OPN5
| OPN5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | OPN5,GPR136, GRP136, PGR12, TMEM13, opsin 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM:609042;MGI:2662912;HomoloGene:72341;GeneCards:OPN5;OMA:OPN5 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Opsin-5,also known asG-protein coupled receptor 136orneuropsinis aproteinthat in humans is encoded by theOPN5gene.Opsin-5 is a member of theopsinsubfamily of theG protein-coupled receptors.[5][6][7]It is aphotoreceptor proteinsensitive toultraviolet (UV) light.The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimericG proteinGi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.[8][9]
Function
[edit]Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includesperopsin(RRH) andretinal G protein coupled receptor(RGR). Neuropsin has differentisoformscreated by alternative splicing.[7]
Photochemistry
[edit]When reconstituted with11-cis-retinal,mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm).[8]
Species distribution
[edit]Neuropsins are known fromechinoderms,[10]annelids,arthropods,brachiopods,tardigrades,mollusks,and most are known fromcraniates.[11]Thecraniatesare thetaxonthat containsmammalsand with them humans. However, neuropsinorthologshave only been experimentally verified in a small number of animals, among themhuman,mouse (Mus musculus),[5]chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus),[9][12]theJapanese quail(Coturnix japonica),[13]the European brittle starAmphiura filiformis(related to starfish),[10]thetardigradewater bear (Hypsibius dujardini),[14]and the tadpole ofXenopus laevis.[15]
Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches ofBilateria:protostomesanddeuterostomes.Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in themolluscsowl limpet (Lottia gigantea) (a species of sea snail) andPacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas), in thewater flea(Daphnia pulex) (anarthropod), and in theannelidwormCapitella teleta.[14]
Phylogeny
[edit]The neuropsins are one of three subgroups of the tetraopsins (also known as RGR/Go or Group 4 opsins). The other groups are the chromopsins and the Go-opsins. The tetraopsins are one of the five major groups of the animalopsins,also known as type 2 opsins). The other groups are the ciliary opsins (c-opsins, cilopsins), the rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins, rhabopsins), the xenopsins, and the nessopsins. Four of these subclades occur inBilateria(all but the nessopsins).[11][16]However, the bilaterian clades constitute aparaphyletictaxon without the opsins from thecnidarians.[11][16][17][18]
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Phylogenetic reconstruction of the opsins. The outgroup contains otherG protein-coupled receptors.The frame highlights the tetraopsins, which are expanded in the next image. -
Phylogenetic reconstruction of the tetraopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the neuropsins, which are expanded in the next image.
In thephylogenyabove, Eachcladecontains sequences from opsins and other G protein-coupled receptors. The number of sequences and two pie charts are shown next to the clade. The first pie chart shows the percentage of a certainamino acidat the position in the sequences corresponding to position 296 in cattle rhodopsin. The amino acids are color-coded. The colors are red forlysine(K), purple forglutamic acid(E), dark and mid-gray for other amino acids, and light gray for sequences that have no data at that position. The second pie chart gives the taxon composition for each clade, green stands forcraniates,dark green forcephalochordates,mid green forechinoderms,pale pink forannelids,dark blue forarthropods,light blue formollusks,and purple forcnidarians.The branches branches to the clades have pie charts, which give support values for the branches. The values are from right to left SH-aLRT/aBayes/UFBoot. The branches are considered supported when SH-aLRT ≥ 80%, aBayes ≥ 0.95, and UFBoot ≥ 95%. If a support value is above its threshold the pie chart is black otherwise gray.[11]
References
[edit]- ^abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124818–Ensembl,May 2017
- ^abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043972–Ensembl,May 2017
- ^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^"Mouse PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^abTarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (Nov 2003)."Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue".FEBS Letters.554(3): 410–6.doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2.PMID14623103.S2CID9577067.
- ^Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (Nov 2003)."Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives".FEBS Letters.554(3): 381–8.doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7.PMID14623098.S2CID11563502.
- ^ab"Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5".
- ^abKojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (2011)."UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice".PLOS ONE.6(10): e26388.Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626388K.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026388.PMC3197025.PMID22043319.
- ^abYamashita T, Ohuchi H, Tomonari S, Ikeda K, Sakai K, Shichida Y (December 2010)."Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.107(51): 22084–22089.Bibcode:2010PNAS..10722084Y.doi:10.1073/pnas.1012498107.PMC3009823.PMID21135214.
- ^abDelroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P (2014)."High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star".BMC Genomics.15(1): 1035.doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035.PMC4289182.PMID25429842.
- ^abcdGühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ (August 2022)."The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine".Cells.11(15): 2441.doi:10.3390/cells11152441.PMC9368030.PMID35954284.
Material was copied and adapted from this source, which is available under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H (Jul 2008)."Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina".Developmental Dynamics.237(7): 1910–22.doi:10.1002/dvdy.21611.PMID18570255.S2CID42113764.
- ^Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T (Aug 2010)."A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.107(34): 15264–8.Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715264N.doi:10.1073/pnas.1006393107.PMC2930557.PMID20679218.
- ^abHering L, Mayer G (Sep 2014)."Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda".Genome Biology and Evolution.6(9): 2380–91.doi:10.1093/gbe/evu193.PMC4202329.PMID25193307.
- ^Currie SP, Doherty GH, Sillar KT (May 2016)."Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.113(21): 6053–6058.Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6053C.doi:10.1073/pnas.1515516113.PMC4889350.PMID27166423.
- ^abRamirez MD, Pairett AN, Pankey MS, Serb JM, Speiser DI, Swafford AJ, Oakley TH (26 October 2016)."The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins".Genome Biology and Evolution:evw248.doi:10.1093/gbe/evw248.PMC5521729.PMID27797948.
- ^Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (January 2012)."Shedding new light on opsin evolution".Proceedings. Biological Sciences.279(1726): 3–14.doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819.PMC3223661.PMID22012981.
- ^Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, et al. (July 2015)."Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution".Scientific Reports.5:11885.Bibcode:2015NatSR...511885L.doi:10.1038/srep11885.PMC5155618.PMID26154478.
Further reading
[edit]- Terakita A (2005)."The opsins".Genome Biology.6(3): 213.doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213.PMC1088937.PMID15774036.
- Vassilatis DK, Hohmann JG, Zeng H, Li F, Ranchalis JE, Mortrud MT, Brown A, Rodriguez SS, Weller JR, Wright AC, Bergmann JE, Gaitanaris GA (Apr 2003)."The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.100(8): 4903–8.Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.4903V.doi:10.1073/pnas.0230374100.PMC153653.PMID12679517.
This article incorporates text from theUnited States National Library of Medicine,which is in thepublic domain.
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