October 1936
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The following events occurred inOctober 1936:
October 1,1936 (Thursday)[edit]
- Francisco Francowas officially invested with the title of Chief of State in the throne room atBurgos.He made a short and simple speech vowing to "try to raise Spain to the place that corresponds to her history and her rank in earlier times."[1]
- InValencia,the Spanish Cortes met for the first time since July 18 and passed a law grantinghome ruleto theBasque Country.[2]
- Al Smithgave a nationally broadcast address in which he broke from theDemocratsand endorsedAlf Landonfor President of the United States.[3]
- Juan Demóstenes ArosemenabecamePresident of Panama.
- Born:Duncan Edwards,footballer, inDudley,Worcestershire,England (d. 1958)
October 2,1936 (Friday)[edit]
- In Austria, theHeimwehrexpelledEmil Feyfrom its ranks and forbade other members of the organization from having any contact with him. Fey had been locked in a long rivalry withErnst Rüdiger Starhembergfor control of the Heimwehr.[4]
- TheNew York Yankees,playing theNew York Giants,set the team record for most runs scored in a singleWorld Seriesgame with 18.
- Died:Juho Sunila,61, two-time prime minister of Finland
October 3,1936 (Saturday)[edit]
- A typhoon in Japan left approximately 70 dead.[5]
- Franco created a cabinet with three generals, a diplomat and his brother Nicolás.[6]
- The earliest known public use of the term "fifth column"appeared inMundo Obreroin an article byDolores Ibárruri,who attributed the term toEmilio Mola.[7]
- CollingwooddefeatedSouth Melbournein the 40thVictorian Football League Grand Final.
- TheAztec Bowlwas dedicated on theSan Diego State Universitycampus inSan Diego,California.
- Born:Steve Reich,minimalist composer, in New York City
- Died:John Heisman,66, American football player and coach
October 4,1936 (Sunday)[edit]
- TheBattle of Cable Streetoccurred in theEast End of Londonwhen members ofOswald Mosley'sBritish Union of Fascistsclashed with anti-fascist demonstrators.
- 100,000 leftists marched in Paris in support of the Spanish Republic and fought in the streets with pro-Nationalists.[8]
October 5,1936 (Monday)[edit]
- Italy devalued theliraand introduced various levies on capital.[9]
- In Moscow, theUSSR State Symphony Orchestraperformed in public for the first time.[10]
- Jarrow March:200Hunger marchersinJarrowbegan their march to London. They carried a petition with 11,572 signatures asking for government help. The marchers hoped to draw attention to the 68 percent unemployment rate in the town[10][11]
- Born:Václav Havel,writer, philosopher and 1stPresident of the Czech Republic,inPrague,Czechoslovakia(d. 2011)
October 6,1936 (Tuesday)[edit]
- TheRegional Defence Council of Aragonwas established in Spain.
- British Fascist leaderOswald MosleyandDiana Mitfordwere secretly married in Berlin in a ceremony attended byAdolf Hitler.[12]
- Kálmán DarányibecamePrime Minister of Hungary.
- TheNew York Yankeeswon theWorld Serieswith a 13–5 win over theNew York Giantsin Game 6.
October 7,1936 (Wednesday)[edit]
- The Soviet Union issued an ultimatum threatening to take active involvement in the Spanish Civil War unless Portugal, Italy and Germany stopped aiding the Nationalists.[13]
- GermanPanzertroops arrived in Spain to train Nationalist forces with tanks andAT guns.[14]
- José Antonio Aguirrebecame the 1stPresident of the Basque Country.
- Kyösti KalliobecamePrime Minister of Finland.
- TheCole PortermusicalRed, Hot and Blueopened at theColonial TheatreinBostonfor a pre-Broadway run ahead of its October 29 premiere at theAlvin Theatre.
- Born:Fereydoun Farrokhzad,entertainer, inTehran,Iran(d. 1992)
October 8,1936 (Thursday)[edit]
- Germany fired back at the Soviet Union, saying that it was "hardly sincere" that Russia would "accuse other states of doing what it itself has long been doing." Germany denied sending airplanes or other military supplies to Spain.[15]
- The first episode of the British television programmePicture Pagewas broadcast.
- Died:Red Ames,54, American baseball player;Cheiro,69, Irish astrologer;William Henry Stark,85, American industrial leader
October 9,1936 (Friday)[edit]
- The European committee onneutrality in the Spanish Civil Warmet in London with representatives of 27 nations present. Many accusations were flung back and forth but no concrete proposals on how to resolve them were offered, and the meeting adjourned with no date set for another meeting.[16]
- 650 fighters of theInternational Brigadesarrived atAlicante.[6]
- Boulder Dambegan generating electricity.[10]
- Born:Brian Blessed,actor, inMexborough,England
- Died:Friedrich von Oppeln-Bronikowski,63, German writer and translator
October 10,1936 (Saturday)[edit]
- TheHeimwehrwas dissolved and absorbed by theFatherland Front.[9]
- The Italian cabinet adoptedMussolini's recommendations for new national defense measures, most notably establishing a new work schedule for producers of war materials that increased the work week from 40 hours to 60.[17]
- At least 310 people were killed by a typhoon that struckLuzonin thePhilippinesover the past two days.[18][19]
- The London Gazetteannounced that women over 18 could be employed filling three inch mortar bombs. It was first time since theGreat Warthat British women could work in munitions factories.[20]
- TheReich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortionwas created in Nazi Germany.
October 11,1936 (Sunday)[edit]
- TheArab Higher Committeeannounced an end to the 175-day-oldPalestinian general strike.[21]
- 200 fascists instigated a new wave of violence in London's East End, attacking Jews and smashing and looting the windows of Jewish shops until they were dispersed by police.[22]
- 10,000 leftists participated in an anti-Fascist demonstration inVictoria Park, London,with 5,000 police on hand. 50 Fascist youths attempted a rush to snatch ared flagand some people were slashed with razors.[22]
- Born:Larry Staverman,basketball player and coach, inNewport, Kentucky(d. 2007)
October 12,1936 (Monday)[edit]
- A shipment of 50T-26tanks and someBA-3armoured cars from the Soviet Union arrived inCartagenato aid the Spanish Republic.[23]
- Cross-channeltrain ferryservice began betweenDoverandDunkirk.The service made it possible to ride in the samesleeping carfrom London all the way to Paris.[11]
- Died:Félia Litvinne,76, Russian-born French dramatic soprano
October 13,1936 (Tuesday)[edit]
- Uruguaybarred "common transgressors, rogues, drug fiends, vagabonds, customary drunks and persons expelled from other nations" from entering the country.[24]
- The American general interest magazineCoronetwas first published.
- Died:John H. Hill,African-American attorney, military officer, and school administrator, President of West Virginia State University (1894-1898) (b.1852)
October 14,1936 (Wednesday)[edit]
- A divorce suit initiated byWallis Simpsonagainst her husbandErnestwas set for October 27. "The case will not be defended", Mr. Simpson declared. "Beyond that I have no statement to make."[25]
- Belgium withdrew from its treaty of mutual assistance with France due to France's failure to react to the Germanremilitarization of the Rhineland.[26]
- Edward VIIImade it known that he would not be continuing the tradition of theRoyal Christmas Messagestarted by his father.[27]
- The musical filmDimplesstarringShirley Templewas released.
- Born:Carrie Nye,actress, inGreenwood, Mississippi(d. 2006)
October 15,1936 (Thursday)[edit]
- TheBattle of Sigüenzaended in a Nationalist victory.
- The British press observed an unofficial policy of self-censorship and refrained from publishing reports of Mrs. Simpson's divorce proceedings. In the United States the story was front-page news.[28][29]The story was also reported freely in France, but the news was completely suppressed in Germany, Italy, Russia, Greece and the British Colonies.[30]
- Jewish teachers were banned from public schools in Nazi Germany.[31]
- The city ofToyonaka, Osakawas founded in Japan.
October 16,1936 (Friday)[edit]
- TheSiege of Oviedoended in Nationalist victory.
- Newspaper proprietorLord Beaverbrookcalled on KingEdward VIIIand declared he would help enforce a voluntarymedia blackouton the king's relationship with Mrs. Simpson.[32]
- Rumors of King Edward's relationship with Mrs. Simpson spread throughout England as the odds of Edward actually marrying her began to be weighed in the foreign press.[33][34]American newspapers began disappearing from British newsstands without explanation.[35]However, foreign magazines delivered to subscribers through the mail were arriving untouched.[36]
- Paris went dark for one hour starting at 9:30 p.m. so a mock bombing raid could be conducted.[37]
- Born:Gerardo Gandini,pianist and composer, inBuenos Aires,Argentina(d. 2013)
October 17,1936 (Saturday)[edit]
- The Spanish Republic openedAlbaceteas the headquarters and training ground of theInternational Brigades.[38]
- Died:Suzanne Bianchetti,47, French film actress
October 18,1936 (Sunday)[edit]
- TheCansiglio earthquakein northeast Italy killed 19 people.
- Nationalists capturedIllescas, Toledo.[39]
- TheSunday Refereesomewhat broke the self-censorship policy of the British press by writing that "within the last day or so rumors from abroad have grown that the king is to marry before next May. If that were so, postponement (of his coronation) would be inevitable."[40]
October 19,1936 (Monday)[edit]
- Parliamentary electionswere held in Norway. TheLabour Partymaintained its plurality.
- 60 were dead and 500 injured after five days of rioting between Hindus and Muslims inBombay.[11]
- New York World-Telegramreporter H.R. Ekins won a race against two other New York newspaper journalists to travel around the world on commercial airline flights. He accomplished the feat in 18-1/2 days. His opponents wereNew York Evening JournalreporterDorothy Kilgallen,who finished in second place, andNew York Timesreporter Leo Kieran.[41]Despite Kilgallen's second-place finish, upon her return to New York, where she lived, many photographs of her were published in newspapers and magazines.[41]
- Born:James Bevel,civil rights leader, inItta Bena, Mississippi(d. 2008);Tony Lo Bianco,actor, inBrooklyn,New York
- Died:Anne Sullivan,70, American teacher ofHelen Keller
October 20,1936 (Tuesday)[edit]
- Italian Foreign MinisterGaleazzo Cianoarrived in Berlin for official talks with Germany.[42]
October 21,1936 (Wednesday)[edit]
- Pan Americaninaugurated weekly passenger service between San Francisco andManilaviaHonolulu.[43]
October 22,1936 (Thursday)[edit]
- The BelgianRexist Partyannounced its intention to march onBrusselsin a conscious imitation of Mussolini'sMarch on Romein order to "sweep out thePaul van Zeelandgovernment and its corruption "despite a government order banning the march. Van Zeeland made a national radio address that evening appealing for calm and announcing measures that amounted tomartial law.[44][45]
- GeneralJosé Miajawas put in charge of the defence ofMadrid.[46]
- The British press continued to tiptoe around theEdward VIII abdication crisis.London publicationThe News Weekwrote that "the effects of the unofficial censorship have been disastrous, giving the impression abroad that there is something to hide." The weekly publicationCavalcade,which had been running articles about the king and his friendship with Mrs. Simpson for weeks, ran a short notice of Simpson's divorce suit and mentioned that thousands of words had been published in the United States about it.The Guardianran an article about the possibility of the king's coronation being postponed but avoided any direct explanation for why a postponement might take place.[47]
- Dod Orsborne,captain of theGirl Patwas convicted and imprisoned of its theft, having caused a media sensation when it went missing.[48]
- Died:James J. Couzens,64, American politician
October 23,1936 (Friday)[edit]
- The Soviet Union informed the European committee of non-intervention in Spain that Russia would no longer be bound by the neutrality agreement. The note repeated the previous charge that Germany, Italy and Portugal had already violated the pact.[49]
- Hitler ordered theCondor Legionto Spain to fight for the Nationalists.[11]
October 24,1936 (Saturday)[edit]
- Portugal broke off diplomatic relations with the Spanish Republic.[50]
- Born:David Nelson,actor, director and filmmaker, in New York City (d. 2011);Bill Wyman,bassist ofThe Rolling Stones,inLewisham,London, England
October 25,1936 (Sunday)[edit]
- The alliance soon to be known as theRome-Berlin Axiswas formed when Germany and Italy agreed on a pact.[9]
- The Rexist "March on Brussels" ended up as an embarrassment due to low turnout and rowdiness by those who did show up. Several hundred arrests were made and Rexist leaderLéon Degrellewas taken into custody when he tried to address his followers, though he was soon released.[45][51]
- 510 tons of "Moscow gold"departedCartagenaforOdessa.[6]
- Meeting ofOkinawanmartial arts masters hold a meeting in Showa Kaikan Hall,Naha,Okinawa,and officially renamedTe(or 'Tang Hand', đường thủ đạo ) the traditional systems of martial arts on the island, toKarate(or 'Empty Hand', không thủ đạo ), as well as introducing theKarategiand standardising rules and techniques in Karate.
- Born:Martin Gilbert,historian, in London, England (d. 2015);Masako Nozawa,actress, in Tokyo, Japan
- Died:Robert Temple Emmet,81, U.S. Army Colonel
October 26,1936 (Monday)[edit]
- Joseph Stalinresponded to rumors that he was dead by releasing a handwritten note that read: "I know from reports of the foreign press that I long ago abandoned this sinful world and moved into the other world. As one cannot doubt such foreign press dispatches unless he wants to be expelled from the list of civilized people, I request you to believe them and don't disturb me in the calm of the other world. With respect, J. Stalin."[52]
- Born:Shelley Morrison,actress, in New York City (d. 2019)
October 27,1936 (Tuesday)[edit]
- A judge inIpswichgrantedWallis Simpsona divorce from her husbandErnest,on the grounds that he had been unfaithful. She would be free to marry again after six months.[53]British newspaperThe Guardianreported the story but buried it on page 10.[54]
October 28,1936 (Wednesday)[edit]
- The prototype of the German heavy bomberDornier Do 19had its first flight.
- Born:Charlie Daniels,musician, inLeland, North Carolina(d. 2020)
October 29,1936 (Thursday)[edit]
- TheBattle of Seseñawas fought, resulting in Nationalist victory.
- TheIraqi coup d'étatoccurred.
- The Literary Digestpublished the final returns in its presidential election poll, projectingAlf Landonto beat PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt.Landon was forecast to carry 32 states worth 370electoral votes,104 more than required for election.The Literary Digestpoll had correctly predicted the winner of every presidential election since 1920.[55]
- In Rome, thedestruction of the Spina of Borgobegan to make way for theVia della Conciliazione.
- TheUptown Theateropened in Washington, D.C.
- Born:Akiko Kojima,model, in Tokyo, Japan
October 30,1936 (Friday)[edit]
- TheCondor Legionwas created.[14]
- The French cabinet and air ministry approved a plan to add 1,500 fighter planes to raise the size of itsair forceto 4,000.[56]
- Antonita Arquès of theSpanish Republicwon the 8th annualMiss Europepageant.
October 31,1936 (Saturday)[edit]
- President Roosevelt made theMadison Square Garden speech,which included the famous line, "I welcome their hatred."
- Thehunger marchersfromJarrowarrived in London.[10]
- TheBoy Scouts of the Philippinesorganization was founded.
- Born:Michael Landon,actor, writer, director and producer, inQueens,New York(d. 1991)
- Died:Deacon McGuire,72, American baseball player, manager and coach
References[edit]
- ^Payne, Stanley G.(1987).The Franco Regime, 1936–1975.University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 116–117.ISBN978-0-299-11070-3.
- ^Buckley, Henry (October 2, 1936). "Madrid Grants Home Rule to Basque Country".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 4.
- ^"Al Smith Out for Landon".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 2, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Foe of Austrian Prince Cast Out of Private Army".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 3, 1936. p. 12.
- ^"Japan Typhoon Toll Put at 70".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 3, 1936. p. 1.
- ^abcCortada, James W., ed. (1982).Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 503.ISBN0-313-22054-9.
- ^Ruiz, Julius (2014).The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War.Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–186.ISBN978-1-107-05454-7.
- ^"Mobs of Reds Riot in Paris".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 5, 1936. p. 1.
- ^abc"Chronology 1936".indiana.edu.2002.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^abcd"1936".MusicAndHistory.Archived fromthe originalon June 10, 2013.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^abcdMercer, Derrik, ed. (1989).Chronicle of the 20th Century.London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 473.ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^Gottlieb, Julie V. (2003).Feminine Fascism: Women in Britain's Fascist Movement, 1923–45.London: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 79.ISBN978-1-86064-918-9.
- ^"Russia Warns 3 Nations, Hands Off Spain's War".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 8, 1936. p. 1.
- ^abJurado, Carlos Caballero (2006).The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War.Osprey Publishing.pp. 10–11.ISBN978-1-84176-899-1.
- ^"Germany Looses Counterblast on Soviet Threat".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 9, 1936. p. 15.
- ^"Nations Clash, Dodge Action in Row Over Spain".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 10, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Duce Orders War Industries to Speed Up Arms Production".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 11, 1936. p. 20.
- ^"Typhoon Lashes Philippines; 109 Die; 400 Missing".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 12, 1936. p. 5.
- ^"Philippine Death Toll in typhoon Climbs to 310".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 13, 1936. p. 17.
- ^"British Women Make Bombs Again; 1st Time Since War".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 10, 1936. p. 12.
- ^"Arabs Call Off General Strike in Holy Land; Country Rejoices".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 12, 1936. p. 12.
- ^ab"Fascist Youths Beat Jews in London Rioting".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 12, 1936. p. 12.
- ^Zaloga, Steven J. (2010).Spanish Civil War Tanks: The Proving Ground for Blitzkrieg.Osprey Publishing. p.15.ISBN978-1-84603-512-8.
- ^"Uruguay Bars 'Rogues, Dope Fiends, Vagabonds, Drunks'".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 14, 1936. p. 21.
- ^"Mrs. Simpson, Friend of King, Seeks Divorce".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 15, 1936. p. 1.
- ^Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East.ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 1868.ISBN978-1-85109-672-5.
- ^"King Ends Tradition Of Xmas Message".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 14, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"London Hushes Divorce Suit of King's Friend".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 16, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Mrs. Simpson Charges Misconduct in Suit; Action Uncontested".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 15, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"All Save Three Nations At Last Read of King".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 4, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Antisemitic Legislation 1933–1939".Holocaust Encyclopedia.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Sale, Jonathan (October 14, 2002)."Edward VIII news blackout".theguardian.com.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^"Only Mrs. Simpson Dares Address King As 'David' in Public".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 16, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"Weigh Chance of Mrs. Simpson Marrying King".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 17, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"American Newspapers Kept From Londoners".Milwaukee Journal.Milwaukee. October 30, 1936. p. 11.
- ^Brewer, Sam (November 18, 1936). "King and Wally Cause Questions in British House".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^"Paris Dark Tonight For Air Fleet 'Raid'".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.October 16, 1936. p. 2.
- ^Colodny, Robert Garland (2010).The Struggle for Madrid: The Central Epic of the Spanish Conflict, 1936–37.Transaction Publishers. p. 58.ISBN978-1-4128-3924-2.
- ^"Rebels Capture Illescas, 22 Mi. So. of Madrid".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 19, 1936. p. 5.
- ^"London Paper Says King May Wed by Spring".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 18, 1936. p. 2.
- ^abarticle about 1936 global race in online publication Air & Space issued by the Smithsonian
- ^"Nazis Welcome Son-in-Law of Duce to Berlin".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 21, 1936. p. 2.
- ^Schmitt, Robert C.; Ronck, Ronn (1995).Firsts and Almost Firsts in Hawai'i.University of Hawai'i Press. p. 54.ISBN978-0-8248-1282-9.
- ^"Belgian Fascists Plan March on Capital; Defy Cabinet Ban".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 23, 1936. p. 17.
- ^abEpstein, Jonathan A. (2014).Belgium's Dilemma: The Formation of the Belgian Defense Policy, 1932–1940.Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 168.ISBN978-90-04-26973-6.
- ^Simkin, John (2014)."Spanish Civil War: Chronology".Spartacus Educational.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^Darrah, David (October 23, 1936). "Reveals Threat to British Press in Simpson Suit".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 3.
- ^"Both Orsbornes Sent to Gaol".The Manchester Guardian.23 October 1936. p. 11.ProQuest484065518.(subscription required)
- ^"Russia Declares Itself Free to Assist Madrid".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 24, 1936. p. 2.
- ^Darrah, David (October 24, 1936). "Portugal and Spain Clash".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Belgium Tense as Police Beat Fascist Heads".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 26, 1936. p. 2.
- ^"Mark Twain Outdone by Dictator Stalin on Report of Death".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 27, 1936. p. 1.
- ^Darrah, David (October 28, 1936). "Wally Tells Story; Judge Grants Divorce".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^Rodrigues, Jason (December 9, 2011)."1936: British press finally break silence on Wallis Simpson affair".theguardian.com.RetrievedAugust 16,2015.
- ^"Landon Leading in 32 States by Last Test Poll".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 30, 1936. p. 1.
- ^"France Orders Warplane Fleet Raised to 4,000".Chicago Daily Tribune.October 31, 1936. p. 2.