O Estado de S. Paulo

O Estado de S. Paulo

Type	Daily newspaper
Format	Berliner
Owner(s)	Grupo Estado
Founder(s)	José Maria Lisboa Francisco Rangel Pestana Américo de Campos
Editor	João Caminoto
Founded	4 January 1875(1875-01-04)
Political alignment	Centre-right Economic liberalism Liberal conservatism
Language	Portuguese
Headquarters	Av. Eng. Caetano Álvares, 55 São Paulo,SP 02598-900
Country	Brazil
Circulation	225,342 (2021)
ISSN	1516-2931
Website	www.estadao.com.br
Media of Brazil List of newspapers

O Estado de S. Paulo(Portuguese pronunciation:[u(i)sˈtadud(ʒi)sɐ̃wˈpawlu];lit. 'The State of São Paulo'), also known asEstadão(Portuguese:[istaˈdɐ̃w];lit. 'Big State'), is a dailynewspaperpublished inSão Paulo,Brazil.It is the third largest newspaper in Brazil,and its format changed frombroadsheettoberlineron October 17, 2021.

It has the second-largest circulation in the city ofSão Paulo,behind onlyFolha de S. Paulo.The journal was founded on 4 January 1875, and was first calledA Província de São Paulo(lit. 'The Province of São Paulo').An active supporter of themilitary dictatorship in Brazil(1964–1985),O Estado de S. Paulois described by observers as having a right-wing, conservative editorial stance.It is considered anewspaper of recordfor Brazil.

History

Bernard Gregoire riding a horse and playing a cornet is the symbol of the newspaper.

The termProvíncia( "Province" ) was preserved until January 1890, one month after the fall of the monarchy and the subsequent republican regime in Brazil.Although the newspaper supported the change, it showed that it was completely independent, refusing to serve the interests of the ascendant Republican Party of São Paulo.

When the then editor in chiefFrancisco Rangel Pestanaleft to work in a project of the Constitution, inPetrópolis,the young editorJulio de Mesquitaeffectively took control ofEstadoand initiated a series of innovations. One of the innovations was the engagement of the agencyHavas,once the largest in the world.

The Estadão pioneered the newspaper selling system in 1875, where it was sold on the streets, instead of by the subscription-only system adopted by all other newspapers in Brazil before that time. At first, this new way of selling resulted in jokes and mockery, but ultimately all rivals adopted the same system. Today, newspapers in Brazil are sold in small street newspapers/magazines shops, and by single sellers located in the main avenues of the biggest cities. Back in the 19th century, the Estadão was sold by only one man, a French immigrant, who carried his newspapers in a bag, while riding a horse, and announcing himself with a cornet.

19th century

In the end of the 19th century, theEstadowas already the largest newspaper in São Paulo, exceeding the circulation of theCorreio Paulistano.Property of theMesquita familysince 1902,theEstadosupported theAlliedcause inWorld War I,suffering reprisals from the German community in the city, which removed all advertising announcements from the newspaper. Despite this, the Mesquitas maintained their editorial position. During the war, the afternoon edition of the newspaper began to circulate throughout the country. It was known asEstadinho(lit."Little Estado" ), directed by the then youngJúlio de Mesquita Filho.

In 1924, the newspaperEstadowas banned from circulation for the first time, after the defeat of thetenants' rebellionthat shook the city. Júlio Mesquita, who tried to mediate a dialogue between the rebels and the government, was imprisoned and taken toRio de Janeiro,before being freed shortly thereafter.

With the death of the old director of 1927, his son Júlio de Mesquita Filho assumed the directory along with his brother Franscisco, the latter managing the financial aspects of the newspaper. In 1930, theEstado,connected to theDemocratic Party,supported the candidature ofGetúlio Vargasfor theLiberal Alliance.With the victory of Vargas, the newspaper saw theBrazilian Revolution of 1930as a mark of the end of theoligarchysystem.

TheGrupo Estadoassumed in 1932 the leadership of the constitutionalist revolution. With its defeat, many people from the directory were exiled, includingJúlio de Mesquita FilhoandFrancisco Mesquita. One year later, in August, Getúlio Vargas invited Armando de Salles Oliveira to be the governor in São Paulo. Armando Salles, son-in-law of Júlio Mesquita (by then already deceased), imposed as a condition for his acceptance the position the amnesty of the rebels of 1932 and a convocation of aconstituent assembly.Vargas agreed and Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita, as well as other exiled people, returned to Brazil.

Years later, with the appearance of the "Estado Novo",the newspaper maintained its opposition to the regime, and in March 1940 it was invaded by DOPS (part of the government that controlled and restrained opponents and movements that were antithetical to the Estado Novo regime) and the paper was altered by them to state that, with absurdity and mockery," guns were arrested "in the redaction. The newspaper was initially closed and afterwards was confiscated by the dictatorship, being administrated by DIP (Department of the Press [Port."Imprense"] and Propaganda) until 1945, when theEstadowas returned by theSupreme Federal Courtto its legitimate owners. The numbers published during this governmental intervention are not considered part of the actual history of the paper.

Shortly afterWorld War IItheEstadoenjoyed great advances, with the increase in editing and of its good reputation. In the 1950s, the Major Quedinho Street headquarters were built, adjacent to the Hotel Jaraguá. That was the phase when the sectionInternacional( "International" ) of the newspaper, directed by the journalistGiannino Cartaand byRuy Mesquita,became known as the most complete of any national newspaper. From that time until the 1970s,O Estadoshowed almost exclusively international news on its first page.

República Nova

During theRepública Nova( "New Republic" ) (1946–1964) theEstadoprofiled itself to theNational Democratic UnionofCarlos Lacerdaand opposed all the other governments, especiallyJoão Goulart.In 1954,O Estado de S. Pauloled a national campaign against the elected democratic President, Getúlio Vargas, leading him to commit suicide. In 1962, the director Júlio de Mesquita Filho even wrote aRoteiro da Revolução( "Guide to Revolution" ), in an attempt to unify civilian opposition against the army, the then called "boasting party", which had intervened in Brazilian politics since the beginning of the Republic. In 1964, theEstadosupported themilitary coupand the indirect election ofCastelo Branco.Shortly after the Institutional Act n° 2 which dissolved the other political parties, the journal broke away from the regime.

Censorship

On 13 November 1968, the editor of theEstadowas arrested because of Mesquita Filho's refusal to eliminate from the sectionNotas e Informações( "Notes and Information" ) the editorialInstituições em Frangalhos( "Institutions in Frazzles" ).where he denounced the end of any normal and simple democratic appearance. From then on, the newspaper began disputing censored editions of its news by theBrazilian Federal Police,unlike other national newspapers that did not dispute censorship by the government.

With the death of Mesquita Filho, theEstadowas directed byJulio de Mesquita Neto.Then, the newspaper gained worldwide visibility when it denounced the preemptive censorship of articles and replaced them with verses of the Portuguese classicThe Lusiads,byLuís de Camões.In 1974, it received theGolden Pen of Freedom Award,bestowed by theInternational Federation of Editions and Newspapers.

In the 1970s, the newspaper ran into debt because of the construction of its new headquarters by theTietê river,leading to a financial crisis, as it competed with a new standard of journalism represented byFolha de S. Paulo.

After military dictatorship

Headquarters of the newspaper on theMarginal Tietê

In 1986, theEstadohired the renowned journalistAugusto Nunesto be its chief editor. He updated the news bulletin of Estado and endeavored upon a series of reformed graphics, that would result in the adoption, in 1991, of colored printing in its daily editions. Before that,Estadowas not issued on Monday and holidays. In 1996, Júlio de Mesquita Neto died and Ruy Mesquita, his brother, became the new director. Previously, Ruy directedJornal da Tarde,owned by the Estado network.

After an unsuccessful experience in the area of telecommunications, the Estado network was restructured in 2003 and most of the Mesquita family lost their directorship roles. Massive layoffs also occurred. After balancing its budget, theEstadoembarked upon a new graphic reformulation in October 2004. It also created new notebooks and received many prizes for excellence in graphic displays.

Grupo Estado

Besides the newspaperO Estado de S. Paulo,the Estado network has control over the OESP Mídia (1984), a company that runs advertisements. Grupo Estado also owns the radiosRádio EldoradoAM and FM (1972) and the Estado Agency (1970), the largest news agency in Brazil.Jornal da Tarde(1966)was discontinuedin 2012.

In 2013, another big reorganizationfollowed. Employees were laid off and the paper reduced the number of pages.

Political stance

The oldest of all the sections, known asNotas e Informações( "Notes and Information" ), appears on page 3 and presents a republican institutionalist view, emphasizing liberty of expression, economicliberalismandRechtsstaat– one of flagship columns ofO Estado de S. Paulo.It was, initially, a supporter of the1964 military coup d'étatin Brazil and of the military dictatorship that then ensued.To this day, the newspaper is perceived to hold "right-wing" or "conservative" positions along the Brazilian political spectrum.

Recent circulation history

Year	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Total circulation	241,913	220,387	210,394	203,272	239,432	245,482	233,315	225,342

References

Further reading

• Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher.The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers(1980) pp. 117–23

External links

• (in Portuguese)Chronology and Historic summary of the Journal
• (in Portuguese)O Estado de S. Paulo online edition
• (in Portuguese)O Acervo Estadão (digital archive 1875-present)
• (in Portuguese)Agência Estado
• (in Portuguese)Code of conduct and ethics
• (in Portuguese)O Estado de S. PauloonThreads