Leucanthemum vulgare
| Leucanthemum vulgare | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Leucanthemum |
| Species: | L. vulgare
|
| Binomial name | |
| Leucanthemum vulgare | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List of synonyms
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Leucanthemum vulgare,commonly known as theox-eye daisy,oxeye daisy,dog daisy,marguerite(French:Marguerite commune,"common marguerite" ) and other common names,[2]is a widespreadflowering plantnative toEuropeand the temperate regions ofAsia,and an introduced plant toNorth America,AustraliaandNew Zealand.
Description
[edit]L. vulgareis aperennialherbthat grows to a height of 80 centimetres (31 inches)[3]and has a creeping undergroundrhizome.The lower parts of the stem are hairy, sometimes densely hairy but more or lessglabrousin the lower parts. The largest leaves are at the base of the plant and are4–15 cm (1+1⁄2–6 in) long, about 5 cm (2 in) wide and have apetiole.These leaves have up to 15 teeth, or lobes or both on the edges. The leaves decrease in size up the stem, the upper leaves up to 7.5 cm (3 in) long, lack a petiole and are deeply toothed.[2][4][5][6][7]
The plant bears up to three "flowers" like those of a typicaldaisy.Each is a "head" orcapitulum2–7.5 cm (3⁄4–3 in) wide.[3]Each head has between fifteen and forty white "petals" (ray florets)1–2 centimetres (3⁄8–3⁄4in) long surrounding the yellow disc florets. Below the head is an involucre of glabrous greenbracts7–10 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄8inch) long with brownish edges. Flowering occurs from May to October.[3]The seed-likeachenesare1–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8in) long and have ten "ribs" along their edges but lack apappus.[2][4][5]
Ox-eye daisy is similar to shasta daisy (Leucanthemum×superbum) which has larger flower heads (5–12 cm or 2–4+3⁄4in wide) and to stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula) which has smaller heads (1.5–3 cm or5⁄8–1+1⁄8in wide).[4]L. maximumis also similar, usually with rays2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄8in) in length.[3]
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Plant after flowering -
Involucral bractsof capitulum
Taxonomy
[edit]L. vulgarewas first formally described in 1778 byJean-Baptiste Lamarck,who published the description inFlore françoise.[1][8][9]It is also known by the common names ox-eye daisy, dog daisy, field daisy, Marguerite, moon daisy, moon-penny, poor-land penny, poverty daisy and white daisy.[2]
The species was formerly described as part of theChrysanthemumgenus.[3]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
The species is native toEurope,and toTurkeyandGeorgiainWestern Asia.It is a typicalgrasslandperennialwildflower,growing in a variety ofplant communitiesincludingmeadowsandfields,underscruband open-canopy forests, and in disturbed areas. The species is widelynaturalisedin many parts of the world, includingNorth America,[3]and is considered to be aninvasive speciesin more than forty countries. It grows in temperate regions where average annual rainfall exceeds 750 mm (30 in), and often where soils are heavy and damp. It is often a weed of degraded pastures and roadsides.[4][6][11][12][13]
Ecology
[edit]The species spreads by seeds and by shallow, creepingrhizomes.A mature plant can produce up to 26,000 seeds that are spread by animals, vehicles, water and contaminated agricultural produce, and some seeds remain viable for up to nearly forty years. It is not palatable to cattle and reduces the amount of quality pasture available for grazing. In native landscapes such as theKosciuszko National Parkin Australia, dense infestation can exclude native plants, causing soil erosion and loss of soil organic matter.[4][6][12][13]
This plant was top-ranked for pollen production per floral unit sampled at the level of the entire capitulum, with a value of 15.9 ± 2 μL, in aUKstudy of meadow flowers.[14]
As an invasive species
[edit]
L. vulgareis one of the most widespread weeds in theAnthemideae.It became anintroduced speciesvia gardens intonatural areasin parts ofCanada,[15]theUnited States,[16]Australia,[4]andNew Zealand.[17]In somehabitatsit forms dense colonies displacingnative plantsand modifying existing communities.[11][18][19]
The plant commonly invadeslawns,and is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments[11]and is a problem in pastures where beef and dairy cattle graze, as usually they will not eat it, thus enabling it to spread;[17]cows who do eat it produce milk with an undesirable flavor.[20]It has been shown to carry several crop diseases.[21]
This species has been declared an environmental weed inNew South WalesandVictoria.In New South Wales it grows fromGlen Inneson theNorthern TablelandstoBombalain the far southeast of the state, and there are significant populations in the Kosciuszko National Park where it has invaded subalpine grassland, snowgum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) woodland and wetlands. In Victoria it is a prohibited species and must be eradicated or controlled.[4][22]
Uses
[edit]Food
[edit]The unopened flowerbudscan bemarinatedand used in a similar way tocapers.[23]
Maud Grieve'sModern Herbal(1931) states that "The taste of the dried herb is bitter and tingling, and the odour faintly resembles that ofvalerian."[24]
Tea
[edit]Oxeye grows wild in theArava Desertin SouthernIsrael,where the flowers are picked and dried and traditionally used byJewish Israelisto make a local variety ofherbal tea.[25]
Use in horticulture
[edit]L. vulgareis widely cultivated and available as a perennial floweringornamental plantfor gardens and designed meadowlandscapes.It thrives in a wide range of conditions but prefers a sunny or part-sun location of average soil that is damp (like many in the daisy family). The plant does well in raised and mulched garden beds that retain moisture and prevent weeds. It is amesophyteand therefore requires more or less a continuous water supply. The heads of faded and old blooms are oftendeadheadedto promote further blooming and to maintain the appearance of the plant. There arecultivars,such as 'May Queen', that begin blooming in early spring.[citation needed]
Allergies
[edit]Allergies to daisies do occur, usually causingcontact dermatitis.[26]
Symbolism
[edit]Since 1987 the daisy, specifically either oxeye daisy or themarguerite daisy(Argyranthemum frutescens), replacedred clover(Trifolium pratense) as thenational flowerofDenmark.Over time oxeye daisy has become more popular as it is native to Denmark, in contrast to the marguerite daisy.[27]
See also
[edit]- Argyranthemum frutescens– marguerite daisy
- Bellis perennis– common daisy
- Buphthalmum salicifolium– yellow ox-eye daisy
References
[edit]- ^abc"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^abcdBrown, Elizabeth A."Leucanthemum vulgare".Royal Botanic Garden Sydney.Retrieved23 January2019.
- ^abcdefSpellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979].National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region(rev ed.). Knopf. p. 383.ISBN978-0-375-40233-3.
- ^abcdefg"Leucanthemum vulgare".Queensland Government Weeds of Australia.Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^abThompson, Ian R. (2007)."A taxonomic treatment of tribe Anthemidae (Asteracea) in Australia".Muelleria.25:39–40.Retrieved25 November2023.
- ^abc"Ox-eye daisy".New South Wales Government Office of Environment and Heritage. 29 June 2018.Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^Walsh, Neville."Leucanthemum vulgare".Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.Retrieved23 January2019.
- ^"Leucanthemum vulgare".APNI.Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1778).Flore françoise (Volume 2).Vol. 2. Paris: l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 137.Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^Frère Marie-Victorin (2001-10-23)."Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Linné. ― Chrysanthème leucanthème. ― Marguerite. ― (Ox-eye daisy)".florelaurentienne.com.Retrieved19 March2024.
The folklore of this species is abundant and well known: young men and women pluck the leaves of a daisy to find out the truth about their love affairs
- ^abc"Ox-Eye Daisy –Chrysanthemum leucanthemum".cirrusimage.com.
- ^ab"Ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) ".State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria).Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^ab"Oxeye daisyLeucanthemum vulgare".Washington State Weed Control Board.Retrieved22 January2019.
- ^Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016)."Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows".PLOS ONE.11(6): e0158117.Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1158117H.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117.PMC4920406.PMID27341588.
- ^T. Dickinson; D. Metsger; J. Bull; R. Dickinson (2004).ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario.Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum.p. 175.
- ^oxeye daisy,Leucanthemum vulgare(Asterales: Asteraceae).Invasive.org (2010-05-04). Retrieved on 2015-07-08.
- ^ab"Oxeye daisy".Massey University; University of New Zealand.Retrieved23 January2019.
- ^"Plants Profile forLeucanthemum vulgare(oxeye daisy) ".usda.gov.
- ^"UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for LEUCANTHEMUM vulgare".berkeley.edu.
- ^Reiner, Ralph E. (1969).Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies.Glacier Park, Inc. p. 22.
- ^"Leucanthemum vulgare".University of Georgia: Invasive plant atlas.Retrieved23 January2019.
- ^"Ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) ".New South Wales Government Department of Primary Industries.Retrieved23 January2019.
- ^"Forbes Wild Food".wildfoods.ca.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-03-13.
- ^Grieve, Maud(1971).A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1.Courier Corporation. p. 248.ISBN9780486227986.
- ^Levy, Gideon."These Settler Farmers Are All About Peace and Love – Just Don't Mention Land Theft".Haaretz. Haaretz.Retrieved14 March2022.
- ^Lynette A. Gordon (1999). "Compositae dermatitis".Australasian Journal of Dermatology.40(3): 123–130.doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.1999.00341.x.PMID10439521.S2CID6212252.
- ^"Nationalplanter og -dyr"[Nationalplants and -animals] (in Danish). Naturstyrelsen, Danish Ministry of the Environment. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2023.Retrieved28 December2019.
Further reading
[edit]External links
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