leaders were killed.The Ahomese Tai chronicle relates the migrating event with the arrival of "9,000 Tai peoples, 8 noblemen, two elephants, and 300 horses" toAssam.Vietnamese scribers recorded groups of two- or three thousand "Mang savages" passing by.According to Baker, those migrants might have slowly exodused from their homeland via three routes. The early groups moved north toGuizhou.The second groups might have passed through theRed River Delta,crossing the Vietnamese cordillera into theMekong Valley.The third and major migration direction crossed the valleys of the Red andBlack River,heading west through the hills into Burma and Assam.

As a result of these three bloody centuries,or with the political and cultural pressures from the north, some Tai peoples migrated southwestward, where they metthe classical Indianized civilizations of Southeast Asia.Du Yuting and Chen Lufan fromKunmingInstitute Southeast Asian Studies claimed that, during theWestern Han dynasty,ancestors of the Tai people were known asDianyue(in todayYunnan).Tai peoples migrated far and wide: by theTangandSongperiods, they were present from theRed Riverto theSalween River,fromBaoshantoJingdong.Du & Chen linked the ancestors ofThai peoplein modern-Thailand,in particular, to a 2nd-century Shan kingdom (ShànguóĐạn quốc ) mentioned in theBook of Later Han,which located the Shan kingdom "at the end of the boundaries of what is now Baoshan andDeihongPrefectures "and stated that Shan ambassadors came to the Han court from" beyondYongchang"and" beyondRinan".Additionally, Du & Chen rejected the proposal that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253Mongol invasion of Dali.Luo et al. (2000) proposed that Proto-Tais originated most likely fromGuangxi-Guizhou,notYunnannor the middleYangtzeriver.

Early city-states in Southeast Asia

This Image believes of Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat. Later found as Khasi (Mon-Khmer) the Siamese name by western 16 th centur. Tai created their own kingdom later 13th century.

The Tai migrants assimilated and intermarried with the indigenousAustroasiatic peoplesof Southeast Asia, or pushing them off to marginal areas, but their full expansion was halted by the Indian-influenced kingdoms of theMon,KhmerandCham,although the Khmer were the primary power in Southeast Asia by the time of the Tai migrations. The Tai formed small city-states known asmueangunder Khmer suzerainty on the outskirts of theKhmer Empire,building the irrigation infrastructure andpaddy fieldsfor the wet-rice cultivation methods of the Tai people. Tai legends ofKhun Borom,shared among various Southwestern Tai peoples ofSoutheast Asia,Greater AssamandYunnan,concerns the first ruler ofMeuang Thaen,whose progeny go on to find the Tai dynasties that ruled over the various Taimueang.

The Tais from the north gradually settled in theChao Phraya valleyfrom the tenth century onwards, in lands of theDvaravaticulture, assimilating the earlier Austroasiatic Mon and Khmer people, as well as coming into contact with the Khmer Empire. The Tais who came to the area of present-dayThailandwere engulfed into theTheravada Buddhismof the Mon and the Hindu-Khmer culture andstatecraft.Therefore, the Thai culture is a mixture of Tai traditions with Indic, Mon, and Khmer influences.

The formidable political control exercised by the Khmer Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modernBangkok,the lower central plain and the upperPing Riverin theLamphun-Chiang Mairegion.The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Some Tai groups were probably assimilated into the Khmer population. Historical records show that the Tai maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although theiranimist religionpartially gave way toBuddhism.Tai historical documents note that the period of the Khmer Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such asLavo(in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.

The Tai, from their new home in Southeast Asia, were influenced by the Khmer and the Mon and most importantly Buddhist India. The Taikingdom of Lannawas founded in 1259 (in the north of modern Thailand). TheSukhothai Kingdomwas founded in 1279 (in modern Thailand) and expanded eastward to take the city ofChantaburiand renamed it toVieng Chan Vieng Kham(modernVientiane) and northward to the city ofMuang Suawhich was taken in 1271 and renamed the city toXieng Dong Xieng Thongor "City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong," (modernLuang Prabang,Laos). The Tai peoples had firmly established control in areas to the northeast of the declining Khmer Empire. Following the death of the Sukhothai kingRam Khamhaeng,and internal disputes within the kingdom of Lanna, bothVieng Chan Vieng Kham(Vientiane) andXieng Dong Xieng Thong(Luang Prabang) were independent city-states until the founding of thekingdom of Lan Xangin 1354.The Sukhothai Kingdom and later theAyutthaya kingdomwere established and "...conquered the Khmers of the upper and centralMenamvalley and greatly extended their territory. "

Ming dynasty Tai history

During theMing dynastyinChina,attempts were made to subjugate, control, tax, and settle ethnicHanalong the lightly populated frontier of Yunnan withSoutheast Asia(modern-dayBurma,Thailand,Laos,andVietnam).This frontier region was inhabited by many small Tai chieftainships or states as well as otherTibeto-BurmanandMon–Khmerethnic groups.

TheMing Shi-lurecords the relations between theMing courtinBeijingand the Tai-Yunnan frontier as well as Ming military actions and diplomacy along the frontier.

First Ming communication with Yunnan (1369)

The first communication between the Ming dynasty and Yunnan was in a formal "letter of instruction" using ritual language. Submission to the Ming was described as part of the cosmological order:

"From ancient times, those who have been lords of all under Heaven have looked on that which is covered by Heaven, that which is contained by the Earth and that on which the sun and moon shine, and regardless of whether the place was near or far, or what manner of people they are, there was no place for which they did not wish a peaceful land and a prosperous existence. It is natural that when China is governed peacefully, foreign countries would come and submit ( lai phụ )”…I am anxious that, as you are secluded in your distant places, you have not yet heard of my will. Thus, I am sending envoys to go and instruct you, so that you will all know of this "(14 July 1370).

Initial Ming attempts to win Yunnan over (1369–1380)

Main article:Ming conquest of Yunnan

TheMongolprinceBasalawarmiruled Yunnan under theYuan dynastyfrom the capital inKunming.He ruled indirectly over an ethnically diverse collection of small polities and chieftainships. The most powerful of these states was controlled by theDuan familywho ruled over the area surroundingDali.

The Ming Shi-lu reports that envoys were sent to instruct the inhabitants of Yunnan in 1371.In 1372 the famous scholar Wang Wei offered terms of surrender to Yunnan as an envoy. The envoy Wang Wei was murdered in 1374 and another mission was sent in 1375. Once again the mission failed. A diplomatic mission was sent to Burma in 1374, but becauseAnnamwas at war with Champa the roads were blocked and the mission was recalled.By 1380 the Ming were no longer wording their communications as if Yunnan was a separate country.Initial gentle promptings were soon to be followed by military force.

Languages

See also:Tai languages,Kra–Dai languages,Zhuang languages,andKam–Sui languages

Map of the Chinese plain at the start of theWarring States periodin the 5th century BC, showing the locations of the states ofChuandWu.

Tai languages spoken today use incredibly diverse scripts, fromChinese characterstoabugidascripts. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China possibly points to the origin of the Kra–Dai language family in southern China. TheTai branchmoved south into Southeast Asia only around 1000 AD. Chinese epigraphic materials fromChutexts show clear substrate influence predominantly from Tai-Kadai, and a few items ofAustroasiaticandHmong-Mienorigin.

External relationships

See also:Austro-Tai languagesandAustronesian language

In a paper published in 2004, the linguistLaurent Sagarthypothesized that theproto-Tai–Kadailanguage originated as anAustronesian languagethat migrants carried fromTaiwanto mainland China. Afterwards, the language was then heavily influenced by local languages fromSino-Tibetan,Hmong–Mien,or other families, borrowing much vocabulary andconvergingtypologically.Later, Sagart (2008) introduces a numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, in which Tai-Kadai is considered as a later form ofFATK,a branch of Austronesian belonging to subgroupPuluqicdeveloped in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to the mainland, both to Guangdong, Hainan and northern Vietnam around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE.Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK vocabulary.On the other hand, Weera Ostapirat supports a coordinate relationship between Tai-Kadai and Austronesian, based on a number of phonological correspondences.The following are Tai-Kadai and Austronesian lexical items showing the genetic connection between these two language families:

Evidence for Tai-Kadai and Austronesian links Gloss PAN PTK Tai Kam-Sui Hlai Kra (Laha) Water *daNum *(C)aNam nam nam nom — Tooth *nipen *lipan fan wjan phen pan (G) Nose *ijuŋ(PMP) *(ʔ)idaŋ daŋ ʔnaŋ doŋ daŋ Live, raw *qudip *Kud- dip ʔdjup ri:p kthop (Tm) Fart *qe(n)tut *Kət- tot tət thu:t tut (By) Pungent *paqiC — phet — geȶ pat Fowl, bird *manuk(PMP) *maN- nok nok no:k (Bd) nok Taro *biRaq — phɯak ʔɣaak ge:k (Bd) haak Weep *Caŋis — hai ʔɲe ŋei ɲit Star *qalejaw *Kada:w daaw ʔdaau (M) ra:u — Fire *Sapuy *(C)apuj fai wi pei pəi Navel *pudeR — dɯɯ ʔdaa reɯ dau Head louse *kuCu *KuTu: hau tu tshou tou Eye *maCa *maTa: taa daa tsha taa

Evidence for Tai-Kadai and Austronesian links Gloss PAN PTK Tai Kam-Sui Hlai Kra (Laha) I *aku *aku: kuu — hou (Bd) kuu (By) You *kamu — mɯŋ maa meɯ maa (By) Leg *paqa *paq- khaa qaa ha (Ts) kaa Excrement *Caqi — khii qe hai kai Hand *(qa)lima *(C)imɤ: mɯɯ mjaa meɯ maa Bear *Cumay *Tum- mii ʔmi mui me Otter *Sanaq — naak — na:ʔ — This *i-ni — nii naai nei nəi Sesame *leŋa — ŋaa ʔŋaa keɯ (Bd) ŋaa (By) Shoulder *qabaRa *Kab- baa wie (Lk) va baa Black *tidem — dam ʔnam dom ʔdam (By) Saliva *ŋalay — laai ŋwee (K) la:i laai (By) Head *qulu *Kuɭ- klau kɣo (Ml) rau — Sour *qa(l)sem *Kəts- som fum — —

• PAN =proto-Austronesian,PMP =proto-Malayo-Polynesian,PTK = proto-Tai-Kadai
• M =Mak,Bd =Hlaiof Baoding, G =Gelao,Tm =?, By =Buyang,Lk =Lakkja,K =Kam,Ml =Mulam,Ts =Hlaiof Tongshi
• Ostapirat (2013:3–8) did not provide full reconstructed forms for many of the proto-Tai-Kadai lexical items cited in the above tables

Distribution of languages in ancient East Asia proposed byJ. Marshall Unger(2013), which includespre-Austronesian/Austro-Tai.

Genetics

Tai people tend to have high frequencies ofY-DNA haplogroup O-M95(including its O-M88 subclade, which also has been found with high frequency amongVietnameseand amongKuy peoplein Laos, where they are also known as Suy,Soai, or Souei, and Cambodia), moderate frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroupO-M122(especially itsO-M117subclade, like speakers ofTibeto-Burman languages), and moderate to low frequencies of haplogroupO-M119.It is believed that the O-M119 Y-DNA haplogroup is associated with both theAustronesian peopleand the Tai. The prevalence of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175 among Austronesian and Tai peoples suggests a common ancestry with speakers of theAustroasiatic,Sino-Tibetan,andHmong–Mienlanguages some 30,000 years ago in China (Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)).Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 is found at high frequency among most Tai peoples, which is a trait that they share with the neighboring ethnicAustroasiaticpeoples as well asAustronesian peoplesin Mainland Southeast Asia (e.g.ChaminBình Thuận ProvinceofVietnam,JaraiinRatanakiri ProvinceofCambodia,GiaraiandEdein theCentral Highlandsregion of Vietnam), Malaysia, Singapore, and western Indonesia. Y-DNA haplogroups O-M95, O-M119, and O-M122 all aresubcladesofO-M175,a genetic mutation that has been estimated to have originated approximately 40,000 years ago, somewhere in China.

A recent genetic and linguistic analysis in 2015 showed great genetic homogeneity between Kra-Dai speaking people, suggesting a common ancestry and a large replacement of former non-Kra-Dai groups in Southeast Asia. Kra-Dai populations are closest to southern Chinese and Taiwanese populations.

Social organization

Further information:Mueang

The Tai practice a type of feudal governance that is fundamentally different from that of the Han Chinese people, and is especially adapted to state formation in ethnically and linguistically diverse montane environments centered on valleys suitable for wet-rice cultivation.The form of society is a highly stratified one.The Tai lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in the hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Villages would combine to form aMueang(Thai:เมือง), a group of villages governed by aChao(Thai:เจ้า) (lord).

List of Southwestern Tai peoples

Northern branch

• Shan
• Tai Ya
• Tai Nüa
• Khamti
• Tai Laing
• Tai Phake
• Tai Aiton
• Khamyang
• Tai Ahom
• Tai Meitei
• Turung
• Sapa

Chiang Saen branch

• Thai
• Northern Thai
• Lao
• Tai peoples of Vietnam
  • Tai Dam
  • Tai Daeng
  • Tai Dón
  • Tai Hang Tong
  • Tày Tac
• Tai Lü
• Khün
• Phuan
• Thai Song

Southern group

• Southern Thai

Southwestern Tai groups and names in China

Chinese	Pinyin	Tai Lü	Tai Nüa	Thai	Conventional	Area(s)
Thái lặc ( tây song bản nạp thái )	Dǎilè (Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎi)	tai˥˩lɯː˩		ไทลื้อ	Tai Lü,Tai Lue	Xishuangbanna(China)
Thái na ( đức hoành thái )	Dǎinà (Déhóng Dǎi)	tai˥˩nəː˥	tai le6	ไทเหนือ, ไทใต้คง	Tai Nüa,Northern Tai, Upper Tai, Chinese Shan	Dehong(China);Burma
Thái đam	Dǎidān	tai˥˩dam˥		ไทดำ, ลาวโซ่ง, ผู้ไท	Tai Dam,Black Tai, Tai Lam, Lao Song Dam*, Tai Muan, Tai Tan, Black Do, Jinping Dai, Tai Den, Tai Do, Tai Noir, Thai Den	Jinping(China),Laos,Thailand
Thái banh	Dǎibēng	tai˥˩pɔːŋ˥		ไทเมา	Tay Pong	Ruili,Gengma(China), along theMekong
Thái đoan	Dǎiduān	tai˥˩doːn˥		ไทขาว	White Tai, Tày Dón, Tai Khao, Tai Kao, Tai Don, Dai Kao, White Dai, Red Tai, Tai Blanc, Tai Kaw, Tày Lai, Thai Trang	Jinping(China)
Thái nhã	Dǎiyǎ	tai˥˩jaː˧˥		ไทหย่า	Tai Ya, Tai Cung, Cung, Ya	Xinping,Yuanjiang(China)
Thái hữu	Dǎiyǒu	tai˥˩jiu˩		ไทแดง		Yuanyang(China), along theRed River
* lit. "Lao [wearing] black trousers"

Other Tai peoples and languages

Listed below are lesser-known Tai peoples and languages.

• BajiaBát giáp– 1,106 people in Mengkang Village mãnh khang thôn,Meng'a Township mãnh a trấn,Menghai County,Yunnan, who speak a language closely related to Tai Lü. They are classified by the Chinese government as ethnicDai people.In Meng'a Town, they are in the village clusters of Mengkang mãnh khang(in Shangnadong thượng nạp đổng,Xianadong hạ nạp đổng,and Mandao mạn đảo), Hejian hạ kiến(in villages 6, 7, and 8), and Najing nạp kinh(in villages 6,7,and 8).Zhang (2013) reports that there are 218 households and 816 people in 14 villages, and that the Bajia language is mutually intelligible with Tai. Another group of Bajia people in Manbi Village mạn tất thôn,Menghun Town mãnh hỗn trấn,Menghai County,Yunnan (comprising 48 households and 217 persons) has recently been classified by the Chinese government as ethnicBulang people.
• Tai Beng thái banh– over 10,000 people inYunnanProvince, China. Also inShan State,Myanmar. In China, they are in Meng'aba mãnh a bá, Mengma Town mãnh mã trấn,Menglian County(in the three villages of Longhai long hải,Yangpai dưỡng phái, and Guangsan quảng tán ); Mangjiao Village mang giác thôn, Shangyun Township thượng duẫn hương,Lancang County(in the 2 villages of Mangjing mang kinhand Mangna mang na);Cangyuan County(in Mengjiao mãnh giác and Mengdong mãnh đổng townships);Gengma County(in Mengding mãnh định and Mengsheng mãnh tỉnh townships);Ruili City(in small populations scattered along the border).
• Han Tai– 55,000 people in the Mengyuan County, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Many Han Tai also speak Tai Lu (Shui Tai), the local lingua franca.
• Huayao Tai– 55,000 people (as of 1990) in Xinping and Mengyang Counties, Yunnan. It may be similar to Tai Lu.
• Lao Ga– 1,800 people mostly in Ban Tabluang, Ban Rai District, Uthai Thani Province, Thailand. Their language is reportedly similar to Lao Krang and Isan.
• Lao Krang– 50,000+ people in the provinces of Phichit, Suphan Buri, Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Pathom and Nakhon Sawan, Thailand. Their language is similar to Isan and Lao. Tai Krang is not to be confused with Tai Khang, a Tai-speaking group of Laos numbering 5,000 people.
• Lao Lom– 25,000 people in Dan Sai District of Loei Province (locally known as the Lao Loei or Lao Lei), Lom Kao District of Phetchabun Province, and Tha Bo District of Nong Khai Province (locally known as the Tai Dan). The Lao Lom were first studied by Joachim Schliesinger in 2001. Unclassified Southwestern Tai language.
• Lao Ngaew– 20,000 to 30,000 people in Lop Buri Province (especially Ban Mi and Khok Samrong districts), the Tha Tako District of Nakhon Sawan Province and scattered parts of Singburi, Saraburi, Chaiyaphum, Phetchabun, Nong Khai and Loei provinces. Originally from eastern Xiengkhouang and western Huaphan provinces of Laos. Their language is similar to Isan.
• Lao Ti– 200 people in the 2 villages of Ban Goh and Nong Ban Gaim in Chom Bung District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Originally from Vientiane in Laos. Their language is similar to Lao and Isan.
• Lao Wiang– 50,000+ people in Prachinburi, Udon Thani, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Pathom, Chai Nat, Lopburi, Saraburi, Phetchaburi and Roi Et. Originally fromWiang Chan(Vientiane) in Laos. Their language is similar to Lao.
• Paxi– 1,000+ people (as of 1990) in 2 villages 8 km from Menghai Town, at the foot of Jingwang Mountain in Xishuangbanna.
• Tai Bueng– 5,700 people in 2 villages of Phatthana Nikhom District, Lopburi Province, Thailand. The Tai Bueng live in the villages of Ban Klok Salung (pop. 5,000) and Ban Manao Hwan (pop. 600). Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Doi('mountain people') – 230 people (54 families) as of 1995 in Long District of Luang Namtha, Laos. Their language is likely Palaungic.
• Tai Gapong('brainy Tai') – 3,200+ people; at least 2,000 people (500+ households) in Ban Varit, Waritchapum District, Sakhon Nakhon Province; also live with the Phutai and Yoy. The Tai Gapong claim to have originated in Borikhamxai Province, Laos.
• Tai He– 10,000 people in Borikhamxai Province, Laos: in Viangthong and Khamkeut Districts; also in Pakkading and Pakxan Districts. Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Kaleun– 7,000 people mostly in Khamkeut District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos; also in Nakai District. 8,500 people in Thailand: the provinces of Mukdahan (Don Tan and Chanuman districts), Nakhon Phanom (Muang District) and parts of Sakhon Nakhon Province. The Tai Kaleung speak a Lao dialect.
• Tai Khang– 5,600+ people in Xam-Tai District, Houaphan Province, Laos; also in Nongkhet District of Xiangkhoang Province, and Viangthong District of Borikhamxai Province. Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Kuan (Khouane)– 2,500 people in Viengthong District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos: near the banks of the Mouan River.
• Tai Laan– 450 people in a few villages of Kham District, Xiangkhoang Province, Laos. Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Loi– 1,400 people in Namkham, Shan State, Burma; 500 people in Long District, Luang Namtha Province, Laos; possibly also in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, China, since some Tai Loi in Burma say they have relatives in China. Their language may be related to and probably also closely related to Palaung Pale.
• Tai Men– 8,000 people in Borikhamxai Province, Laos: mostly in Khamkeut District, but also in Vienthong, Pakkading, and Pakxan Districts. They speak a Northern Tai language.
• Tai Meuiy– 40,000+ people in Borikhamxai, Khammouan, Xiengkhouang, and Houaphan (just outside the town of Xam Neua) provinces of Laos. Their language is reportedly similar to Tai Dam and Tai Men.
• Tai Nyo– 13,000 people in Pakkading District, Borikhamxai Province, Laos; 50,000 people in northeastern Thailand, where they are better known asNyaw.Similar to Lao of Luang Prabang.
• Tai Pao– 4,000 people in Viangthong, Khamkeut and Pakkading districts of Borikhamxai Province, Laos. They live near the Tai He and may be related to them. Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Peung– 1,000 people in Kham District, Xiengkhouang Province, Laos. They live near the Tai Laan and Tai Sam. Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Pong thái bằng– perhaps as many as 100,000 people in along the Honghe River of southeastern, Yunnan, China, and possibly also in northern Vietnam. Subgroups include the Tai La, Tai You, and probably also Tai Ya (which includes Tai Ka and Tai Sai). Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Sam– 700 people in Kham District, Xiengkhuoang Province, Laos. Neighboring peoples include the Tai Peung and Tai Laan. Unclassified Tai language.
• Tai Song– 45,000+ people in Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Nakhon Sawan (Tha Tako District), Ratchaburi (Chom Bung District), Suphan Buri (Song Phinong District), Kanchanaburi, Chumphon and Nakhon, and Pathom (Muang District). Also calledLao Song.They are a subgroup of the Tai Dam.
• Tai Wang– 10,000 people in several villages in Viraburi District, Savannakhet Province, Laos; 8,000 in and around the city of Phanna Nikhom, Sakhon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Their language is related to but distinct from Phutai.
• Tai Yuan('Northern Thai') – 6,000,000 people in Northern Thailand and possibly 10,000 people in Houayxay and Pha-Oudom districts of Bokeo Province, Luang Namtha District of Luang Namhta Province, Xai District of Oudomxai Province, and Xaignabouri District of Xaignabouri Province. They speak a Southwestern Tai language.
• Tak Bai Thai– 24,000 people in southern Thailand (in Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala provinces) and northern Malaysia. Their name comes from the town of Tak Bai in Narathiwat Province. Their language is highly different from nearbySouthern Thaidialects, and may be related to the Sukkothai dialect further up north.
• Yang– 5,000 people inPhongsaly,Luang Namtha,andOudomxayprovinces,Laos(Chazee 1998).
• Kap Kè(‘gekko’ people) now refer to themselves as Nyo. The Nyo proper reside mostly along the Mekong between Hinboun and Pakxanh and also in Thailand. The Kap Kè claim they are the same as the Nyo of Ban Khammouane inKhamkeut District,Bolikhamsai province, Laos. Another Kap Kè group of about 40 households originally from Sop Khom has now resettled in Sop Phouan. This group claims to be from Ban Faan, about 1 kilometer from Sop Khom.
• Phuk(sometimes pronounced without the final –k as Phu’) – According to themselves as well as other ethnic groups, the Phuk closely resemble the Kap Kè and originally came from nearby locations, referred to asphiang phukandphiang Kap Kè.They were originally from the villages of Fane, Ka’an and Vong Khong.
• Thay Bo– located on the Nakai plateau in central Laos, along the middle Hinboun River, east of the Kong Lo cave and the Phon Tiou tin mine, and in Ban Na Hat and near Na Pè, close to the Vietnamese border. Bo means ‘a mine,’ referring people who worked either in the salt mines on the Nakai Plateau, or at the tin mine. Many older generation people speak a Vietic language as well, apparently Maleng, as spoken in the village of Song Khone on the Nam Sot River, a main tributary of the Nam Theun, although this has not been verified.
• Kha Bo– In 1996, the Bo of Sop Ma village reported that they were "born from the Kha," a reference to their Vietic origins, and in that village there was intermarriage with the Maleng of Song Khone. They are distinct from the Thay Bo of Hinboun. The Kha Bo on the Nakai plateau speak Nyo, whereas nowadays the Thay Bo of Hinboun speak Lao or Kaleung. The Ahoe, original inhabitants of the northwestern part of the Nakai Plateau, had also been relocated to Hinboun during the Second War of Indochina, and returned to their homeland speaking Hinboun Nyo as a second language.

In Burma, there are also various Tai peoples that are often categorized as part of a larger Shan ethnicity (seeShan people#Tai groups).

See also

• Dong people
• Rau people

References

Sources

Works cited

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External links

• Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource,Geoff Wade
• Map of Mainland Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu
• Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the Ming Shi-lu

Media related toTai peoplesat Wikimedia Commons