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Pamphylia

Coordinates:37°N31°E/ 37°N 31°E/37; 31
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pamphylia (Παμφυλία)
Ancient Region of Anatolia
Ruins of the main street in Perga, capital of Pamphylia
LocationSouthernAnatolia(modern-dayTurkey)
State existed:-
NationPamphylians, Pisidians, Greeks
Historical capitalsPerga(Aksu),Attaleia(Antalya)
Roman provincePamphylia
Anatolia/Asia Minorin the Greco-Roman period. The classical regions, including Pamphylia, and their main settlements.

Pamphylia(/pæmˈfɪliə/;Ancient Greek:Παμφυλία,Pamphylía) was a region in the south ofAsia Minor,betweenLyciaandCilicia,extending from theMediterraneantoMount Taurus(all in modern-dayAntalya province,Turkey). It was bounded on the north byPisidiaand was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 120 km (75 miles) with a breadth of about 50 km (30 miles). Under the Roman administration the term Pamphylia was extended so as to include Pisidia and the whole tract up to the frontiers ofPhrygiaandLycaonia,and in this wider sense it is employed byPtolemy.[1]

Name

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The namePamphyliacomes from theGreekΠαμφυλία,[2]itself fromAncient Greek:πάμφυλος(pamphylos), literally "of mingled tribes or races",[3]a compound of πᾶν (pan), neuter of πᾶς (pas) "all"[4]+ φυλή (phylē), "race, tribe".[5]Herodotus derived its etymology from aDoriantribe, the Pamphyloi (Πάμφυλοι), who were said to have colonized the region.[6]The tribe, in turn, was said to be named afterPamphylos(Greek: Πάμφυλος), son ofAigimios.[7][8]

Origins of the Pamphylians

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According toEncyclopædia Britannica,the Pamphylians were “a mixture ofaboriginal inhabitants,immigrantCilicians(Greek:Κίλικες) andGreeks”.[9]However,HerodotusandStraborecord that the Pamphylians were descended from Greeks who came withCalchasandAmphilochosafter theTrojan War.[10]Additionally,Pausaniasstates that they were a Greek race.[11]Theopompus, as well, informs us that Pamphylia was inhabited by Greeks.[12]Some modern scholars suggest that they migrated to Pamphylia fromArcadiaand generally thePeloponnesein the 12th century BC.[13]The significance of the Greek contribution to the origin of the Pamphylians can be attested alike by tradition and archaeology,[14]and Pamphylia can be considered a Greek country from the earlyIron Ageuntil the earlyMiddle Ages.[15]

There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people, though the former had received colonies from Greece and other lands, and from this cause, combined with the greater fertility of their territory, had become more civilized than their neighbours in the interior.[citation needed]But the distinction between the two seems to have been established at an early period. Herodotus, who does not mention the Pisidians, enumerates the Pamphylians among the nations of Asia Minor, whileEphorusmentions them both, correctly including the one among the nations on the coast, the other among those of the interior.[1]

A map showing Pamphylia's location within the Roman Empire
15th-century map showing Pamphylia
Slinger standing left,triskelionto right; reverse of a silverstaterfrom Aspendos, Pamphylia

A number of scholars have distinguished in thePamphylian dialectimportantisoglosseswith both Arcadian and Cypriot (Arcadocypriot Greek) which allow them to be studied together with the group of dialects sometimes referred to asAchaeansince it was settled not only by Achaean tribes but also colonists from other Greek-speaking regions, Dorians andAeolians.[16]The legend related by Herodotus and Strabo, which ascribed the origin of the Pamphylians to a colony led into their country byAmphilochusandCalchasafter theTrojan War,is merely a characteristic myth.[1]

History

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During theLate Bronze Age,the region was on the western edge of theHittitesphere of influence. A treaty between the Hittite kingTudḫaliya IVand his vassal, the king ofTarḫuntašša,defined the latter's western border at the cityParhain later Pamphylia and theKastaraya River.[17]West of Parha were theLukka lands.[18]

In the historical era, the region's population spokePamphylian,an idiosyncratic dialect ofGreekseemingly influenced byAnatolian languagesspoken nearby. On Cyrus's defeat of Croesus, Pamphylia passed to the Persian Empire. Darius included it in his first tax-district alongside Lycia, Magnesia, Ionia, Aeolia, Mysia, and Caria.[19]At some point between 468 and 465 BC, the Athenians under Cimon fought the Persians at theEurymedon,and won; thus adding Pamphylia to their "Delian League" empire. Toward the end of thePeloponnesian War,the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake it.[20]

UponAlexander the Great's defeat ofDarius III,Pamphylia passed back to Greek rule, now Macedonians. After the defeat ofAntiochus IIIin 190 BC they were included among the provinces annexed by the Romans to the dominions ofEumenes of Pergamum;but somewhat later they joined with the Pisidians and Cilicians in piratical ravages, andSidebecame the chief centre and slave mart of these freebooters. Pamphylia was for a short time included in the dominions ofAmyntas,king ofGalatia,but after his death lapsed into a district of a Roman province.[1]

As of 1911, the district was largely peopled with recently settled Ottoman Muslims from Greece, Crete, and the Balkans, as a result of the long-term consequences of theCongress of Berlinand the collapse of theOttoman Empire.[1]

Coin ofAspendos,Pamphylia, circa 465-430 BC

Notable people from Pamphylia

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  • Diodorus of Aspendos,Pythagorean philosopher (4th century BC)[21][22]
  • Apollonius of Perga,astronomer, mathematician (c. 262 - c. 190 BC)
  • Artemidorus of Perga,proxenosinOropos(c. 240 -180 BC)[23]
  • Aetos (son of Apollonius) from Aspendos, Ptolemaic commander, founder ofArsinoe (Cilicia)(c. 238 BC)[24]
  • Mnaseas (son of Artemon) fromSide,sculptor (end 3rd century BC)[25]
  • Orestas (son of Erymneus) fromAspendos,proxenosinDreros(Crete), (end 3rd - beginning 2nd century BC)[26]
  • Thymilus ofAspendos,stadion(distance of 180–190 m) running race victor (winner) in Olympics 176 BC[27]
  • Apollonios (son of Koiranos) from Aspendos, Ptolemaic commander,proxenosinLappaandAptera(Crete) (1st half - 2nd century BC)[28]
  • Asclepiades (son of Myron) from Perga, physician honoured by the people ofSeleucia(3rd - 2nd century BC)[29]
  • Plancia Magnafrom Perga, influential citizen, benefactress, high-priestess of Artemis (1st and 2nd century AD)[30]
  • Menodora (daughter of Megacles) fromSillyon,magistrate and benefactor (c. 2nd century AD)[31]
  • Zenon (son of Theodorus) fromAspendos,architect of the Aspendos theatre (2nd century AD)[32]
  • Apollonius of Aspendos (son of Apollonius), poet (2nd/early 3rd century AD)[33]
  • Aurelia Paulinafrom Perga, prominent noblewoman of Syrian origin, donator, high-priestess of Artemis (2nd and 3rd century AD)
  • Probusfrom Side, martyr (died c. 304 AD)
  • Philip of Side,historian (c. 380 - after 431)
  • Matrona of Perge,saint, abbess of Constantinople, (late 5th - early 6th century AD)[34]
  • Antony I Kassymatasfrom Sillyon, patriarch of Constantinople (c. 780 - 837)

Archaeological sites

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See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdeOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Pamphylia".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 662.
  2. ^Παμφυλία,Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon,on Perseus
  3. ^πάμφυλος,Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon,on Perseus
  4. ^πᾶς,Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon,on Perseus
  5. ^φυλή,Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon,on Perseus
  6. ^Herodotus,The Histories,5.68
  7. ^Πάμφυλος,William J. Slater,Lexicon to Pindar,on Perseus
  8. ^George Grote:A History of Greece.p. 286; Irad Malkin:Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean.Cambridge U Pr, 2003. p. 41.
  9. ^Pamphylia,Encyclopædia Britannica
  10. ^Colvin, Stephen (2013).A Brief History of Ancient Greek.John Wiley & Sons. p. 84.ISBN978-1-118-61072-5.Herodotus and Strabo record the story that the Pamphylians were the descendants of Greeks who arrived with the seers Calchas and Amphilochos after the Trojan War.
  11. ^Pausanias,Description of Greece,7.3.7 "Καρῶν δὲ κατὰ φιλίαν ἐκ παλαιοῦ πρὸς Μίνω, Παμφύλων δὲ ὅτι γένους μέτεστιν Ἑλληνικοῦ καὶ τούτοις"
  12. ^Pin, Louis Ellies Du (1709).The Universal Library of Historians; the Oriental, Greek, Latin, French, German, Spanish, Italian, English, and Others: Containing an Account of Their Lives and a Catalogue of the Several Editions of Their Works.R. Bonwicke. p. 112.He [Theopompus] describes how Pamphylia was inhabited by Greeks.
  13. ^Ahmad Hasan Dani, Jean-Pierre Mohen, J. L. Lorenzo, and V. M. Masson,History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C (Vol II),UNESCO, 1996, p.425
  14. ^Arnold Hugh Martin Jones,The cities of the eastern Roman provinces,Clarendon Press, 1971, p.123
  15. ^John D. Grainger,The cities of Pamphylia,Oxbow Books, 2009, p.27
  16. ^A.-F. Christidis,A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity,Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.427
  17. ^G. Beckman (1996).Hittite diplomatic texts.Atlanta.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link),no. 18C
  18. ^J. David Hawkins (2009). "The Arzawa letters in recent perspective".British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan.14:73–83.,75
  19. ^Herodotus (1907).Histories.
  20. ^Jona Lendering - Livius.org,https://www.livius.org/articles/place/pamphylia/?
  21. ^"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1015 (v. 1)".Ancientlibrary.com. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-11-02.Retrieved2013-09-03.
  22. ^Jacoby, Felix; Bollansée, Jan; Schepens, Guido (1998).Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker, Continued - Google Boeken.BRILL.ISBN9004113037.Retrieved2013-09-03.
  23. ^Epigr. tou Oropou 148
  24. ^SEG 39:1426 - The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers Page 264By Christian HabichtISBN0-472-11109-4
  25. ^IK Side I 1
  26. ^BCH 1936:280,1
  27. ^"links to Greek and Latin Authors in the web".Attalus.Retrieved2013-09-03.
  28. ^SEG 23:573 R.S. Bagnall (1976) The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions outside Egypt, p. 124. Brill Archive.
  29. ^Epigr.Anat. 11:104,5Inscriptions for Physicians
  30. ^Elaine Fantham,Helene Peet Foley,Natalie Boymel Kampen,Sarah B. Pomeroy& H. Alan Shapiro (1995)Women in the Classical World: Image and Text,Oxford University Press
  31. ^Riet van Bremen: Women and Wealth Chapter 14, p. 223 in "Images of Women in Antiquity"Page 223Editors Averil Cameron,Amélie KuhrtISBN0-415-09095-4
  32. ^"Aspendos Archaeological Project".Aspendosproject.com. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-07-24.Retrieved2013-09-03.
  33. ^IG VII 1773 - The Context of Ancient Drama Page 192By Eric Csapo, William J. SlaterISBN0-472-08275-2
  34. ^"Internet Medieval Sourcebook".Fordham.edu.Retrieved2013-09-03.
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