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Pohela Boishakh (পহেলা বৈশাখ)
Pohela Baishakh celebration inDhaka,Bangladesh
Official namePohela Boishakh[1]
Also calledPahela Baishak, Pahela Boishak, Poila Boishakh (পয়লা বৈশাখ)
Observed byBengalis
TypeSocial, cultural and national festival
CelebrationsBoishakhi Mela(fair), gift-giving, visiting relatives and friends, songs, dance
Date14 April(Bangladesh)
15 April(India)
FrequencyAnnual
Related toSouth and Southeast Asian solar New Year
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Pohela Boishakh(Bengali:পহেলা বৈশাখ))[n 1]is theBengali New Yearcelebrated on 14 April inBangladeshand 15 April in theIndian[2]states ofWest Bengal,Tripura,JharkhandandAssam(GoalparaandBarak Valley). It is a festival based on the springharvest—which marks the first day of the new year in theofficial calendar of Bangladesh.[3][4][5][6]

The Pohela Boishakh has its origins in theMughal Empire,representing the proclamation of tax collection reforms underAkbar.[7]Its celebration is rooted in the traditions of theMahifarashcommunity ofOld Dhaka.[8][9]Presently, it is largely a secular holiday for most celebrants and enjoyed by people of several different faiths and backgrounds.

The festival is celebrated with processions, fairs and family time. The traditional greeting for Bengalis in the new year isশুভ নববর্ষ"Shubho Noboborsho"which is literally" Happy New Year ". The festiveMangal Shobhajatrais organised in Bangladesh. In 2016, theUNESCOdeclared this festivity organised by theFaculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhakaas a cultural heritage of humanity.[10]

History and origin[edit]

Nomenclature[edit]

InBengali,the wordPohela(orPahelaBengali:পহেলা), alternativelyPoila(Bengali:পয়লা), means 'first' andBoishakh(orBaishakBengali:বৈশাখ) is the first month of the Bengali calendar (Bengali:পহেলা বৈশাখPohela Boishakh,Pahela Boishakh,Pahale BaishakorBengali:পয়লা বৈশাখPoila Boishakh). [n 1][22]

Bengali New Year is referred to in Bengali asNobo Borsho(Bengali:নববর্ষ), where 'Nobo' means new and 'Borsho' means year.[23] [24]

Mughal EmperorAkbarbegan the celebration of Bengali New Year and officialised the Bengalicalendarto ease the tax collection process.

Traditional roots[edit]

Muslim origin theory[edit]

During Mughal rule, land taxes were collected fromBengalipeople according to the IslamicHijricalendar. This calendar was alunar calendar,and its new year did not coincide with the solaragricultural cycles.According to some sources, the festival was a tradition introduced inBengalduring the rule of Mughal EmperorAkbarto time the tax year to the harvest, and the Bangla year was therewith calledBangabda.Akbar asked the royalastronomerFathullah Shirazito create a new calendar by combining the lunarIslamic calendarand solarHindu calendaralready in use, and this was known as Fasholi shan (harvest calendar). According to some historians, this started theBengali calendar.According toShamsuzzaman Khan,it could be NawabMurshid Quli Khan,a Mughal governor, who first used the tradition of Punyaho as "a day for ceremonial land tax collection", and used Akbar's fiscal policy to start theBangla calendar.[7][25]

According to Shamsuzzaman Khan,[26]andNitish Sengupta,the origin of the Bengali calendar is unclear.[27]According to Shamsuzzaman, it is called Bangla shon or shaal, which areArabic(سن) andPersian(سال) words respectively, suggests that it was introduced by a Muslim king or sultan. "[26]In contrast, according to Sengupta, its traditional name isBangabda.[27][28]It is also unclear, whether it was adopted byAlauddin Husain Shahor Akbar. The tradition to use the Bengali calendar may have been started by Husain Shah before Akbar.[27]Regardless of who adopted the Bengali calendar and the new year, states Sengupta, it helped collect land taxes after the spring harvest based on traditional Bengali calendar, because the Islamic Hijri calendar created administrative difficulties in setting the collection date.[27] Some say that the current Bengali Calendar begins from the year ofHijrah,i.e., migration ofProphet Muhammad,the last messenger inIslam,fromMakkahtoMadinah.[29]

Vikramaditya origin theory[edit]

Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th-century Indian kingShashanka.[26][27]The termBangabda(Bangla year) is found too in twoShivatemples many centuries older thanAkbarera, suggesting that Bengali calendar existed before Akbar's time.[27]Various dynasties whose territories extended intoBengal,prior to the 13th-century, used theVikramicalendar.Buddhisttexts and inscriptions created in thePala Empireera mention "Vikrama" and the months such asAshvin,a system found inSanskrittexts elsewhere in ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent.[23][30][31][32][33]

In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India andNepal.However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BCE, the Bengali calendar starts from 593 CE suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.[34][35][36]

Contemporary usage[edit]

In Bangladesh however, the old Bengali calendar was modified in 1966 by a committee headed byMuhammad Shahidullah,making the first five months 31 days long, rest 30 days each, with the month of Falgun adjusted to 31 days in every leap year.[37]This was officially adopted by Bangladesh in 1987. Since then, the national calendar starts with and the new year festival always falls on 14 April in Bangladesh.[37]In 2018–19, the calendar was amended again, with Falgun now lasting 29 days in regular years and to 30 days in leap ones, in an effort to more align with Western use of the Gregorian calendar. However, the date of the celebration, 14 April, was retained.

The Bengali calendar inIndiaremains tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals. For Bengalis of West Bengal and other Indian states, the festival falls either on 14 or 15 April every year. The current Bengali calendar in use in the Indian states is based on the Sanskrit textSurya Siddhanta.It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month asBaishakh.[37]

Holiday customs[edit]

Visiting family and friends[edit]

During Pohela Boishakh, people wear traditional attire, namely women clad insarisandsalwar kameezand men dressed inkurta,visit their families and friends and spend time together. Pohela Boishakh is also known for uniting friends and family after a long time. It is a time for unity and reuniting, and spending enjoyable time with friends and family, while putting the past behind.

New year salutation[edit]

See also:Chhayanaut
The new year salutation atRamna Park

The celebration of Bengali new yearPahela Baishakhbegins at dawn arranges by the cultural organisationChhayanautwelcoming the year at Ramna Batamul under the banyan tree in the Ramna Park in Bangladesh.[38]

Haal Khata[edit]

Main article:Haal Khata

Haal Khatais a festival celebrated on the occasion of Pohela Boishakh in order to complete all the account reckonings of the last year and open a newledger.It is observed by the Bengali businessmen, shopkeepers and traders. It signifies that every year starts with a new beginning. It ignores all the due debts of customers and shopkeepers alike, and instead opens a new page for a new year of shopkeeping.

Red-White Attire[edit]

On this occasion, males are seen wearing red or whiteKurtawith traditional designs on them, imprinted or embroidered. Women and young ladies wear red and whitesareewith blouses and put on flower crowns on their heads. Girls also dress insalwar kameez.They are seen wearing traditional ornaments and accessories along with their dresses. It is thought that it is because the traditional ledgers used in Haal Khata had a red cover with white pages.

Baishakhi meal[edit]

In recent times, claiming it to be traditional, Bengalis eatPanta Bhatorpoitabhat,which is a rice-based dish prepared by soaking rice, generally leftovers, in water overnight. It is popularly eaten withHilsaFish and other curries.[39]But many argue that it is not an age-old tradition and merely a trend.[40]To stop overfishing and to repopulate the dwindling Hilsa population, around this time, fishing is banned.

Mangal shobhajatra[edit]

Main article:Mangal Shobhajatra

Baishakhi Rural Fair[edit]

It is a fair held by the locals of that area where many different things ranging from books to special dishes are sold. Traditionally, the fair was held under hugeBanyantrees and traders from far across the areas would gather with their goods and toys in the fair. Some rides such as Nagordola (woodenFerris wheel), are set for kids. Different types of traditional foods are sold out in the stalls such asJilipi,Sandesh,Soan papdi,Batasha (a candy made of sugar or jaggery),[circular reference]Khoi (popped rice), Kadma (a candy made of sugar), and so forth. 'Bioscope', a form of the old movie projector, was also a part of the attraction for the younglings back in the days.[41]

Locality[edit]

Bangladesh[edit]

Mangal Shobhajatra at Pohela Boishakh in Bangladesh.UNESCOrecognises Mangal Shobhajatra as cultural heritage.[42]

The Bengali New Year is observed as a public holiday in Bangladesh. It is celebrated across religious boundaries by its Muslim majority and Hindu minority.[43]According toWillem van SchendelandHenk Schulte Nordholt,the festival became a popular means of expressing cultural pride and heritage among the Bangladeshi as they resisted Pakistani rule in the 1950s and 1960s.[44]

The day is marked with singing, processions, and fairs. Traditionally, businesses start this day with a new ledger, clearing out the old which often involves inviting loyal customers and offering sweetmeats to them. This festival is calledHaal Khata.Singers perform traditional songs welcoming the new year. People enjoy classicalJatra plays.People wear festive dress with women desking their hair with flowers. White-red color combinations are particularly popular.[45]

Bangladeshis prepare and enjoy a variety of traditional festive foods on Pohela Boishakh. These includepanta bhat(watered rice),ilishbhaji(fried hilsa fish) and many specialbhartas(pastes).[46][45]

In Dhaka[edit]

Students of Charukala (Fine Arts) Institute,Dhaka Universitypreparing masks for Pohela Boishakh
Colorful celebration of Pohela Boishakh in Dhaka

The celebrations start in Dhaka at dawn with a rendition ofRabindranath Tagore's song "Esho he Boishakh"byChhayanautunder the banyan tree atRamna(the Ramna Batamul). An integral part of the festivities is theMangal Shobhajatra,a traditional colourful procession organised by the students of theFaculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka(Charukala). According to the history, the rudimentary step of Mangal Shobhjatra was started in Jessore by Charupith, a community organisation, in 1985. Later in 1989 the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka arranged this Mangal Shobhajatra with different motifs and themes. Now, the Mangal Shobhajatra is celebrated by different organisation in all over the country.[47]

The Dhaka UniversityMangal Shobhajatratradition started in 1989 when students used the procession to overcome their frustration with the military rule. They organised the festival to create masks and floats with at least three theme, one highlighting evil, another courage, and a third about peace.[10]It also highlighted the pride of Bangladeshi people for their folk heritage irrespective of religion, creed, caste, gender or age.[10]

In recent years, the procession has a different theme relevant to the country's culture and politics every year. Different cultural organisations and bands also perform on this occasion and fairs celebratingBengali cultureare organised throughout the country. Other traditional events held to celebrate Pohela Boishakh include bull racing in Munshiganj,Boli Khela(wrestling) in Chittagong,Nouka Baich(boat racing), cockfights, pigeon racing.[48]

In Chittagong[edit]

Pohela Boishakh celebrations in Chittagong involves similar traditions of that in Dhaka. The students of the fine arts institute ofChittagong Universitybrings the Mangal Shobhajatra procession in the city, followed by daylong cultural activities.[49]

At DC hill & CRB, a range of cultural programmes are held by different socio-cultural and educational organisations of the city. The Shammilito Pohela Boishakh Udjapon Parishad holds a two-day function at the hill premises to observe the festival, starting with Rabindra Sangeet recitations in the morning. In the late afternoon, through evening, Chaitra Sangkranti programme is held to bid farewell to the previous year.[49]

At the Chittagong Shilpakala Academy, different folk cultures, music, dances, puppet shows are displayed.[49]

India[edit]

Pohela Boishakh Festive Meal

Bengalis of India have historically celebrated Pohela Boishakh, and it is an official regional holiday in its states of West Bengal and Tripura. The day is also called Nabo Barsho.[50]

West Bengal[edit]

Pohela Boisakh has been the traditional New Year festival in the state, with the new year referred to as theNoboborsho.[23]The festival falls on 14 or 15 April, as West Bengal follows its traditional Bengali calendar, which adjusts for solar cycle differently than the one used in Bangladesh where the festival falls on 14 April.[51]

Notable events of West Bengal include the early morning cultural processions calledPrabhat Pheri.These processions see dance troupes and children dressed up with floats, displaying their performance arts to songs ofRabindranath Tagore.[52]

Tripura and Northeast India[edit]

Pohela Boishakh is a state holiday in Tripura. People wear new clothes and start the day by praying at the temples for a prosperous year. The day marks the traditional accounting new year for merchants.[53][54]Festive foods such asconfectionery and sweetsare purchased and distributed as gifts to friends and family members.[54]

The festival is also observed by the Bengali communities in other eastern states such asAssam.[55]

Celebration in other countries[edit]

Main article:Boishakhi Mela

Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society ofAlbertain Canada celebrates its Heritage Festival (Bengali New Year) in a colourful manner along with other organisations. Bengali people inCalgarycelebrate the day with traditional food, dress, and with Bengali culture.[56][57]The Bangabandhu Council of Australia also hosts a Pohela Boishakh event at theSydney Olympic Park.[58]

See also[edit]

Gallery[edit]

  • Children in Bangladesh carrying placards in Pohela Boishakh's rally
    Children in Bangladesh carrying placards in Pohela Boishakh's rally
  • Children in Bangladesh carrying colourful placards in Pohela Boishakh's rally
    Children in Bangladesh carrying colourful placards in Pohela Boishakh's rally
  • Girls in Bangladesh wearing traditional saris and flower crowns at Pohela Boishakh celebration in Chittagong
    Girls in Bangladesh wearing traditional saris and flower crowns at Pohela Boishakh celebration inChittagong
  • Art competition at Pohela Boishakh celebration in Chittagong
    Art competition at Pohela Boishakh celebration inChittagong
  • Colorful show pieces in a Boishakhi fair stall
    Colorful show pieces in a Boishakhi fair stall
  • Pohela Boishakh Celebration by the Women Association, Abudhabi, UAE
    Pohela Boishakh Celebration by the Women Association, Abudhabi, UAE
  • A motif of sun at Mangal Shobhajatra procession in Pohela Boishakh celebration at Dhaka
    A motif of sun atMangal Shobhajatraprocession in Pohela Boishakh celebration atDhaka

Notelist[edit]

  1. ^abAlternative English interations of the phrase include "Pahela Baishakh",[11][12][13][14]"Pahela Boishak"[15][16][17][18]and "Poila Boishak".[19][20][21]

References[edit]

  1. ^Nubras Samayeen; Sharif Imon (2016). Kapila D. Silva and Amita Sinha (ed.).Cultural Landscapes of South Asia: Studies in Heritage Conservation and Management.Taylor & Francis. pp. 159–160.ISBN978-1-317-36592-1.
  2. ^Bureau, ABP News (14 April 2022)."Poila Boishakh 1429: Why Bangladesh & West Bengal Celebrate Bengali New Year On Different Days".news.abplive.com.Retrieved14 April2022.
  3. ^Kapila D. Silva; Amita Sinha (2016).Cultural Landscapes of South Asia: Studies in Heritage Conservation and Management.Taylor & Francis. pp. 159–162.ISBN978-1-317-36592-1.
  4. ^"BBC – Religion: Hinduism – Vaisakhi".BBC.Retrieved22 January2012.
  5. ^Crump, William D. (2014),Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide,MacFarland, page 114.
  6. ^Gordon Melton, J. (13 September 2011).Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations.ISBN9781598842067.
  7. ^abChakrabarti, Kunal (2013).Historical dictionary of the Bengalis.Shubhra Chakrabarti. Lanham [Maryland].ISBN978-0-8108-8024-5.OCLC861692768.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^Akram, Ridwan (14 April 2017)."বৈশাখী খাবারের সুলুক সন্ধানে"[In search of Boishakhi banquets].Bdnews24.com(in Bengali).
  9. ^Sahebul Haq, Sheikh."মাহিফরাসের দাওয়াত টু পয়লার ইলিশ-পান্তা"[From the banquets of the Mahifarash to the Ilish-Panta of Poila Boishakh].Ei Samay Gold(in Bengali).
  10. ^abcMangal Shobhajatra on Pohela Boishakh.UNESCO.
  11. ^Versaci, Antonella; Cennamo, Claudia; Akagawa, Natsuko (27 April 2022).Conservation of Architectural Heritage (CAH): Embodiment of Identity.Springer Nature. p. 63.ISBN978-3-030-95564-9.
  12. ^Uddin, Sufia M. (15 December 2006).Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation.Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 135.ISBN978-0-8078-7733-3.
  13. ^Karlekar, Hiranmay (2005).Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan?.SAGE Publications.ISBN978-0-7619-3401-1.
  14. ^Amin, Sakib Bin (7 August 2021).The Economy of Tourism in Bangladesh: Prospects, Constraints, and Policies.Springer Nature. p. 33.ISBN978-3-030-72900-4.
  15. ^Corbally, Chris; Dinell, Darry; Ricker, Aaron (1 November 2020)."Pahela+Boishakh" &pg=PA135&printsec=frontcoverIntersections of Religion and Astronomy.Routledge. p. 135.ISBN978-1-000-21727-8.
  16. ^Guhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (30 April 2013).The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics.Duke University Press. pp. 17–21.ISBN978-0-8223-9567-6.
  17. ^Bangladesh Quarterly.Department of Films & Publications, Government of Bangladesh. 2012. p. 22.
  18. ^Kirkpatrick, Andy (31 December 2020).The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes.Routledge. p. 270.ISBN978-1-000-31972-9.
  19. ^Vijay, Devi; Varman, Rohit (February 2018).Alternative Organisations in India: Undoing Boundaries.89: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-108-42217-8.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location (link)
  20. ^Khokan, Sahidul Hasan (14 April 2023)."Bangladesh celebrates Bengali New Year Poila Boishakh".India Today.Dhaka.Retrieved14 November2023.
  21. ^Shamsi, Mohammed Safi (7 September 2023)."West Bengal Assembly picks Poila Boishakh as state's foundation day, BJP against decision".Deccan Herald.Retrieved13 November2023.
  22. ^Kapila D. Silva; Amita Sinha (2016).Cultural Landscapes of South Asia: Studies in Heritage Conservation and Management.Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–168.ISBN978-1-317-36592-1.,Quote: "Pohela Boishakh is celebrated on the first day of Boishakh, the first month of the Bengali calendar. It falls on 14 April in the Gregorian calendar, and it coincides with similar Vedic calendar-based New Year celebrations (...)"
  23. ^abcWilliam D. Crump (2014).Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide.McFarland. p. 113114.ISBN978-0-7864-9545-0.,Quote: "Naba Barsha( "New Year" ). Hindu New Year festival in West Bengal State, observed on the first day of the month of Vaisakha or Baisakh (corresponds to mid-April). New Year's Day is known asPahela Baisakh(First of Baisakh). "
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  26. ^abcGuhathakurta, Meghna; Schendel, Willem van (2013).The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics.Duke University Press. pp. 17–18.ISBN9780822353188.
  27. ^abcdefNitish K. Sengupta (2011).Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib.Penguin Books India. pp. 96–98.ISBN978-0-14-341678-4.
  28. ^Syed Ashraf Ali,Bangabda,National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
  29. ^https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/14395-bengali-calendar-begins-with-hijrah/
  30. ^Karen Pechilis; Selva J. Raj (2013).South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today.Routledge. pp. 48–49.ISBN978-0-415-44851-2.
  31. ^Roshen Dalal (2010).Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide.Penguin Books. pp. 135–137.ISBN978-0-14-341421-6.
  32. ^D. C. Sircar (1965).Indian Epigraphy.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 241, 272–273.ISBN978-81-208-1166-9.
  33. ^Richard Salomon (1998).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press. pp. 148, 246–247, 346.ISBN978-0-19-509984-3.
  34. ^Morton Klass (1978).From Field to Factory: Community Structure and Industrialization in West Bengal.University Press of America. pp. 166–167.ISBN978-0-7618-0420-8.
  35. ^Ralph W. Nicholas (2003).Fruits of Worship: Practical Religion in Bengal.Orient Blackswan. pp. 13–23.ISBN978-81-8028-006-1.
  36. ^Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2016).Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-874557-0.
  37. ^abcKunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013).Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis.Scarecrow. pp. 114–115.ISBN978-0-8108-8024-5.
  38. ^Nation celebrates Pahela Baishakh, newagebd.net, 14 April 2019
  39. ^Staff Correspondent."Pahela Baishakh down the years".Prothomalo.Retrieved13 April2021.
  40. ^Haider, Reaz (9 April 2016)."'Will not have Hilsa on Pahela Baishakh'".The Daily Star.Retrieved18 December2022.
  41. ^"Boishakhi Mela".
  42. ^Mongol Shobhojatra on Pohela Boishakh
  43. ^Kapila D. Silva; Amita Sinha (2016).Cultural Landscapes of South Asia: Studies in Heritage\n "Conservation and Management.Taylor & Francis. pp. 159–168.ISBN978-1-317-36592-1.
  44. ^Willem van Schendel; Henk Schulte Nordholt (2001).Time Matters: Global and Local Time in Asian Societies.VU University\n\t "Press. p. 41.ISBN978-90-5383-745-0.
  45. ^abMeghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (2013).The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics.Duke University Press. pp. 17–21.ISBN978-0-8223-9567-6.
  46. ^Vishweshwaraiah Prakash;Olga Martin-Belloso;Larry Keener; et al., eds. (2016).Regulating Safety of Traditional and Ethnic Foods.Elsevier Science. p. 104.ISBN978-0-12-800620-7.
  47. ^মঙ্গল শোভাযাত্রা(Non-English source)
  48. ^"Nobo Borsho and Pahela Baishakh: The Past and the Present".The Daily Star.14 April 2013.
  49. ^abcChakraborty, Pranabesh."Chittagong set to welcome Bangla New Year".The Daily Star.Retrieved7 April2017.
  50. ^William D. Crump (2014).Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide.McFarland. pp. 114–115.ISBN978-0-7864-9545-0.
  51. ^Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (2013).Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis.Scarecrow. pp. 114–115.ISBN978-0-8108-8024-5.
  52. ^'Poila Baisakh' celebrated in West Bengal,Press Trust of India (15 April 2015)
  53. ^Pahela Baisakh celebrated in Tripura,Bangladesh News (15 April 2014)
  54. ^abTripura people observed Pahela Baishakh,Financial Express (14 April 2016)
  55. ^Celebrating New Year all year long!,The Statesman, 29 December 2016
  56. ^"Naba Barsha in Bengal".Retrieved5 May2016.
  57. ^"Our Bengali Event Heritage".Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society of Alberta.Archived fromthe originalon 27 July 2015.
  58. ^"BOISHAKHI MELA".Boishakhi Mela.Retrieved4 April2018.

External links[edit]

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