Open list

Countries using open-list proportional representation as of 2020.

Countries where all parties use an open list

Countries where most parties use an open list

Varies by state

Open listdescribes any variant ofparty-list proportional representationwhere voters have at least some influence on the order in which aparty'scandidatesare elected. This is as opposed toclosed list,in which party lists are in a predetermined, fixed order by the time of the election and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on theparty list.

An open list system allows voters to select individuals rather than, or in addition to parties. Different systems give the voter different amounts of influence to change the default ranking. The voter's candidate choices are usually calledpreference vote;the voters are usually allowed one or more preference votes for the open list candidates.

Open lists differ frommixed-member proportional representation,also known as "personalized proportional representation" in Germany. Somemixed systems,however, may use open lists in their list-PR component.

Variants

Relatively closed

A "relatively closed" open list system is one where a candidate must reach a fullelectoral quotaof votes on their own to be assured of winning a seat. The total number of seats won by the party minus the number of its candidates that achieved this quota gives the number of unfilled seats. These are then successively allocated to the party's not-yet-elected candidates who were ranked highest on the party list.

Examples

Iceland:In both parliamentary and municipal elections, voters may alter the order of the party list or strike candidates from the list completely. How many votes need to be altered in this way to have an effect on the results varies by the number of seats won by the party in the constituency or municipality in question and the candidate's place on the list.In the parliamentary elections of2007and2009,voters altered the party lists enough to change the ranking of candidates within party lists. However, this did not affect which candidates ultimately got elected to parliament.

Norway:In parliamentary elections, 50% of the voters need to vote for a candidate in order to change the order of the party list, meaning that, in practice, it is almost impossible for voters to change the result and it is de facto a closed list system. In county elections there is a threshold of 8%.

More open

In a "more open" list system, the quota for election could be lowered from the above amount. It is then (theoretically) possible that more of a party's candidates achieve this quota than the total seats won by the party. It should therefore be made clear in advance whether list ranking or absolute votes take precedence in that case. The quota for individuals is usually specified either as a percentage of the party list quota, or as a percentage of the total votes received by the party.

Example: The quota is 1000 votes and the open list threshold is specified as 25% of the quota, i.e. 250 votes. Therefore, a party which received 5000 votes wins five seats, which are awarded to its list candidates as follows:

Candidate position on the list	Preference votes	25% of the quota	Elected
#1	3500	x (first)	x
#2	50		x
#3	150		x
#4	250	x (third)	x
#5	100
#6	100
#7	450	x (second)	x
#8	50
$\vdots$

Candidates #1, #7 and #4 have each achieved 25% of the quota (250 preference votes or more). They get the first three of the five seats the party has won. The other two seats will be taken by #2 and #3, the two highest remaining positions on the party list. This means that #5 is not elected even though being the fifth on the list and having more preference votes than #2.

In practice, with such a strict threshold, only very few candidates succeed to precede on their lists as the required number of votes is huge. Where the threshold is lower (e.g. in Czech parliamentary elections, 5% of the total party vote is the required minimum), results defying the original list order are much more common.

Parties usually allow candidates to ask for preference votes, but without campaigning negatively against other candidates on the list.

Austria

The members of theNational Councilare elected by open listproportional representationin nine multi-member constituencies based on thestates(with varying in size from 7 to 36 seats) and 39 districts. Voters are able to cast a single party vote and one preference votes each on the federal, state and electoral district level for their preferred candidates within that party. The thresholds for a candidate to move up the list are 7% of the candidate's party result on the federal level, 10% on the state level and 14% on the electoral district level.Candidates for the district level are listed on the ballot while voters need to write-in their preferred candidate on state and federal level.

Croatia

InCroatia,the voter can give their vote to a single candidate on the list, but only candidates who have received at least 10% of the party's votes take precedence over the other candidates on the list.

Czech Republic

InCzechparliamentary elections, voters are given 4 preference votes. Only candidates who have received more than 5% of preferential votes at the regional level take precedence over the list.For elections to the European Parliament, the procedure is identical but each voter is only allowed 2 preference votes.

Indonesia

Main article:Elections in Indonesia

InIndonesia,any candidate who has obtained at least 30% of the quota is automatically elected.

Netherlands

In theNetherlands,the voter can give their vote to any candidate in a list (for example, in elections for theHouse of the Representatives); the vote for this candidate is called a "preference vote" (voorkeurstemin Dutch). Candidate with at least 25% of the quota takes priority over the party's other candidates who stand higher on the party list but received fewer preference votes. Most people vote for thetop candidate,to indicate no special preference for any individual candidate, but support for the party in general. Sometimes, however, people want to express their support for a particular person. Many women, for example, vote for the first woman on the list. If a candidate gathers enough preference votes, then they get a seat in parliament, even if their position on the list would leave them without a seat. In the2003 electionsHilbrand Nawijn,the formerministerof migration and integration, was elected into parliament for thePim Fortuyn Listby preference votes even though he was thelast candidate on the list.

Slovakia

InSlovakia,each voter may, in addition to the party, select one to four candidates from the ordered party list. Candidates who are selected by more than 3% of the party's voters are elected (in order of total number of votes) first and only then is the party ordering used. For European elections, voters select two candidates and the candidates must have more than 10% of the total votes to override the party list. In theEuropean election in 2009three of Slovakia's thirteen MEPs were elected solely by virtue of preference votes (having party-list positions too low to have won otherwise) and only one (Katarína Neveďalováof SMER) was elected solely by virtue of her position on the party list (having fewer preference votes than a number of other candidates who themselves, nevertheless had preferences from fewer than 10 percent of their party's voters).

Sweden

InSweden,the "most open" list is used, but a person needs to receive 5% of the party's votes for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list.Voting without expressing a preference between individuals is possible, although the parties urge their voters to support the party's prime candidate, to protect them from being beaten by someone ranked lower by the party. The share of voters using the open list option at2022 Swedish general electionwas 22.49%.

Most open

Finnish parliamentary election uses the open list method. Here an official poster rack in central Helsinki displays the candidates and their assigned ballot numbers by party.

Ballot during theFinnish parliamentary election of 2011

A campaign bus inTokyofor (successful)Communistproportional candidateTomoko Tamurain Japan's2016 Councillors election.Tamura received roughly half of her votes in Tokyo, other proportional candidates on the same list won most of their votes in other prefectures.The proportional district is nationwide; but limited by a very short legal campaign period, some proportional candidates focus their campaign efforts on only certain regions where they personally or their party have a local base.

The "most open" list system is the one where the absolute number of votes every candidate receives fully determines the "order of election" (the list ranking only possibly serving as a "tiebreaker" ).

When such a system is used, one could make the case thatwithinevery party an additional virtualnon-transferable voteelection is taking place.

This system is used in allFinnish,Latvian,andBrazilianmultiple-seat elections. Since 2001, lists of this "most open" type have also been used in the elections to fill the 96 proportional seats in the 242-memberupper house of Japan.

Free lists or panachage

Main article:Panachage

A "free list", more usually calledpanachageor mixed list, is a variant on the most open list where voters may support candidates ondifferentlists. Candidates are typically elected using eithercumulativeorblock pluralityvoting. This gives the voters full control over which candidates are elected, not just within a particular party, but even across them. As a result,independentsare not forced to support candidates of only one party, and can support candidates across multiple lists, while still ensuring the results are ultimately proportional.

It is used in elections at all levels inLiechtenstein,Luxembourg,andSwitzerland,in congressional elections inEcuador,El Salvador,andHonduras,as well as in local elections in a majority ofGermanstates,inFrench communeswith under 1,000 inhabitants, and inCzechmunicipal elections.

Ballot format

Some ways to operate an open list system when using traditional paper-based voting are as follows:

• One method (used inBelgiumand theNetherlands) is to have a large ballot paper with a box for each party and sub-boxes for the various candidates. InBelgium,when electronic voting is used (in Flanders and Ostbelgien), the voter has to choose with an electronic pencil on a touchscreen between lists and blank vote, then on the list's page between the top box (vote for the list without preference for specific candidates) or the box(es) for one or several candidates on the same list.
• Another method (used inNorway,SlovakiaandSpain) is to have a separate ballot paper for each party. To maintain voter secrecy, the voter is handed ballot papers for every party. The voter chooses the candidates (or may vote for the party as a whole) on one of the ballot papers, for example, by drawing circles around the candidate numbers (which is why casting preference votes is calledcirclingin theCzech RepublicandSlovakia). Then, the voter puts the party ballot paper into an envelope and puts the envelope into the ballot box.
• InBrazil,each candidate is assigned a number (in which the first 2 digits are the party number and the others the candidate's number within the party). The voting machine has a telephone-like panel where the voter presses the buttons for the number of their chosen candidate. InFinland,each candidate is assigned a 3-digit number.
• InItaly,the voter must write the name of each chosen candidate in blank boxes under the party box.

Use

By country

Some of these states may use other systems in addition to an open list, for examplefirst-past-the-postin individual constituencies. Some countries use open list may only be used in one of the chambers of the legislature.

Africa

• Democratic Republic of the Congo

Americas

• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Ecuador
• El Salvador
• Honduras
• Panama
• Peru
• Suriname

Asia-Pacific

• Fiji
• Indonesia
• JapanforHouse of Councillorselections
• Jordan
• Lebanon
• Sri Lanka

Europe

• Albania
• Armenia
• Austria
• Belgium
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Bulgaria
• Croatia
• Cyprus
• Czech Republic
• Denmark
• Estonia
• Finland
• Germanyin:
  • Bavaria
  • Bremen
  • Hamburg
  • Municipal elections in various states
• Greece
• Iceland
• ItalyforEuropean,regionalandmunicipalelections. (formerly used fornational parliamentary elections)
• Latvia
• Liechtenstein
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Poland
• San Marino
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Ukraine

Partially recognized states

• Kosovo
• Northern Cyprus

Types

Types of open list systems used in the lower house of the national legislature.

Country	Legislative body	System		Variation ofopen lists	Number of votes (for candidates)	Apportionment method	Electoral threshold	Governmental system	Notes
Albania	Parliament(Kuvendi)		Open listparty proportional representation			d'Hondt method	4% nationally or 2.5% in a district	Parliamentary republic
Armenia	National Assembly		Open listparty proportional representation			D'Hondt method	5% (parties), 7% (blocs)	Parliamentary republic	Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition.If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties.
				—
Aruba	Parliament		Open listparty proportional representation		0-1	D'Hondt method
Austria	National Council		Open listparty proportional representation	More open: 14% on the district level (among votes for the candidates party)	1 in each geographic level of candidate list	Hare quota	4%	Parliamentary republic
				More open: 10% on the regional (state) level (among votes for the candidates party)		Hare quota
				More open:7% of the on the federal level (among votes for the candidates party)		d'Hondt method
Belgium	Chamber of Representatives		Open listparty proportional representation		As many as there are mandates in the district	D'Hondt method	5% (per constitutiency)	Constitutional monarchy
Bosnia and Herzegovina	House of Representatives		Open listparty proportional representation		0-1	Sainte-Laguë method		Parliamentarydirectorial republic
Brazil	Chamber of Deputies		Open listparty proportional representation		0-1	D'Hondt method	2% distributed in at least 9 Federation Units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them	Presidential republic
Bulgaria	National Assembly		Open listparty proportional representation		0-1	Hare quota	4%	Parliamentary republic
Chile	Chamber of Deputies		Open listparty proportional representation		1
Croatia			Open listparty proportional representation		0-1		5%
Cyprus			Open listparty proportional representation		0-1 for every 4 seats in the district
Czech Republic			Open listparty proportional representation		0-4		5%
Democratic Republic of the Congo			Parallel voting		0-1 to 0-5 depending on number of mandates in the district
Denmark	Folketing(Unicameral legislature)		Open listtwo tier proportional representation with compensating		0-1		2%
East Timor
Ecuador	National Congress		Open listtwo tiers proportional representation without compensating	—	As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed	Sainte-Laguë method
El Salvador	Legislative Assembly		Open listparty proportional representation		As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed	D'Hondt method
Estonia			Open listparty proportional representation		1		5%
Fiji			Open listparty proportional representation		1	D'Hondt method	5%
Finland			Open listparty proportional representation		1	D'Hondt method
Greece			Majority bonus		0-1 to 0-5 depending on number of mandates in the district	Largest remainder(Hare quota)	3%		Nationwideclosed listsandopen listsin multi-member districts. The winning party used to receive amajority bonusof 50 seats (out of 300), but this system will be abolished two elections after 2016.In 2020 parliament voted to return to the majority bonus two elections thereafter.
Honduras			Open listparty proportional representation		As many as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed	Largest remainder(Hare quota)
Iceland			Open listparty proportional representation		May change order of candidates on list or cross out rejected candidates	d'Hondt method
Indonesia			Open listparty proportional representation		0-1	Sainte-Laguë method	4%
Kosovo			Open listparty proportional representation		0-5	Sainte-Laguë method
Latvia			Open listparty proportional representation		May vote for as many candidates or reject as many candidates as there are on the list	Sainte-Laguë method	5%
Lebanon			Open listparty proportional representation		0-1	d'Hondt method
Liechtenstein			Open listparty proportional representation		As many as there are mandates in the district		8%
Lithuania			Parallel voting		0-5	Largest remainder(Hare quota)	5% (parties), 7% (coalitions)
Luxembourg	Chamber of Deputies		Open listparty proportional representation	Panachage(number of votes equal to the number of members elected)	May vote for or delete as many candidates as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed	d'Hondt method	Node jurethreshold	Parliamentary system
Netherlands	House of Representatives		Open listparty proportional representation	More open (25% of the quota to override the default party-list)	0-1	d'Hondt method	Node jurethreshold, but an effective threshold of 0.67% (1/150) for a seat	Parliamentary system
Norway	Parliament (Storting)		Open listTwo tier proportional representation with compensating	De facto closed list (50% of votes to override)	May change order of candidates on list or cross out rejected candidates	Sainte-Laguë method	4%
Panama			Parallel voting		As many as there are mandates in the district	Largest remainder(Hare quota)
Peru			Open listparty proportional representation		0-2	d'Hondt method	5%
Poland	Sejm		Open listparty proportional representation		1	d'Hondt method	5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities	Parliamentary republic
San Marino			Majority jackpot / Open listparty proportional representation		1	d'Hondt method	3.5%		If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive amajority bonus.
Slovakia			Open listparty proportional representation		0-4	Largest remainder(Hare quota)	5%
Slovenia			Open listparty proportional representation			Largest remainder(Droop quota)	4%
					0-1	d'Hondt method	4%
Sri Lanka	Parliament		Open listTwo tier proportional representation without compensating	Panachage (up to 3 preference votes)	0-3	Hare quota with largest party receives bonus seat de factod'Hondt method	5% (per constituency)	Semi-presidential system
				—		?	No threshold
Suriname	National Assembly		Open listparty proportional representation	Most open	0-1	d'Hondt method	No threshold	Assembly-independent republic
Sweden	Riksdag		Open listTwo tiers proportional representation with compensating	More open (5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)	0-1	Sainte-Laguë method(leveling seats)	4% nationally or 12% in a given constituency	Parliamentary system
Switzerland	National Council(Lower house of national legislature)		Open listparty proportional representation	Panachage	May vote for or delete as many candidates as there are mandates in the district Panachage allowed	Hagenbach-Bischoff system	No threshold	Semi-direct democracyunder anassembly-independentdirectorialrepublic

Notes

CEPPS

External links

• British Columbia Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform- A debate on the merits of open and closed lists by theCitizens' Assembly on Electoral Reformin the Canadian province ofBritish Columbia,2004.
• "Preferential Voting: Definition and Classification"- Paper presented by Jurij Toplak at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association's 67th Annual National Conference, Chicago, IL, April 2009.