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Orontes I
Bronze coin of Orontes I, minted atAdramyteionbetween 357–352 BC
Died344 BC
AllegianceAchaemenid Empire
Battles/warsBattle of Cunaxa
Spouse(s)Rhodogune
RelationsArtasyrus(father)
Orontes II(son or grandson)

Orontes I(Old Persian:*Arvanta-;died 344 BC) was a military officer of theAchaemenid EmpireandsatrapofArmeniaat the end of the 5th-century BC and first half of the 4th-century BC. He is notable for having led the unsuccessfulGreat Satraps' RevoltinAsia Minoragainst the Achaemenids from 362/1 BC to 360/359 BC.

He was the son ofArtasyrus,a high-rankingBactriannobleman. Through his maternal line, Orontes traced his descent back to the Persian magnateHydarnes,one of the six companions of theKing of KingsDarius the Great(r. 522–486 BC). Orontes first appears in records in 401 BC as the satrap of Armenia. There he participated in theBattle of Cunaxa,where he pursued theTen Thousandfollowing their retreat. In the same year, he marriedRhodogune,a daughter ofArtaxerxes II(r. 404–358 BC).

In the 380s BC, Orontes along with the satrapTiribazuswere assigned to lead the campaign againstEvagoras I(r. 411–374 BC), the king ofSalamisinCyprus.The campaign was initially successful, with Evagoras offering to make peace. However, after the negotiations between him and Tiribazus failed, Orontes accused the latter of deliberately prolonging the war and planning to declare independence. This led to Tiribazus' dismissal and imprisonment, triggering a chain of events which ultimately weakened the Persian forces, forcing Orontes to make peace with Evagoras in 380 BC. Artaxerxes II did not deem the conclusion of the war satisfactory, and as a result Orontes fell into disfavour.

Orontes later reappears in 362/1 BC, as the hyparch (governor) ofMysiaand the leader of the revolting satraps of Asia Minor. The revolt was shortlived, as Orontes betrayed his allies and shifted his allegiance back to Artaxerxes II. Orontes reportedly thought that he would be greatly rewarded if he did so at such a critical point. Since he was in possession of the troops and money, many other rebellious satraps followed suit. By 360/359 BC, the revolt had ended. Orontes revolted a second time in 354/3 BC, most likely due to his disappointment with the rewards he received by the king. He seized the town ofPergamon,but eventually reconciled with Artaxerxes II's son and successorArtaxerxes III(r. 358–338 BC) and gave him back the town. Orontes later died in 344 BC.

Orontes is regarded as the ancestor of theOrontid dynasty,which established itself inArmenia,Sophene,andCommageneduring the Achaemenid andHellenistic period.Orontes II,who was the satrap of Armenia and led the Armenian contingent (together withMithrenes) at theBattle of Gaugamelain 331 BC, was either a son or grandson of Orontes.

Name

"Orontes" is theGreektransliteration of theOld Persianname*Arvanta,which continued inMiddleandNew PersianasArvand.The name is related to theAvestanwordauruuaṇt-( "swift, vigorous, brave" ), which itself may be an abbreviated version of the Avestan nameAuruuaṱ.aspa-( "having swift horses" ).[1]

Background

Orontes was the son ofArtasyrus,aBactriannobleman,[2]who occupied the high-ranking office of the "King's Eye", and has been suggested be the same person as the namesake Iranian noble who participated in theBattle of Cunaxain 401 BC.[3]Orontes has therefore sometimes been referred to as "Orontes the Bactrian".[4]He and his father are the only Bactrians who are known to have occupied high offices under theAchaemenid Empire.[3]Bactrians that settled in other parts of the empire either did so by their own will or as garrison-colonists.[5]

Orontes claimed descent from the Persian magnateHydarnes,one of the six companions ofDarius the Great(r. 522–486 BC). This claim is supported by Orontes' later marriage in 401 BC toRhodogune,a daughter ofArtaxerxes II(r. 404–358 BC). Since Orontes' paternal line was Bactrian, it was likely through his maternal line his ancestry went back to Hydarnes.[6]The Achaemenidsatrapy of Armeniaseems to have been a semi-hereditary fief of Hydarnes, due to his descendants governing it until theHellenistic period.[7]From his maternal side, Orontes may have been related to two Persian noblemen also named Orontes, whom were prominent figures at the end of the 5th-century BC. One of them had desertedCyrus the Younger(died 401 BC) during his attempt to take the throne from Artaxerxes II, and as a result was executed. The other Orontes reportedly had bad relations with Artaxerxes II's motherParysatis,eventually being executed at her behest.[8]

According to the classical Greek authorPlutarch(died after 119 AD), Orontes' appearance was similar to that of the Greek mythological figureAlcmaeon.[1]

Expedition to Cyprus

Map of ancientCyprusand itscity-kingdoms

Orontes first appears in records in 401 BC, when he as satrap of Armenia pursued theTen Thousandfollowing their retreat at Cunaxa.[9]Armenia was divided into two separate satrapies, with the smaller, western part being governed by a hyparch, who was subordinate to the satrap of the rest of Armenia (referred to as "Armina" in theBehistun Inscription), which was Orontes.[10][11]In 386/385 BC, Orontes was made joint commander of the Persian expedition againstEvagoras I(r. 411–374 BC), the king ofSalamisinCyprus.He was assigned to the lead the Persian land forces, whileTiribazus,the satrap ofIonia,led the navy.[12]Tiribazus had also participated in battle at Cunaxa, and reportedly knew Orontes from his early days in Armenia, as Tiribazus had served as the hyparch of its western part till 395 BC.[10][13]

Evagoras had previously been a vassal of the Persian king, but had started to act more independently.[14]Initially only ruling over Salamis, he had now gained control over several cities of Cyprus, despite Artaxerxes II's demand to refrain from doing so.[15]Normally the Persian kings were little interested in the affairs of Cyprus, and would not interfere in the affairs of its kings. However, the conflict between Evagoras and the cities of Cyprus had caused instability. This disrupted Artaxerxes II's plans to attackEgypt,as Cyprus would also have to play a part in his expedition. As a result, Artaxerxes II sought to establish direct control over the island.[16]

Coin minted byEvagoras IatSalamis

By 382 BC, preparations for the campaign had been made, with a battle taking place the following year near the Cyprian city ofKition,where the Persians emerged victorious due to their larger fleet. Evagoras withdrew to Salamis, which was soon besieged by the Persians.[17][18]Failing to gain help from the EgyptpharaohHakor(r. 392/1–379/8 BC), Evagoras started to negotiate a peace treaty with Tiribazus, offering to withdraw from all the cities of Cyprus except Salamis, and pay a fixed yearly tribute to the Persian crown. Tiribazus was inclined to accept the offer, but the negotiations failed after Evagoras refused to also cede his status as king.[19][20]

The negotiations made Orontes fear that Tiribazus would reap all the honor and rewards if he also finished the Cypriot War just after having led the reconquest of the eastern Mediterranean lands. As a result he sent a number of accusations to Artaxerxes II, which mentioned that Tiribazus was deliberately prolonging the war and planning to declare independence.[20]Artaxerxes II was unable to make a proper assessment due to his distance, but could not risk Tiribazus ruin the recent Persian accomplishments, and as a result had him jailed inSusa.[21][19]

Glos, who was the father-in-law of Tiribazus and commander of the fleet, feared that he might be accused of cooperating with him. As a result he returned to westernAsia Minor,taking with him much of the Greek unit of the Persian forces. This heavily weakened the strength of the campaign force, as most of it was composed of Greeks. When the news reached the Asian Greek cities, some of them—mostly Ionian cities—attempted to gain independence.[21]With the remaining forces, Orontes resumed the siege of Salamis, and launched an attack which was repelled. Moreover, he also faced insubordination and indifference from his troops, as a result of Tiribazus' arrest.[22][18]Due to his weakened position, Orontes was forced to make peace with Evagoras in 380 BC. The terms of the treaty was that Evagoras was obligated to pay tribute to the Persian king, but as a subordinate king rather than a slave. Artaxerxes III did not deem the conclusion of the war satisfactory, as it had cost 15,000talents,and as a result Orontes fell into disfavour.[19]It may have been after this event that Orontes was dismissed as satrap of Armenia and sent to the distant region ofMysia.[9][23]Meanwhile, Tiribazus was pardoned and restored to his former position.[1]

Activity in Asia Minor

Map ofAsia Minor

In 362/1 BC,[1]Orontes reappears in sources as the hyparch of Mysia, subordinate to the satrapAutophradatesatSardis.[24][25]Before that period, Orontes was attempting to expand his domain. As demonstrated by his coinage atAdramyttiumandCisthenes,he recruited mercenaries, who helped him capture the city ofCymeand defeat the cavalry forces sent there by Autophradates to stop him.[23]In 362/1 BC, Orontes was chosen as the leader of therevolting satraps of Asia Minordue to his aristocratic background, his kinship with Artaxerxes II, as well as his hostility towards the latter.[1]The revolt was a culmination of a series of revolts led by other satraps, starting from 366 BC.[26]The details of Orontes' revolt are obscure.[27]He may have reached as far asSyria,but this remains disputed.[28]The revolt was shortlived, as Orontes betrayed his allies and shifted his allegiance back to Artaxerxes II. According to the classical Greek historianDiodorus Siculus(diedc. 30 BC), Orontes thought that he would be greatly rewarded if he did so at such a critical point.[29]Since Orontes was in possession of the troops and money, many other rebellious satraps followed suit. By 360/359 BC, the revolt had ended.[30]

Orontes revolted a second time in 354/3 BC, most likely due to his disappointment with the rewards he received by the king. He seized the town ofPergamon,but eventually reconciled with Artaxerxes II's son and successorArtaxerxes III(r. 358–338 BC) and gave him back the town. Orontes later died in 344 BC.[1]

Legacy

Orontes is regarded as the ancestor of theOrontid dynasty,which established itself inArmenia,Sophene,andCommageneduring the Achaemenid and Hellenistic period.[31]Orontes II,who was the satrap of Armenia and led the Armenian contingent (together withMithrenes) at theBattle of Gaugamelain 331 BC, was either a son or grandson of Orontes.[32][33]

Orontes is mentioned in one of thestelae(monument containing information) ofMount Nemrut,erected by his descendantAntiochus I of Commagene(r. 70–31 BC). The inscription of thestelaeplaces Orontes as the founder of the Orontid dynasty, and mentions his marriage with Rhodogune, in order to highlight the Commagenian claim to Achaemenid ancestry.[34][35]A relief of Orontes was also erected on thestelae,which, however, has been destroyed.[36]

Coinage

The gold coin attributed to Orontes I by some numismatists, minted atLampsacus

Some numismatics have attributed the gold coins minted atLampsacusto Orontes due to two reasons. The first reason was that they have the same mint location and reverse side as the bronze and silver coins of Orontes. However, it has now been the discovered that they did not share the same mint site, as the bronze and silver coins of Orontes were in reality minted atAdramyteionand Cisthene instead.[37]The second reason was that these coins were all minted during the same period, between 387–330 BC according to the AmericannumismatistAgnes Baldwin.[38]

According to the numismatist Hyla A. Troxell, there is nothing that suggests Orontes controlled Lampsacus.[38]When the satrapArtabazusrebelled against Artaxerxes III in 356 BC, he hired theAthenianmilitary commanderChares.The latter inflicted a heavy defeat on the king's forces, and retookSigeumand Lampsacus for Artabazus.[39]Troxell argues that Orontes had already started his second revolt by then, due to his correspondence with the Athenians, who awarded him Athenian citizenship. He further adds that Chares would not have taken Lampsacus from Orontes, due to the latter being a relative of Artabazus[a]and also being in rebellion against the king at the time.[37]In 352 BC, Lampsacus was once again under the king's control. Troxell suggests that the gold coins may have instead been minted by Artabazus, or even an unknown satrap loyal to the king.[38]

  • Bronze coin of Orontes I, minted at Adramyteion between 362–348 BC
    Bronze coin of Orontes I, minted atAdramyteionbetween 362–348 BC
  • Silver coin of Orontes I, minted at Cisthene between 362–348 BC
    Silver coin of Orontes I, minted atCisthenebetween 362–348 BC

Notes

  1. ^Artabazus's mother was Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes II.[40]

References

  1. ^abcdefSchmitt 2002.
  2. ^Gershevitch 1985,p. 354;Chahin 2001,p. 185;Troxell 1981,p. 27;Facella 2021;Boyce & Grenet 1991,p. 310;Osborne 1973,p. 521;Briant 2002,p. 751;Russell 1987,p. 47;Brosius 2020,p. 189;Marek 2016,p. 145
  3. ^abBoyce & Grenet 1991,p. 310.
  4. ^Gershevitch 1985,p. 354;Chahin 2001,p. 185
  5. ^Briant 2002,p. 751.
  6. ^Boyce & Grenet 1991,pp. 310–311.
  7. ^Schmitt 2004,pp. 588–590; see alsoSchmitt 1986,pp. 417–418
  8. ^Osborne 1973,pp. 521–522.
  9. ^abTroxell 1981,p. 27.
  10. ^abRuzicka 2012,p. 61.
  11. ^Jacobs & Rollinger 2021,pp. 673–674.
  12. ^Ruzicka 2012,p. 87.
  13. ^Osborne 1973,p. 524.
  14. ^Dandamaev 1989,p. 293.
  15. ^Ruzicka 2012,pp. 68–69.
  16. ^Ruzicka 2012,p. 68.
  17. ^Dandamaev 1989,p. 297.
  18. ^abClark & Turner 2018,p. 61.
  19. ^abcDandamaev 1989,p. 298.
  20. ^abRuzicka 2012,pp. 93–94.
  21. ^abRuzicka 2012,p. 94.
  22. ^Ruzicka 2012,p. 96.
  23. ^abBriant 2002,p. 662.
  24. ^Troxell 1981,pp. 27–28.
  25. ^Ruzicka 2012,p. 132.
  26. ^Osborne 1973,p. 539.
  27. ^Osborne 1973,p. 540.
  28. ^Briant 2002,pp. 665–666.
  29. ^Osborne 1973,p. 537.
  30. ^Osborne 1973,p. 541.
  31. ^Facella 2021.
  32. ^Jacobs & Rollinger 2021,p. 674.
  33. ^Osborne 1973,p. 550.
  34. ^Shayegan 2016,p. 13.
  35. ^Brijder 2014,p. 330.
  36. ^Brijder 2014,p. 328.
  37. ^abTroxell 1981,pp. 35–36.
  38. ^abcTroxell 1981,p. 36.
  39. ^Troxell 1981,p. 35.
  40. ^Ruzicka 2012,p. 155.

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