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OCLC

Coordinates:40°06′09″N83°07′37″W/ 40.1025°N 83.1269°W/40.1025; -83.1269
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OCLC, Inc.
FoundedJuly 5, 1967;57 years ago(1967-07-05)(as Ohio College Library Center)
FounderFred Kilgour
Type501(c)3 organization
31-0734115
HeadquartersDublin, Ohio,U.S.
Coordinates40°06′09″N83°07′37″W/ 40.1025°N 83.1269°W/40.1025; -83.1269
Region
Worldwide
Products
[1]
Members
30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries[2]
President & CEO
Skip Prichard
Revenue(2020–21)
$217.8 million[3]
Websitewww.oclc.orgEdit this at Wikidata

OCLC, Inc.,doing business asOCLC,[4]is an American nonprofitcooperativeorganization "that provides shared technology services, original research, and community programs for its membership and the library community at large".[2]It was founded in 1967 as theOhio College Library Center,then became theOnline Computer Library Centeras it expanded. In 2017, the name was formally changed to OCLC, Inc.[4]OCLC and thousands of its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintainWorldCat,the largestonline public access catalogin the world.[5]OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries pay (around $217.8 million annually in total as of 2021) for the many different services it offers.[3]OCLC also maintains theDewey Decimal Classificationsystem.

History

[edit]

OCLC began in 1967, as the Ohio College Library Center, through a collaboration of university presidents, vice presidents, and library directors who wanted to create a cooperative, computerized network for libraries in the state ofOhio.The group first met on July 5, 1967, on the campus ofOhio State Universityto sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization[6]and hiredFrederick G. Kilgour,a formerYale Universitymedical school librarian, as first executive director.[7][8]

Kilgour and Ralph H. Parker, who was the head of libraries at theUniversity of Missouri,had proposed the shared cataloging system in a 1965 report as consultants to the Committee of Librarians of the Ohio College Association.[8]Kilgour and Parker wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library.[8]They were inspired in part by the earlier Columbia–Harvard–Yale Medical Libraries Computerization Project, an attempt at shared automated printing of catalog cards.[8]The plan was to merge the catalogs of Ohio libraries electronically through a computer network and database to streamline operations, control costs, and increase efficiency in library management, bringing libraries together cooperatively to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was theAlden LibraryatOhio Universityon August 26, 1971. This was the first online cataloging by any library worldwide.[6]

Between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the governance structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States.[9]

As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with "networks", organizations that provided training, support and marketing services. By 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on the OCLC Members Council. During 2008, OCLC commissioned two studies to look at distribution channels; at the same time, the council approved governance changes that had been recommended by the Board of Trustees severing the tie between the networks and governance. In early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center.[10]

In July 2010, the company was sued by SkyRiver, a rival startup, in anantitrust suit.[11]Library automation companyInnovative Interfacesjoined SkyRiver in the suit.[12]The suit was dropped in March 2013, however, following the acquisition of SkyRiver byInnovative Interfaces.[13] Innovative Interfaces was bought byExLibrisin 2020, therefore passing OCLC as the dominant supplier ofILSservices in the US (over 70% market share for academic libraries and over 50% for public libraries for ExLibris, versus OCLC's 10% market share of both types of libraries in 2019).[14]

In 2022, membership and governance expanded to include any institution with a subscription to one of many qualifying OCLC products (previously institutions qualified for membership by "contributing intellectual content or participating in global resource or reference sharing" ), with the exception of for-profit organizations that are part of OCLC's partner program.[15]This change reflected OCLC's expanding number of services due to itscorporate acquisitions.[15]

Presidents

[edit]

The following people served successively as president of OCLC:[16]

Services

[edit]
Company headquarters in Dublin, Ohio, 1981

OCLC providesbibliographic,abstractand full-text information to anyone.

OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintainWorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largestonline public access catalog(OPAC) in the world.[5]WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide.

The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with theDewey Decimal ClassificationSystem when it bought Forest Press in 1988. A browser[17]for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013; it was replaced by the Classify Service.

Until August 2009, when it was sold to Backstage Library Works, OCLC owned a preservation microfilm anddigitizationoperation called the OCLC Preservation Service Center,[18]with its principal office inBethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Starting in 1971, OCLC producedcatalog cardsfor members alongside its shared online catalog; the company printed its last catalog cards on October 1, 2015.[19]

QuestionPoint,[20]an around-the-clock reference service provided to users by a cooperative of participating global libraries, was acquired bySpringsharefrom OCLC in 2019 and migrated to Springshare's LibAnswers platform.[21][22]

Software

[edit]

OCLC commercially sells software, such as:

Research

[edit]

OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications.[31]These publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organization's website.

  • OCLC Publications – Research articles from various journals includingTheCode4Lib Journal,OCLC Research,Reference and User Services Quarterly,College & Research Libraries News,Art Libraries Journal,andNational Education AssociationNewsletter.The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, starting in 1970, are also available.[32]
  • Membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding.[33]
  • Newsletters – Current and archived newsletters for the library and archive community.[34]
  • Presentations – Presentations from both guest speakers and OCLC research from conferences, webcasts, and other events. The presentations are organized into five categories: Conference presentations, Dewey presentations, Distinguished Seminar Series, Guest presentations, and Research staff presentations.[35]

During theCOVID-19 pandemic,OCLC participated in the REopening Archives, Libraries, and Museums (REALM) project funded by theIMLSto study the surface transmission risks ofSARS-CoV-2on common library and museum materials and surfaces,[36]and published a series of reports.[37]

Advocacy

[edit]

Advocacy has been a part of OCLC's mission since its founding in 1967. OCLC staff members meet and work regularly with library leaders, information professionals, researchers, entrepreneurs, political leaders, trustees, students and patrons to advocate "advancing research, scholarship, education, community development, information access, and global cooperation".[38][39]

WebJunction, which provides training services to librarians,[40]is a division of OCLC funded by grants from theBill & Melinda Gates Foundationbeginning in 2003.[41][42]

OCLC partnered with search engine providers in 2003 to advocate for libraries and share information across the Internet landscape. Google,Yahoo!,andAsk.comall collaborated with OCLC to make WorldCat records searchable through those search engines.[38]

OCLC's advocacy campaign "Geek the Library", started in 2009, highlights the role of public libraries. The campaign, funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, uses a strategy based on the findings of the 2008 OCLC report, "From Awareness to Funding: A study of library support in America".[43]

Other past advocacy campaigns have focused on sharing the knowledge gained from library and information research. Such projects have included communities such as theSociety of American Archivists,theOpen Archives Initiative,theInstitute for Museum and Library Services,theInternational Organization for Standardization,theNational Information Standards Organization,theWorld Wide Web Consortium,theInternet Engineering Task Force,andInternet2.One of the most successful contributions to this effort was theDublin CoreMetadata Initiative, "an open forum of libraries, archives, museums, technology organizations, and software companies who work together to develop interoperable onlinemetadata standardsthat support a broad range of purposes and business models. "[38]

OCLC has collaborated with theWikimedia Foundationand the Wikimedia volunteer community, through integrating library metadata with Wikimedia projects, hosting aWikipedian in residence,and doing a national training program through WebJunction called "Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together".[44][45][46]

Online database: WorldCat

[edit]
Main article:WorldCat

OCLC's WorldCat database is used by the general public and by librarians for cataloging and research. WorldCat is available to the public for searching via a subscription web-based service called FirstSearch, to which many libraries subscribe,[47]as well as through the publicly available WorldCat.org.[48]

Identifiers and linked data

[edit]

OCLC assigns a unique control number (referred to as an "OCN" for "OCLC Control Number" ) to each new bibliographic record in WorldCat. Numbers are assigned serially, and in mid-2013 over a billion OCNs had been created. In September 2013, the OCLC declared these numbers to be in thepublic domain,removing a perceived barrier to widespread use of OCNs outside OCLC itself.[49]The control numbers link WorldCat's records to local library system records by providing a common reference key for a record across libraries.[50]

OCNs are particularly useful asidentifiersfor books and other bibliographic materials that do not haveISBNs(e.g., books published before 1970). OCNs are often used as identifiers for Wikipedia andWikidata.In October 2013, it was reported that out of 29,673 instances of bookinfoboxesin Wikipedia, "there were 23,304 ISBNs and 15,226 OCNs", and regarding Wikidata: "of around 14 million Wikidata items, 28,741 were books. 5403 Wikidata items have an ISBN associated with them, and 12,262 have OCNs."[51]

OCLC also runs theVirtual International Authority File(VIAF), an international name authority file, with oversight from the VIAF Council composed of representatives of institutions that contribute data to VIAF.[52]VIAF numbers are broadly used as standard identifiers, including in Wikipedia.[44][53]

Company acquisitions

[edit]
OCLC offices inLeiden(the Netherlands)

OCLC acquiredNetLibrary,a provider of electronic books and textbooks, in 2002 and sold it in 2010 toEBSCO Industries.[54]OCLC owns 100% of the shares ofOCLC PICA,alibrary automation systemsand services company which has its headquarters inLeidenin the Netherlands and which was renamed "OCLC" at the end of 2007.[55]In July 2006, theResearch Libraries Group(RLG) merged with OCLC.[56][57]

On January 11, 2008, OCLC announced[58]that it had purchasedEZproxy.It has also acquiredOAIster.The process started in January 2009 and from October 31, 2009, OAIster records are freely available via WorldCat.org.

In 2013, OCLC acquired the Dutch library automation company HKA[59][60]and itsintegrated library systemWise,[27]which OCLC calls a "community engagement system" that "combines the power of customer relationship management, marketing, and analytics with ILS functions".[26]OCLC began offering Wise to libraries in the United States in 2019.[27]

In January 2015, OCLC acquired Sustainable Collection Services (SCS). SCS offered consulting services based on analyzing library print collection data to help libraries manage and share materials.[61]In 2017, OCLC acquired Relais International, a library interlibrary loan service provider based in Ottawa, Canada.[62]

A more complete list of mergers and acquisitions is available on the OCLC website.[63]

Criticism

[edit]

In May 2008, OCLC was criticized byJeffrey Beallformonopolisticpractices, among other faults.[64]Library blogger Rick Mason responded that although he thought Beall had some "valid criticisms" of OCLC, he demurred from some of Beall's statements and warned readers to "beware the hyperbole and the personal nature of his criticism, for they strongly overshadow that which is worth stating".[65]

In November 2008, the Board of Directors of OCLC unilaterally issued a new Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records[66]that would have required member libraries to include an OCLC policy note on theirbibliographic records;the policy caused an uproar among librarian bloggers.[67][68]Among those who protested the policy was the non-librarian activistAaron Swartz,who believed the policy would threaten projects such as theOpen Library,Zotero,and Wikipedia, and who started a petition to "Stop the OCLC powergrab".[69][70]Swartz's petition garnered 858 signatures, but the details of his proposed actions went largely unheeded.[68]Within a few months, the library community had forced OCLC to retract its policy and to create a Review Board to consult with member libraries more transparently.[68]In August 2012, OCLC recommended that member libraries adopt theOpen Data CommonsAttribution (ODC-BY) license when sharing library catalog data, although some member libraries have explicit agreements with OCLC that they can publish catalog data using theCC0Public Domain Dedication.[71][72]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"OCLC Qualifying Subscriptions for Membership"(PDF).oclc.org.OCLC. February 15, 2022.Archived(PDF)from the original on March 11, 2022.RetrievedMarch 11,2022.
  2. ^ab"About OCLC".OCLC.Archivedfrom the original on March 11, 2022.RetrievedMarch 11,2022.
  3. ^ab"OCLC Annual Report 2020–2021".Dublin, Ohio: OCLC. December 20, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on March 11, 2022.RetrievedMarch 11,2022.
  4. ^ab"Certificate of Amendment of the Amended Articles of Incorporation of OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc".Ohio Secretary of State.June 26, 2017. Archived fromthe originalon March 21, 2020.RetrievedAugust 18,2019.See also:"Amended Articles of Incorporation of OCLC, Inc"(PDF).OCLC. June 23, 2017.Archived(PDF)from the original on March 11, 2022.RetrievedMarch 11,2022.
  5. ^abOswald, Godfrey (2017)."Largest unified international library catalog".Library world records(3rd ed.). Jefferson, NC:McFarland & Company.p. 291.ISBN9781476667775.OCLC959650095.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2020.RetrievedDecember 11,2019.
  6. ^ab"In the beginning".oclc.org.OCLC. Archived fromthe originalon October 4, 2012.RetrievedAugust 28,2012.
  7. ^Intner, Sheila (March–April 2007). "The Passing of an Era".Technicalities.27:1–14.ISSN0272-0884.
  8. ^abcdKilgour, Frederick G. (1987). "A personalized prehistory of OCLC".Journal of the American Society for Information Science.38(5): 381–384.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(198709)38:5<381::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-B.
  9. ^Jordan, Jay(2010). "OCLC: a worldwide library cooperative". In Bates, Marcia J; Maack, Mary Niles (eds.).Encyclopedia of library and information sciences.Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 3924–3937.doi:10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043963.ISBN9780849397127.OCLC769480033.
  10. ^Bailey-Hainer, Brenda (October 19, 2009). "The OCLC Network of Regional Service Providers: The Last 10 Years".Journal of Library Administration.49(6): 621–629.doi:10.1080/01930820903238792.ISSN0193-0826.S2CID61936408.
  11. ^Coyle, Karen (July 29, 2010)."SkyRiver Sues OCLC over Anti-Trust".Karen Coyle.Archivedfrom the original on April 17, 2020.RetrievedApril 12,2012.
  12. ^Breeding, Marshall (July 29, 2010)."SkyRiver and Innovative Interfaces File Major Antitrust Lawsuit Against OCLC".Library Journal.Archived fromthe originalon August 2, 2010.
  13. ^Price, Gary (March 4, 2013)."III Drops OCLC Suit, Will Absorb SkyRiver".Library Journal.Archivedfrom the original on April 18, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 7,2020.
  14. ^Schonfeld, Roger C. (December 5, 2019)."What Are the Larger Implications of Ex Libris Buying Innovative?".sr.ithaka.org.Archivedfrom the original on June 12, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
  15. ^ab"Membership and Governance Protocols"(PDF).www.oclc.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 21, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 23,2023.
  16. ^"OCLC Presidents".OCLC.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2022.RetrievedMarch 10,2020.
  17. ^"OCLC DeweyBrowser".deweybrowser.oclc.org.Archived fromthe originalon December 6, 2012.RetrievedMay 28,2017.
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  19. ^"OCLC prints last library catalog cards".OCLC.October 1, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon February 27, 2017.RetrievedMay 28,2015.
  20. ^"QuestionPoint".OCLC. Archived fromthe originalon February 15, 2017.RetrievedMay 28,2017.
  21. ^Gest, Jayne (June 3, 2019)."OCLC to sell QuestionPoint software to Florida company".Smart Business Dealmakers Columbus.Archivedfrom the original on April 25, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
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  23. ^"CONTENTdm".OCLC.Archivedfrom the original on May 27, 2017.RetrievedMay 28,2017.
  24. ^Gilbert, Heather; Mobley, Tyler (April 17, 2013)."Breaking up with CONTENTdm: why and how one institution took the leap to open source".The Code4Lib Journal(20).ISSN1940-5758.Archivedfrom the original on May 22, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
  25. ^Mita, Amanda; Pelli, Zachary; Reamer, Kimberly; Ince, Sharon (April 2018). "CONTENTdm to Digital Commons: considerations and workflows".Journal of Archival Organization.15(1–2): 58–70.doi:10.1080/15332748.2019.1609308.S2CID198349364.
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  29. ^abBreeding, Marshall (January 2, 2019)."Discovery services: bundled or separate?".American Libraries.Archivedfrom the original on May 22, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.Should discovery services be bundled or acquired à la carte? Perspectives differ regarding the benefits of pairing a discovery service (for example, Ex Libris Primo or OCLC's WorldCat Discovery Service) with the resource management system from the same vendor (Ex Libris Alma or OCLC's WorldShare Management Services).
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  35. ^"OCLC Presentations".www.oclc.org.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2013.RetrievedAugust 28,2012.
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  38. ^abcRosa, Cathy De (October 22, 2009). "Advocacy and OCLC".Journal of Library Administration.49(7): 719–726.doi:10.1080/01930820903260572.ISSN0193-0826.S2CID216117540.
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  41. ^Block, Marylaine (May 19, 2003)."Gates Foundation and OCLC announce WebJunction".infotoday.com.Information Today.Archivedfrom the original on April 25, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
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  44. ^ab"Libraries Leverage Wikimedia".www.oclc.org.OCLC.Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
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  46. ^"Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together: OCLC WebJunction".Internet Archive.August 22, 2018.RetrievedApril 25,2020.Training curriculum and support materials.
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  55. ^Rogers, Michael (October 30, 2007)."CLC/OCLC Pica Merge".Library Journal.New York. Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2008.
  56. ^Wilson, Lizabeth; Neal, James; Jordan, Jay (October 2006). "RLG and OCLC: Combining for the Future" (guest editorial).Library and Information Science.Vol. 6, no. 4. Retrieved viaProject Musedatabase, 2017-06-21.
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  58. ^"OCLC acquires EZproxy authentication and access software".www.oclc.org.January 11, 2008. Archived fromthe originalon January 17, 2008.
  59. ^"OCLC acquires Dutch library systems provider HKA".STM Publishing News.October 2, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on May 22, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
  60. ^Breeding, Marshall (November 2013)."OCLC acquires the Dutch ILS provider HKA".Smart Libraries Newsletter.33(11): 2–6.Archivedfrom the original on April 25, 2020.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
  61. ^Price, Gary (January 13, 2015)."Print Collections: OCLC Acquires Sustainable Collection Services".Infodocket.Archivedfrom the original on April 11, 2015.RetrievedMarch 6,2015.
  62. ^"OCLC agrees to acquire Relais International to provide library consortia more options for resource sharing".www.oclc.org.January 17, 2017.Archivedfrom the original on January 2, 2020.RetrievedMay 16,2017.
  63. ^"Mergers and acquisitions".www.oclc.org.OCLC. March 26, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on June 24, 2021.RetrievedJune 18,2021.
  64. ^Beall, Jeffrey (2008)."OCLC: A Review"(PDF).In Roberto, K.R. (ed.).Radical Cataloging: Essays at the Front.Jefferson, NC:McFarland & Company.pp. 85–93.ISBN978-0786435432.OCLC173241123.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 25, 2017.RetrievedMay 16,2017.
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  67. ^"OCLC Policy Change".Code4Lib wiki.2008–2010.Archivedfrom the original on August 6, 2020.RetrievedJuly 18,2020.
  68. ^abcMcKenzie, Elizabeth (January 2012).OCLC changes its rules for use of records in WorldCat: library community pushback through blogs and cultures of resistance(Technical report). Boston:Suffolk University Law School.Research paper 12-06.Archivedfrom the original on March 14, 2022.RetrievedOctober 8,2017.
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  71. ^Vollmer, Timothy (August 14, 2012)."Library catalog metadata: Open licensing or public domain?".Creative Commons.Archivedfrom the original on April 21, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 6,2020.
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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toOCLC.
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