Ottomanism

OttomanismorOsmanlılık(Ottoman Turkish:عثمانلولق,Turkish:Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the 1876–1878First Constitutional Eraof theOttoman Empire.Its proponents believed that it could create the Unity of the Peoples,İttihad-ı Anasır,needed to keepmilletsfrom tearing the empire apart.^[1]

History

How it started

Thinkers such asMontesquieu(1689–1755) andRousseau(1712–1778), as well as the events of theFrench Revolutionof 1789, strongly influenced Ottomanism. It promoted equality among themillets.The idea of Ottomanism originated amongst theYoung Ottomans(founded in 1865) in concepts such as the acceptance of all separate ethnicities in the Empire regardless of their religion, i.e., all were to be "Ottomans" with equal rights. In other words, Ottomanism held that all subjects were equal before the law. Ideally, all citizens would share a geographical area, a language, culture, and a sense of a "non-Ottoman" party who were different from them. The essence of themilletsystem of confessional groupings was not dismantled, but secular organizations and policies were applied. Primary education, conscription,head taxandmilitary servicewere to be applied to non-Muslims and Muslims alike.^[2]

Development of the concept

Ottomanism was inspired and formed as a reaction to European ideas and the growing Western involvement in the Ottoman Empire. Following theTanzimatreforms begun in 1839, Ottomanism developed from a need to bring the Empire together.^[3]The Ottomans feared the growing threat the Europeans posed, especially after events like the 1838Treaty of Balta Liman,which allowed for British merchants in the Empire to be taxed equally to the locals, and the growing concern of thegreat powersover the treatment ofChristians within the Empire.The Ottomans thought that if they could unite the Empire fully under one state entity, then they would be stronger and the Europeans would have a harder time encroaching on Ottoman territory, as well as on Ottoman people. Previously,^[when?]the Empire was vastly split into many small communities that mostly governed themselves. TheSultanoversaw these communities, but most areas adhered to their own laws and beliefs.^[4] This accounted in part for the success of the Ottoman Empire: the Sultan didn't force any major changes on populations as he conquered them. Because of struggle forself-determination,the concept of nation-states with shared senses of identities began to rise in Europe, most notably with theGreek War of Independenceof 1821-1830, which also started affecting the various other peoples of the Ottoman Empire. From these instances, Ottomanism developed as a social and political response, with the hope of saving the Empire from downfall.

Ottoman nationality

The major precursors to Ottomanism were theReformation Edict of 1856,which promised full equality under the law regardless of religion, and theOttoman Nationality Lawof 1869, which created a commonOttoman citizenshipirrespective of religious or ethnic affiliation. TheOttoman Nationality Law,promulgated on January 19, 1869, was one of those laws that combined elements of the principles ofjus soliandjus sanguinisand thus resembled theFrench Nationality Law,specifically the 1851 formulation, which it is argued to have been inspired by.^[5]^[6]The nationality legislation was a 19th-century concept, and the Ottoman Empire adopted it early. The Ottoman Nationality Law appeared before any commonly-adopted international concept of the basic elements of this legislation. Many in the non-Muslimmilletsand many Muslims rejected Ottomanism. Non-Muslims perceived it as a step towards dismantling their traditional privileges. Meanwhile, the Muslims saw it as the elimination of their own superior position. There were claims that Ottomanism was a reaction to theTanzimat,the 1839-1876 era of intensive restructuring of the Ottoman Empire by the bureaucratic elite. The inauguration of theGeneral Assemblyin 1876 contributed to the spirit of reform, as allmilletswere represented in this bicameral assembly.

Young Turk Revolution

Ottomanism enjoyed a revival during theYoung Turk Revolutionof 1908,^[7]and during theSecond Constitutional Eraof 1908 to 1920.^[8]It lost most of its adherents during theFirst Balkan Warof 1912–13, when the Ottoman Empire lost most of its European territories inhabited by minorities. Disappointment in the failure of Ottomanism became integral to the surge ofKemalismin the 1920s.

References

^"The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims | Tehmina Kazi".the Guardian.2011-10-07.Retrieved2021-10-27.
^Dawn, C. Ernest. "From Ottomanism to Arabism: The Origin of an Ideology".Review of Politics.23.
^Cleveland, William L. (2013).A History of the Modern Middle East.Westview Press. p. 265.
^ Kemal H. Karpat (2002).Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays.BRILL. p. 207.ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.Retrieved11 February2013.
^Akcasu A.E. Nation and Migration in Late-Ottoman Spheres of (Legal) Belonging: A Comparative Look at Laws on Nationality. Nationalities Papers. 2021;49(6):1113-1131. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.79
^Will Hanley. “What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3, no. 2 (2016): 277–98.https://doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05.
^Moroni, Ileana (2010).O Ergatis, 1908-1909: Ottomanism, National Economy and Modernization in the Ottoman Empire.Libra Books.
^Kayalı, Hasan (1997).Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918.University of California Press.

The concept is covered under the sectionThe era of Modern Reform:Tanzimatat "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey" byStanford J. Shaw,Ezel Kural Shaw.
Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print
https://tr.boell.org/en/2019/08/22/nationalism-turkey-roots-and-contemporary-answers

[1] "The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims | Tehmina Kazi".the Guardian.2011-10-07.Retrieved2021-10-27.

[2] Dawn, C. Ernest. "From Ottomanism to Arabism: The Origin of an Ideology".Review of Politics.23.

[3] Cleveland, William L. (2013).A History of the Modern Middle East.Westview Press. p. 265.

[4] Kemal H. Karpat (2002).Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays.BRILL. p. 207.ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.Retrieved11 February2013.

[5] Akcasu A.E. Nation and Migration in Late-Ottoman Spheres of (Legal) Belonging: A Comparative Look at Laws on Nationality. Nationalities Papers. 2021;49(6):1113-1131. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.79

[6] Will Hanley. “What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3, no. 2 (2016): 277–98.https://doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05.

[7] Moroni, Ileana (2010).O Ergatis, 1908-1909: Ottomanism, National Economy and Modernization in the Ottoman Empire.Libra Books.

[8] Kayalı, Hasan (1997).Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918.University of California Press.

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