Ohrid Agreement (2001)
 Annex of Ohrid Agreement | |
| Type | Peace agreement |
|---|---|
| Signed | 13 August 2001 |
| Location | Ohrid,Macedonia(now North Macedonia) |
| Original signatories | Government of Macedonia
|
| Languages | Englishas the only authentic version[1] |
TheOhrid Framework Agreement(Macedonian:Охридски рамковен договор,Albanian:Marrëveshja e Ohrit) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (nowNorth Macedonia) and representatives of theAlbanian minorityon 13 August 2001. The agreement was signed by the country's four political parties after international mediators demanded their commitment to its ratification and implementation within a four-year period.[2]
Provisions
[edit]The Ohrid Agreement created a framework for North Macedonia as a civic state, ending thearmed conflictbetween theNational Liberation Armyand thesecurity forces of Macedonia.[3]It established basic principles of the state such as cessation of hostilities, voluntary disarmament of ethnic Albanian armed groups, government devolution, and the reform of minority political and cultural rights.[4]
The deal also included provisions for altering the officiallanguages of the country,with any language spoken by more than 20% of the population becoming co-official with theMacedonian languageat themunicipal level.[4]Only theAlbanian language,with an approximate 25% of the population being speakers, currently qualifies as a co-official language under this criterion.[5]The Ohrid Framework Agreement is an example of the adoption ofconsociationalism.[6]
According to the document, the English-language version is the only authentic version of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. TheGovernment of Macedoniahad to adapt theConstitution of Macedoniain order to provide theAlbanian minorityliving in Macedonia with fifteen basic rights. The lead negotiator, on the behalf of theEuropean Union,wasFrançois Léotard.James W. Pardewrepresented theUnited States.[7]
Notes
[edit]- ^Clause 10.2 states thatEnglish language version of this Agreement is the only authentic version.Framework Agreement(PDF),OSCE,2001, p. 4
- ^Dimova, Rozita (2013).Ethno-Baroque: Materiality, Aesthetics and Conflict in Modern-Day Macedonia.New York: Berghahn Books. p. 131.ISBN9781782380405.
- ^Caspersen, Nina (2017).Peace Agreements: Finding Solutions to Intra-state Conflicts.Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. p. 76.ISBN9780745680262.
- ^abWatkins, Clem S. (2003).The Balkans.New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 113.ISBN1590335252.
- ^Brunnbauer, Ulf (2002)."The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments"(PDF).Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe(1/2002). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-09-23.Retrieved2015-05-18.
- ^Fontana, Giuditta (2016).Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia.Springer. p. 102.ISBN978-3-319-31426-6.
- ^Laurence Cooley (2018).The European Union's Approach to Conflict Resolution: Transformation Or Regulation in the Western Balkans?.Routledge. p. 103.ISBN978-1-138-48719-2.
External links
[edit]- Ohrid Framework Agreement Authoritative English Texthosted viaOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
- Ohrid Framework Agreement Text in Macedonian
- Ohrid Framework Agreement Text in Albanian
- Florian Bieber et al.,Power Sharing and the Implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement,Friedrich Ebert Stiftung - Office Macedonia, Skopje, 2008.
- Marija Risteska and Zhidas Daskalovski (eds),One decade after the Ohrid Framework Agreement: Lessons (to be) learned from the Macedonian experience,Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Center for research and policy making, 2011.
- Blerim Reka (ed.),Ten years from the Ohrid Framework Agreement,South East European University, Tetovo, 2011.
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