Paixiao
Thepaixiao(traditional:Bài tiêu;simplified:Bài tiêu;pinyin:páixiāo;alsopái xiāo) is a Chinese windinstrument,a form ofpan flute.A major difference between the Chinese Paixiao and the panpipes used in European and South American traditions, is that at the top of the Chinese instrument the pipe holes are each cut angled or with notches. This allows for bending thepitchin similar capacity to thedongxiaodown aminor second.This allows Chinese paixiao to be fullychromaticwithout loss intimbre,even though the included pipes are tuneddiatonically.The method of blowingsois to hold the head of the frame with both hands, with the mouthpiece facing the front, place the lower lip on the mouthpiece, and find and blow each tube according to the pitch.[1]
In Korea, an instrument called theso(hangul:소;hanja:Tiêu) was derived from thepaixiaoand used in ritual music. Thesois made up of 16bambootubes, so each sound is played in one tube.[1]
History
[edit] | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(June 2023) |
The earliest paixiao discovered so far in the world is thebonepaixiao in the early Western Zhou dynasty 3000 years ago.
The two earliest bamboopaixiao,unearthed from thetomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng,are from theWarring States periodover 2400 years ago. They are shaped like the wings of a phoenix. They are all made of 13 bamboo tubes of different lengths arranged in turn and wrapped with three bamboo tubes. The surface is decorated with red three corner patterns on a black background. In ancient times, male and femalepaixiaowere often used as ensemble to set off each other, just like male and female duets.
During the 1600 years from the Spring and Autumn period to the end of theTang dynasty,the number and length of PaiXiao were different, which were spread through the ages and improved by instrumentalists. There are still twopaixiaofrom the Tang dynasty in the Shōsōin Repository of Tōdai-ji Buddhist temple inNara,the ancient capital of Japan.
In the Institute of Chinese music in Beijing, there is apaixiaomade in theQianlongperiod (1736–1795) of the Qing dynasty. There are 16 pipes in total. Each pipe is engraved with a sound name. The craft is very exquisite, and the shape is beautiful. There are two golden dragons rising from the clouds on the set frame.
In 1981,Jilin operahouse developed the double row and keypaixiao.This kind of paixiao has a wide range of sound, which can not only play melodious and soothing music, but also play lively and lively music.
A musician named Gao Ming ( cao minh ) plays a version called thepaidiin the Tang Dynasty Music and Dance Show at theShaanxi Grand Opera HouseinXi'an;he has been a member of this ensemble since 1982. While his instrument superficially resembles the instrument used during the Tang dynasty, its pipes haveductsrather than being end-blown, it is played with the pipes held horizontally rather than vertically, and it is set up to play in parallel thirds.[2]