Ophioglossum
| Ophioglossum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ophioglossum vulgatum | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Ophioglossales |
| Family: | Ophioglossaceae |
| Subfamily: | Ophioglossoideae |
| Genus: | Ophioglossum L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
| |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Ophioglossum,theadder's-tongue ferns,is agenusof about 50 species offernsin the familyOphioglossaceae.The nameOphioglossumcomes from theGreekmeaning "snake-tongue".[3]Theircosmopolitan distributionis mainly in tropical and subtropicalhabitats.[3]
The genus has the largest number ofchromosomesin the known plant kingdom, but contrary to popular belief does not have the largest number of chromosomes out of all known organisms, falling short to the protistSterkiella histriomuscorum.
Description
[edit]Adders-tongues are so-called because thespore-bearing stalk is thought to resemble asnake'stongue. Each plant typically sends up a small, undivided leaf blade with netted venation, and the spore stalk forks from the leaf stalk, terminating in sporangia which are partially concealed within a structure with slit sides.[3]
When the leaf blade is present, there is not always a spore stalk present, and the plants do not always send up a leaf, sometimes going for a year to a period of years living only under the soil, nourished by association with soilfungi.
The plant grows from a central, budding, fleshy structure with fleshy, radiating roots.
Ophioglossum malviaeis known as the world's smallest terrestrial fern.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]Ophioglossumhas a highchromosome count in comparison to other species,with 120 or up to 720 chromosomes possible in intervals of 120 due to polyploidy (multiple possible copies of chromosomes). It has almost 1260 number of chromosomes in the meiocyte (spore mother cell) which undergo meiosis, the reduction division to form the spore with only one set of chromosomes getting incorporated into each spore.[5]The speciesOphioglossum reticulatumhas the highest number of chromosomes found in any multicellular organism.[6]
Phylogeny
[edit]Phylogeny ofOphioglossum[7][8]
| Ophioglossum |
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Unassigned species:[2]
- (Goswamia)
- Ophioglossum gujaratensisS.M.Patil et al.
- Ophioglossum hitkishoreiM.Patel & M.N.Reddy
- Ophioglossum indicumB.L.Yadav & H.K.Goswami
- Ophioglossum isanensisPetchsri, Li Bing Zhang & Jaruwatt.
- Ophioglossum malviaeM.Patel & M.N.Reddy
- Ophioglossum raphaelianumAnto et al.
- (Haukia)
- Ophioglossum opacumR.Br.
- Ophioglossum tuberosumHook. & Arn.
- (Ophioglossum) s.s.
- Ophioglossum ammophilumC.D.Adams– sometimes included inO. gomezianum
- Ophioglossum azoricumC.Presl
- Ophioglossum bergianumSchltdl.
- Ophioglossum caroticauleJ.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum convexumJ.E.Burrows
- †Ophioglossum eocenum(Massalongo) Schimper
- Ophioglossum fernandezianumC.Chr.– doubtful species
- Ophioglossum×giovanniniiPeruzzi, Pierini, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane
- Ophioglossum gracileJ.E.Burrows ex Pocock– may be included inO. gramineum
- Ophioglossum gracillimumWelw. ex Hook. & Baker
- †Ophioglossum granulatumHeer
- Ophioglossum harrisiiUnderw.
- Ophioglossum jaykrishnaeS.M.Patil, S.K.Patel, Raole & K.S.Rajput– provisionally accepted name
- Ophioglossum latifolium(Prantl) J.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum lineareSchltr. & Brause– possibly a synonym ofO. parvifolium
- Ophioglossum louisiiTaton
- Ophioglossum loureirianumPresl
- Ophioglossum lusitanicumL.
- Ophioglossum melipillenseJ.Rémy
- Ophioglossum oblongumH.G.Zhou & H.Li
- †Ophioglossum ornatumFaddeeva
- Ophioglossum×pieriniiPeruzzi, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane
- Ophioglossum×pseudoazoricumPeruzzi, Pierini, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane
- Ophioglossum richardsiaeBurrows
- †Ophioglossum senomanicumChlonova
- Ophioglossum sandieaeJ.E.Burrows
- Ophioglossum scariosumClausen
- Ophioglossum thomasiiClausen
- Ophioglossum yongrenenseChing ex Z.R.He & W.M.Chu
Species that may be placed in this genus include:[2]
- Ophioglossum falcatum(Presl) Fowler=Ophioderma falcatum
- Ophioglossum intermediumHook.=Ophioderma intermedium
- Ophioglossum simplexRidley=Ophioderma simplex
References
[edit]- ^"Ophioglossum".Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Retrieved22 April2020.
- ^abcHassler, Michael (2004–2021)."GenusOphioglossumL. "World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 12.8.Retrieved2021-12-22.
- ^abceFloras:Ophioglossumaccessed 14 February 2014.
- ^Patel, Mitesh; Reddy, Mandadi Narsimha (2018)."Discovery of the World's Smallest Terrestrial Pteridophyte".Scientific Reports.8(1): 5911.Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5911P.doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24135-2.PMC5897345.PMID29651115.
- ^Lukhtanov, Vladimir (2015-07-10)."The blue butterfly Polyommatus (Plebicula) atlanticus (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) holds the record of the highest number of chromosomes in the non-polyploid eukaryotic organisms".Comparative Cytogenetics.9(4): 683–690.doi:10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.5760.PMC4698580.PMID26753083.
- ^Genome size expansion and the relationship between nuclear DNA content and spore size in the Asplenium monanthes fern complex (Aspleniaceae)
- ^Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022)."An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life".Frontiers in Plant Science.13:909768.doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768.PMC9449725.PMID36092417.
- ^"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL".FTOL v1.6.0 [GenBank release 259]. 2023.Retrieved27 July2024.
External links
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