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Olympic symbols

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Olympic Games
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TheInternational Olympic Committee(IOC) uses icons, flags, and symbols to elevate theOlympic Games.These symbols include those commonly used during Olympic competitions such as the flame, fanfare, and theme and those used throughout the years, such as theOlympic flag.

The Olympic flag was created in 1913 under the guidance ofBaron de Coubertinof France. It was first hoisted inAlexandria,Egypt,at the 1914 Pan-Egyptian Games.[1]The five rings on the flag represent the inhabited continents of the world (theAmericaswere considered as one continent andEuropewas treated as distinct fromAsia). It was made to contain the colours (blue, black, red, yellow, and green) which are common to almost all flags around the world.[2]

Motto and creed

[edit]
The motto on a1948 Summer Olympicsmedal

The original Olympic motto is thehendiatrisCitius, Altius, Fortiuswhich isLatinfor "Faster, Higher, Stronger".[3]The motto was proposed byPierre de Coubertinupon the creation of the International Olympic Committee. Coubertin borrowed it from his friendHenri Didon,aDominicanpriest who was an athletics enthusiast.[4]Coubertin said that "these three words represent a programme of moral beauty. The aesthetics of sport are intangible".[4]The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris.[5]Coubertin's Olympic ideals are expressed in the Olympic creed:

"The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."[6]

Coubertin got this text from a sermon by theBishop of Central Pennsylvania,Ethelbert Talbot,during the 1908 London Games.[7]

In 2021, theInternational Olympic Committee(IOC), approved the addition of the word "together", after anen dash,to the motto; it now reads "Citius, Altius, Fortius – Communiter," Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together" (or, in French, "Plus vite, Plus haut, Plus fort – Ensemble" ).[8][9]According to someItalianLatinists, such as professor Mario De Nonno and professor Giorgio Piras, the concept of acting together is not properly conveyed by 'communis' nor 'communiter,' and De Nonno suggests an adverb such as 'Una' meaning 'as one'.[10][11]

Rings

[edit]
"Olympic rings" redirects here. For the artistic gymnastics event, seeRings at the Olympics.
The first five-ringed symbol of the Olympic Games used between 1913 and 1986
The second five-ringed symbol of the Olympic Games used between 1986 and 2010
The current five-ringed symbol of the Olympic Games

There are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field. These together are known as the "Olympic rings." The symbol was originally created in 1913 by Coubertin.[12]He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five inhabited continents:Africa,America,Asia,Europe,andOceania.[13]According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings, along with the white background, represented the colours of every competing country's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1913 edition ofOlympique:[14]

... the six colours [including the flag's white background] combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolour flags of France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem.

USFSA logo

In his article published in theOlympic Revue,the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee, in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of theUSFSA,an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing theInternational Olympic Committeein France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like thevesica piscistypical interlaced marriage rings) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatristCarl Jung:for him, the ring symbolized continuity and the human being.[15]

The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak ofWorld War I,but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They officially debuted at the1920 Summer OlympicsinAntwerp,Belgium.[16]

The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the1936 Summer Olympicsin Berlin.Carl Diem,president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium atDelphi,the site of the famous oracle, where thePythian Gameswere also held. For this reason, he ordered the construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two American authors,Lynn and Gray Poole,when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s, saw the stone and reported in theirHistory of the Ancient Games[17]that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone."[18]This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin.

The current view of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is that the symbol "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join.[19]As can be read in theOlympic Charter,the Olympic symbol represents the union of the "five continents"of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. The 1949–50 edition of the IOC's" Green Booklet "stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent:" blue forEurope,yellow forAsia,black forAfrica,green forAustralia,and red forAmerica".[20]This assertion was reversed in 1951 because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it: "at the very most he might perhaps have admitted it afterwards".[21]Nevertheless, the pre-2014 logo of theAssociation of National Olympic Committeesplaced the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour.[22]

An Olympic Rings emoji was added toWhatsAppon 24 July 2016 in version 2.16.7, it was later removed on 15 August 2016 in version 2.16.9.[23] It consisted of fiveU+25EF◯LARGE CIRCLEcharacters joined withU+200DZERO WIDTH JOINERs,forming ajoined character sequence. It is assumed that this was part of a temporary agreement with the International Olympic Committee.[24] On Android, WhatsApp's emoji keyboard included the symbol at the end of the sports section. However, on iOS, WhatsApp doesn't have an emoji keyboard so users had to copy and paste the emoji sequence.[24]

Different types of flags

[edit]
The International Olympic Committee
The Olympic rings
UseSportSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Proportion2:3
Adopted14 August 1920
DesignFive interlaced rings of equal dimensions (the Olympic rings), used alone, in one or in five different colours. When used in its five-colour version, these colours shall be, from left to right, blue, yellow, black, green, and red. The rings are interlaced from left to right; the blue, black, and red rings are situated at the top, the yellow and green rings at the bottom in accordance with the following graphic reproduction.
Designed byPierre de Coubertin
The Olympic flag flying inVictoria,British Columbia,Canada, as the province was the host of2010 Winter Olympicsheld in Vancouver

Pierre de Coubertin created the Olympic flag in 1913.

The emblem selected to illustrate and represent the 1914 World Congress which was to place the final seal on the restoration of the Olympics began to appear on various preliminary documents: five rings linked at regular intervals, their various colors – blue, yellow, black, green and red – standing out against the white of the paper. These five rings represent the five parts of the world now won over to Olympism, ready to accept its fruitful rivalries. In addition, the six colours combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolor flags of France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem. It was made to be turned into a flag, and the look of the flag would be perfect. It is a light, appealing flag, a delight to see fluttering in the wind. Its meaning is largely symbolic. Its success is assured, to the point that after the Congress it can continue to be raised on solemn Olympic occasions.

— Pierre de Coubertin (1913)[25]

Specific flags used

[edit]

There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp or Oslo Ceremony,[26]the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall. These special flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags manufactured specifically for each game, which are flown over the stadium during all the duration of the Games and then retired. Because there is no specific flag for this purpose, the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences, including minor colour variations, and, more noticeably, the presence (or lack) of white outlines around each ring.[citation needed]

Antwerp flag

[edit]

During the Opening Ceremony of the1920 Summer OlympicsinAntwerp,Belgium,the Olympic flag with the five rings signifying the universality of the Olympic Games was raised for the first time at an Olympic Games.[27]At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the handover ceremony to the officials of the1924 Summer Olympicsin Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the "Antwerp Flag" instead of the "Paris Flag".[28]It was passed on to the next organizing city of theSummer Olympicsuntil the1952 Winter OlympicsinOslo, Norway,when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at theWinter Olympics(see below).The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games ofSeoul 1988when it was retired.

In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewingHal Haig Priestewho had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team. The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. "I can help you with that," Prieste said, "It's in my suitcase." At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred on by teammateDuke Kahanamoku,he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney.[29]The original Antwerp Flag has been on display at the Olympic Museum inLausanne,Switzerland,with a plaque thanking him for donating it.[30]The flag returned to Antwerp in 2004 and since 2013, the year that Antwerp bore the title of European Sports Capital,[31]the flag could be admired in the entrance hall of Antwerp's city hall. In 2017, however, the flag was stored in the collection of the MAS due to the renovation of the town hall.

While the flag is recognized by the IOC, critics and historians note that the returned flag is not the one that was used in the 1920 opening ceremony, as the original flag was much larger than the one returned by Prieste.[13]

Oslo flag

[edit]

The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor ofOslo,Norway, during the1952 Winter Olympics.Between 1952 and 2014, the flag was passed to the next organizing city for theWinter Olympics,with its last appearance in Sochi in the2014 Winter Olympics.Currently, the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box, and in its last appearances (Torino 2006 to Sochi 2014), replicas had been used instead.[32]

Seoul flag

[edit]
Flag of South Koreaalongside an Olympic Flag inOlympic Park, Seoul

As a successor to the Antwerp Flag,[33]the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the1988 Summer Olympicsby the city ofSeoul,South Korea, and was passed on to the next organizing cities of theSummer Olympics[34]between 1988 and 2012. Its last appearance was in London in the2012 Summer Olympics.

Rio de Janeiro flag

[edit]

As a successor to the Seoul Flag,[35]the Rio de Janeiro flag was presented to the IOC at the2016 Summer Olympicsby the city ofRio de Janeiro,Brazil, and has since been passed to the next organizing cities of theSummer Olympics.[36]

Pyeongchang flag

[edit]

As a successor to the Oslo Flag,[37]the Pyeongchang flag was presented to the IOC at the2018 Winter Olympicsby the city ofPyeongchang,South Korea, and has since then been passed to the next organizing city of theWinter Olympics.[36]

Singapore flag

[edit]

For the inauguralYouth Olympic Games,an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games. The flag is similar to the Olympic flag, but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore byIOCPresidentJacques Rogge.[38][39]During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010, Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee,Nanjing 2014.[40]

Innsbruck flag

[edit]

For the inaugural winterYouth Olympic Games,an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the2012 Winter Youth Olympicsby the city ofInnsbruck,Austria,and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics.

Flame and torch relay

[edit]
Main article:Olympic flame
The Olympic flame atAthens 2004during the Opening Ceremony.

The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936. Months before the Games are held, the Olympic flame is lit on a torch, with the rays of the Sun concentrated by aparabolic reflector,at the site of the Ancient Olympics inOlympia,Greece. The torch is then taken out of Greece, most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people alike, and at times in unusual conditions, such as being electronically transmitted via satellite forMontreal 1976,submerged underwater without being extinguished forSydney 2000,or in space and at theNorth PoleforSochi 2014.On the final day of the torch relay, the day of theOpening Ceremony,the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games.

Medals and diplomas

[edit]
Main articles:Olympic medalandOlympic diploma

The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic Games. The medals are made ofgold-platedsilver (for thegold medals), silver, orbronze,and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event. Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design, decided upon by the organizers for the particular games. However, while the creators of the Winter Games medals have complete freedom to choose their designs, this does not apply to the Summer Games medals; the obverse side of the medals have an image ofNike,the Greek goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner's crown in her right, and theColosseumin Rome in the background. The original design, created byGiuseppe Cassioli,was used from the1928 Summer Olympicsto the2000 Summer Olympics.For each Summer Olympics afterward, the reverse side, as well as the labels for each Olympiad, were changed to reflect scenic images or locations from the host city.

The design of the medals underwent a drastic change for the2004 Summer Olympics,when Cassioli's design was replaced by a more modern design connected to Greece. The obverse side was changed to make more explicit references to the Greek goddess and traditions. In this design, the goddess Niké flies into the grounds of thePanathenaic Stadium,symbolizing the renewal of the Games. The new design was created by Greek jewelry designerElena Votsi.[41]

Olympic diplomasare given to competitors placing fourth, fifth, and sixth since 1949, and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981.

Anthems

[edit]
Main articles:Olympic HymnandList of Olympic songs and anthems

The "Olympic Hymn",officially known as the" Olympic Anthem ", is played when the Olympic flag is raised. It was composed bySpyridon Samaraswith words from a poem of theGreekpoet and writerKostis Palamas.Both the poet and the composer were the choice ofDemetrius Vikelas,a GreekPro-European,and the first President of the IOC. The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the1896 Athens Olympic Gamesbut wasn't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958. In the following years, every hosting location commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the1960 Winter Olympicsin Squaw Valley.

Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include:

The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare,Aarre Merikanto,atHelsinki Olympic Stadiumduring the games.

Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, includingHenry Mancini,Francis Lai,Marvin Hamlisch,Philip Glass,David Foster,Mikis Theodorakis,Ryuichi Sakamoto,Vangelis,Basil Poledouris,Michael Kamen,andMark Watters.

Kotinos

[edit]
Main article:Olive wreath

Thekotinos(Greek:κότινος),[47]is anolivebranch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced byHeracles.[48]In theancient Olympic Gamesthere were nogold,silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia.AristophanesinPlutusmakes a sensible remark as to why victorious athletes are crowned with a wreath made of wild olive instead of gold.[49]The victorious athletes were honored, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments.

Herodotusdescribes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath.Xerxeswas interrogating someArcadiansafter theBattle of Thermopylae.He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending Thermopylae. The answer was "All other men are participating in the Olympic Games". And when asked "What is the prize for the winner?", "An olive-wreath" came the answer. ThenTigranes,one of his generals uttered a most noble saying: "Good heavens!Mardonius,what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour. "[50]

However, in later times, this was not their only reward; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country. The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Apart from its use in the awards ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the2004 Summer Olympicsemblem.

Olympic salute

[edit]
The Olympic Salutesculpted byGra Rueb,sculpted for the1928 Summer Olympicsin Amsterdam.

The Olympic salute is a variant of theRoman salute,with the right arm and hand stretched and pointing upward, the palm outward and downward, with the fingers touching. However, unlike the Roman Salute, the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder.[citation needed]The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games atParis 1924[51]andBerlin 1936.[52]

The Olympic salute has fallen out of use sinceWorld War IIbecause of its resemblance to theNazi salute.[53]It was used by the French team in the opening ceremony of the1948 Winter Olympics.[54]

Mascots

[edit]
See also:List of Olympic mascots

Since the1968 Winter OlympicsinGrenoble,France, theOlympic Gameshave had amascot,usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games wasMishain the1980 Summer Olympicsin Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon, and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.

Intellectual property

[edit]

The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols, and many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic". The rings are not eligible for copyright protection[where?],both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach thethreshold of originalityrequired to be copyrighted.

The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks, including theGay Games;theMinneapolis-based bandThe Hopefuls,formerly The Olympic Hopefuls; the Redneck Olympics orRedneck Games;Awana Clubs International,a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games;Wizards of the Coast,publisher at the time of the IOC's complaint of the card gameLegend of the Five Rings;and Philippine sporting good chain Olympic Village.[55]

In 1938, the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings. In 1952, when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics, the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country. Today, the successor companyRingnes ASowns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer.[56]In addition, a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name, such as Olympic Paint, which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo, and the former Greek passenger carrierOlympic Airlines.

Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word "Olympics" in their name, such as theSpecial Olympics,an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities.

The IOC maintains exclusive ownership and control of the use of Olympic Symbols through an international treaty and the IOC's demand for the enactment of laws in hosting locations to grant special trademark protection to Olympic Symbols. In 1981, the Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol (Nairobi Treaty), a treaty administered by theWorld Intellectual Property Organization,was signed by fifty-two states.[57]All fifty-two signatories to the Nairobi Treaty became obligated under the treaty to protect Olympic Symbols against use for commercial purposes without authorization of the IOC. Under the Nairobi Treaty, if the IOC authorizes use of an Olympic Symbol in a country that is a party to the treaty, then that country's National Olympic Committee is entitled to a portion of any revenue generated from the IOC's authorization of use. The Nairobi Treaty provides for a framework of international intellectual property protection of the licensure of all Olympic Symbols.[58][59]

In recent years, organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combatambush marketingby non-official sponsors during the Games – such as theLondon Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006– putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games, including mere mentioning of the host city, the year, and others.[60][61]

Bob Barneyco-authored the bookSelling the Five Rings(2002), with Stephen Wenn and Scott Martyn, which discussed the history of corporate sponsorships and television rights for the Olympic Games.[62][63]Barney argued that the Olympic torch had been commercialized since its inception in 1936, and that sponsors of the torch relay benefit from brand awareness; whereas the medalpodiumceremonies which began in 1932, had not become commercialized since no advertising is allowed inside Olympic venues.[64]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  14. ^Lennartz, Karl (2002)."The Story of the Rings"(PDF).Journal of Olympic History.10:31. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 January 2016.Retrieved7 January2016.De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception. Le bleu et jaune de Suède, le bleu et blanc de Grèce, les tricolores français, anglais, américain, allemand, belge, italien, hongrois, le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne, avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine. Voilà vraiment un emblème international.
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