Ochre-marked parakeet

Ochre-marked parakeet
Conservation status
Vulnerable(IUCN 3.1)
CITESAppendix I(CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Pyrrhura
Species:	P. cruentata
Binomial name
Pyrrhura cruentata (Wied,1820)

Theochre-marked parakeet(Pyrrhura cruentata) is a species ofparrotnative toBrazil.It is also known asblue-throated parakeetandred-eared conurein English andtiriba-grande,tiriba,cara-sujaandfura-mato-grandein Portuguese. It is listed as Vulnerable (VU) on theIUCN Red List.

Description

This colourful parakeet is a predominantly green bird with conspicuous red patches on its belly, rump, and shoulder and before, below and behind the eye. The crown is dark brown to blackish, becoming mottled on the nape of the neck, and there is a broad, bright blue bib on the chest, extending thinly around the back of the neck to form a faint collar. The outerprimariesare blue, and the tail is olive-green above, and brownish red below.

Habitat

It inhabits the canopy of lowland humid forest and edge, occasionally up to 960 meters. It has also been recorded in small clearings and selectively logged forest, and persists (or at least persisted) in agricultural areas where many forest trees are retained (such as shade cocoa plantations). It feeds on seeds and fruit of secondary growth trees such asTrema micranthaandCecropia.Feeding on agricultural crops has not been observed in the wild. Breeding apparently occurs in the austral spring, when 2–4 eggs are laid in a tree-cavity.

Distribution

Pyrrhura cruentatawas formerly common throughout much of south-eastBahia,Espírito Santo,eastMinas GeraisandRio de Janeiro,Brazil. Its current distribution is highly fragmented and now mostly restricted to isolated reserves. The stronghold is the Sooretama Biological Reserve and adjacent Linhares Forest Reserve, Espírito Santo. It remains common in Estação Vera Cruz (formerly the Porto Seguro Reserve), Bahia. Elsewhere it can be relatively common, but numbers in the largeChapada da DiamantinaandMonte PascoalNational Parks, Bahia, appear low.

Population

The population is estimated at 4.8 to 41 individuals per square kilometer times 1030 square kilometers for a total between 4944 and 42,230 individuals. It is best placed within the band 2500–9999 individuals.(Marsden et al. [2000]).

Threats

Extensive and continuingforest clearanceis responsible for its current fragmented distribution. Its apparent tolerance of shade cacao plantations provides little hope because shading techniques since the 1980s have involved the use of banana andErythrynatrees, rather than standing forest, and unstable prices have resulted in conversion to pasture. Many remaining populations are now affected by site-specific threats such as conflicts betweenhabitat conservationand the rights of local communities in Monte Pascoal National Park. Trapping for the cage-bird trade is a relatively new phenomenon, but the species is rare in national and international markets.

Conservation efforts

The bird is listed onCITESAppendix I and is protected by Brazilian law. It occurs in theChapada DiamantinaandMonte PascoalNational Parks, Barrolândia Experimental Station, Linhares Forest Reserve,Caratinga Biological Station,Rio Doce and probably Desengano State Parks, and theCórrego Grande,Córrego do VeadoandSooretamaBiological Reserves.