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Panchen Lama

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Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
Panchen Erdeni
(title since 1713)
Traditional ChineseBan thiền ngạch nhĩ đức ni
Simplified ChineseBan thiền ngạch nhĩ đức ni
Literal meaningPandita-Chenpo (Sanskrit-Tibetan Buddhist title, meaning "GreatScholar")
+
Erdeni (ManchuloanwordfromMongolian,meaning "treasure" )
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBānchán É'ěrdéní
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ThePanchen Lama(Tibetan:པཎ་ཆེན་བླ་མ།,Wylie:paN chen bla ma) is atulkuof theGelugschool ofTibetan Buddhism.The Panchen Lama is one of the most important figures in the Gelug tradition, with its spiritual authority second only to theDalai Lama.Along with the council of high lamas, he is in charge of seeking out the next Dalai Lama.[1]Panchenis a portmanteau ofPanditaandChenpo,meaning "great scholar".

The recognition of Panchen Lamas began withLobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen,tutor of the5th Dalai Lama,who received the title "Panchen Bogd" fromAltan Khanand the Dalai Lama in 1645.[2]Bogdis Mongolian, meaning "holy".[3]Khedrup Gelek Pelzang,Sönam ChoklangandEnsapa Lobsang Döndrupwere subsequently recognized as the first to third Panchen Lamas posthumously.

In 1713, theKangxi Emperorof theQing dynastygranted the titlePanchen Erdenito the5th Panchen Lama.In 1792, theQianlong Emperorissued a decree known as the29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet,and Article One of the decree was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches, lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.[4][5][6]

Traditionally, the Panchen Lama is the head ofTashilhunpo Monastery,and holds religious and secular power over theTsangregion centered inShigatse,independent of theGanden Podrangauthority led by the Dalai Lama.[7][8]The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are closely connected, and each participates in the process of recognizing the other's reincarnations.[9]

The current 11th Panchen Lama,Gedhun Choekyi Nyima,was recognized by the14th Dalai Lamaon 14 May 1995. Three days later, the six-year-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the Chinese government and his family was taken into custody. The Chinese government instead namedGyaincain Norbuas the 11th Panchen Lama. Their nomination has beenwidely rejectedby Buddhists in Tibet and abroad, while governments have called for information about and the release of the Panchen Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has never been publicly seen since 1995.[10][11]

History

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Name

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The successive Panchen Lamas form atulkureincarnation lineage which are said to be the incarnations ofAmitābha.The title, meaning "Great Scholar", is a Tibetan contraction of theSanskritpaṇḍita(scholar) and the Tibetanchenpo(great). The Panchen Lama traditionally lived inTashilhunpo MonasteryinShigatse.From the name of this monastery, the Europeans referred to the Panchen Lama as theTashi-Lama(also spelledTesho-LamaorTeshu-Lama).[12][13][14][15][16]

3rd Panchen lama, b.1505 – d.1556

Other titles of Panchen Lama include "Panchen Bogd", the original title given by Altan Khan at the creation of the lineage. "Bogd" (Mongolian:ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠбогд) is Mongolian, meaning "holy, saint".[2]In 1713, the 5th Panchen LamaLobsang Yeshereceived the title "Panchen Erdeni" from theKangxi Emperorof theQing Dynasty,which has been inherited by successive Panchen Lamas since then. "Erdeni", or "Erdini",[17](Manchu:ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠨᡳerdeni) is Manchu, meaning "treasure".[18]

First Panchen Lama

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Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen(1570–1662), was the first Panchen Lama to be accorded this title during his lifetime. He was the tutor and a close ally of the5th Dalai Lama,[19] "The Great Fifth", as he is known, pronounced the Panchen to be an incarnation of thecelestial buddhaAmitābha.[20][21]

The 5th Dalai Lama requested the Panchen to acceptTashilhunpo Monastery,built by the1st Dalai Lama,as his multi-lifetime seat for future incarnations.[22]Since then, every incarnation of the Panchen Lama has been the master of Tashilhunpo Monastery[20]and it is there that they have all received their education and their mummified bodies were enshrined.[22]

When Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen died in 1662, the fifth Dalai Lama commenced the tradition of searching for his next incarnation.[23]He also reserved the traditional title ofPanchenwhich had previously been a courtesy title for all exceptionally learned lamas – exclusively for his successors.Khedrub Je,Sönam ChoklangandEnsapa Lobsang Döndrupwere posthumously decided by the5th Dalai Lamato have been a previous incarnation ofLobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, 4th Panchen Lama(1570–1662). Traditionally, there were considered to be four Indian and three Tibetan incarnations before Khedrup, starting withSubhuti,one of the original disciples ofGautama Buddha.Gö Lotsawais considered to be the first Tibetan incarnation of Amitabha in this line.[24][25] The recognition of Panchen Lamas has always been a matter involving the Dalai Lama.[26][27]Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama,himself declared, as cited by an official Chinese review that "according to Tibetan tradition, the confirmation of either the Dalai or Panchen must be mutually recognized."[28]The involvement of the government of China in this affair is seen by some as a political ploy to try to gain control over the recognition of the next Dalai Lama (see below), and to strengthen their hold over the future of Tibet and its governance. The government claims however, that their involvement does not break with tradition in that the final decision about the recognition of both the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama traditionally rested in the hands of the Chinese emperor. For instance, after 1792, theGolden Urnwas thought to have been used in selecting the 10th, 11th and 12th Dalai Lamas;[29]but the14th Dalai Lama,Tenzin Gyatso, has more recently said that this was only really used in selection of the 11th, and that in the other cases it was only used to humour the Chinese to confirm a selection that had already been made by traditional methods.[30]

Modern times

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9th Panchen Lama, Thubten Choekyi Nyimataken 1907 bySven Hedin.Published in his 1922 book "Trans-himalaya"
The 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama, 1954.

In 1924, thethirteenth Dalai Lamaprohibited the9th Panchen Lama'sfollowers from holding any office in the Central Tibetan government and imprisoned them inLhasa,prompting the Panchen Lama to flee toInner Mongolia,China.[31][32]The Dalai Lama was attempting to collect revenue from the Panchen Lama's estate to cover Tibet's military expenses, and to reduce the power of the Panchen Lama.[33]In China, the ninth Panchen Lama worked on plans to develop Tibet.[34]He also held a position in theMongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission,and was considered extremely "pro Chinese".[35][36][37]There, he adopted the ideas ofSun Yatsenthrough revolutionaryPandatsang Rapgaof theTibet Improvement Party.[38][39]

10th Panchen Lama in 1959
10th Panchen Lama during aStruggle sessionin 1964, before his imprisonment

When theNinth Panchen Lamadied in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced two competing candidates, with the Dalai Lama's officials selecting a boy from Xikang and the Panchen Lama's officials pickingGonpo Tseten.[40]TheRepublic of Chinagovernment, then embroiled in theChinese Civil War,declared its support for Tseten on June 3, 1949.[41]Chinese Nationalist governorMa BufangallowedKumbum Monasteryto be totally self-governed by Tseten, now called Gyaltsen,[42]while the14th Dalai Lama's government refused to recognize him.[43]

The 10th Panchen Lama sought revenge on the Dalai Lama by leading an army against him, and requested aid from Ma Bufang in September 1949.[44]However, the Chinese Nationalist government, facing defeat from the communists, requested the Panchen Lama's help instead, formulating a plan where 3 Khampa divisions would be led by him as a broad anti-Communist base inSouthwest China,[40][45]but the Panchen Lama decided to defect to the Communists instead. The Panchen Lama, unlike the Dalai Lama, sought to exert control in decision making.[46][47]

The Panchen Lama initially supported Communist policies for Tibet.[43]Radio Beijingbroadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into the PRC, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic.[40]He also called on Tibetans to support the Chinese government. "[48]However in 1962, he wrote the70,000 Character Petitiondetailing abuses of power in Tibet and discussed it with PremierZhou Enlai.[49]However, in 1964, he was imprisoned and forced to undergoStruggle sessions.[50]In October 1977, he was released but held under house arrest in 1982. In 1979, he married aHan Chinesewoman and in 1983 they had a daughter.[51]In 1989, the tenth Panchen Lama died suddenly in Shigatse at the age of 51 shortly after giving a speech criticizing the excesses of theCultural Revolutionin Tibet but praising thereform and opening upof the 1980s.[52]His daughter, now a young woman, isYabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo,better known as "Renji".[53]

TheDalai LamanamedGedhun Choekyi Nyimaas the 11th incarnation of the Panchen Lama on 14 May 1995.[54][55][56][57]The Chinese government insisted that the 11th Panchen Lama has to be chosen via the golden urn. In selecting a name, lottery numbers were drawn from theGolden Urn.[58]Chinese authorities namedGyancain Norbuas the search committee's choice on 11 November 1995.[59]Gedhun Choekyi Nyimahas not been observed by an independent party ever since 17 May 1995. The Chinese government claims he is living a "normal private life".[60]Tibetans and human rights groups continue to campaign for his release.[61]

Relation to the Dalai Lama lineage

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The Panchen Lama bears part of the responsibility of the monk-regent for finding the incarnation of the Dalai Lama, and vice versa.[62]This has been the tradition since the5th Dalai Lamarecognized his teacherLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsenas the Panchen Lama of Tashilhunpo. With this appointment, Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen's three previous incarnations were posthumously recognised as Panchen Lamas. The "Great Fifth" also recognizedLobsang Yeshe, 5th Panchen Lama.The7th Dalai LamarecognizedLobsang Palden Yeshe, 6th Panchen Lama,who in turn recognized the8th Dalai Lama.Similarly, the Eighth Dalai Lama recognisedPalden Tenpai Nyima, 7th Panchen Lama.[63]The current14th Dalai Lamawas first found by the 9th Panchen Lama when he was living in theKumbum Monastery.In February 1937, the Panchen Lama informed his investigation to the Tibetan government's representatives, who would later confirm the new Dalai Lama's identity.[64]On 26 January 1940,the Regent Reting Rinpocherequested the Central Government to exempt Tenzin Gyatso from lot-drawing process usingGolden Urnto become the 14th Dalai Lama.[65][66]The request was approved by the Central Government.[67]

Political significance

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Monastic figures had historically held important roles in the social makeup ofTibet,and though these roles have diminished since 1959, many Tibetans continue to regard the Panchen Lama as a significant political, as well as spiritual figure due to the role he traditionally plays in selecting the next Dalai Lama. The political significance of the role is also utilized by the Chinese state.[68]Tibetan support groups such as London-basedFree Tibethave argued that the Chinese government seeks to install its own choice of Dalai Lama when Tenzin Gyatso, the current Dalai Lama, dies and that for this reason the Dalai Lama's choice of Panchen Lama,Gedhun Choekyi Nyimawent missing at the age of six, to be replaced by the Chinese state's choice,Gyaincain Norbu.It is suggested that the Chinese government may give the title of Dalai Lama to the son of a loyal ethnic Tibetan Communist party member and it will pressure Western governments to recognize its boy, and not the boy chosen by Lamas in India, as the head of Tibetan Buddhism.[69]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^"Panchen Lama".Britannica Online Encyclopedia.RetrievedMay 8,2017.
  2. ^abChuluun, Sampildondov; Bulag, Uradyn E. (2013).The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on the Run (1904–1906): Archival Documents from Mongolia.BRILL. p. 17.ISBN978-9004254558.
  3. ^Lessing, Ferdinand D. (1960).Mongolian-English Dictionary.University of California Press.
  4. ^"Reincarnation".14th Dalai Lama.September 24, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2015.RetrievedDecember 17,2015.
  5. ^"Origin of" drawing lots from the golden urn "_Tibetan Buddhism_TIBET".eng.tibet.cn.Archived fromthe originalon April 1, 2018.
  6. ^Smith 1997, p. 135.
  7. ^Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2007).A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955.University of California Press. p.267.ISBN978-0-520-24941-7.
  8. ^Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Sherap, Dawei; Siebenschuh, William R. (2004).A Tibetan Revolutionary: The Political Life and Times of Bapa Phüntso Wangye.University of California Press. p.161.ISBN0-520-24089-8.
  9. ^"China, Tibet and the Dalai Lama".The Economist.
  10. ^"China's Worst Kept Secret: 5 Facts About the Abduction of Tibet's Panchen Lama".HuffPost.
  11. ^"China says Panchen Lama 'living a normal life' 20 years after disappearance".The Guardian.London. September 6, 2015.RetrievedJune 24,2008.
  12. ^"Pro-British Tashi Lama Succeeds Ousted Dalai Lama. British to Leave Lhasa".The New York Times.September 19, 1904. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 11, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 25,2018.
  13. ^Fort William-India House correspondence:In the index, "Tashi Lama.SeeTeshu Lama ". and" Teshu Lama (Teshi Lama, Tesho Lama) ".
  14. ^"Definition for" Lama "".Oxford English Dictionary Online.The chief Lamas[…]of Mongolia [are called]Tesho- orTeshu-lama.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|url=(help)
  15. ^"The Institution of the Dalai Lama", by R. N. Rahul Sheel inThe Tibet Journal,Vol. XIV No. 3. Autumn 1989, p. 32, n. 1
  16. ^Richardson 1984, pp.54–55
  17. ^Dalal, Roshen (2010).The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths.Penguin Books India. p. 279.ISBN978-0-14-341517-6.RetrievedMay 20,2017.
  18. ^Tibetan People's Right of Self-determination: Report of the Workshop on Self-determination of the Tibetan People: Legitimacy of Tibet's Case 1994/1996, India.Delhi, India: Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. 2008. p. 110.
  19. ^Mullin 2001, p.174
  20. ^abTibet is My Country: Autobiography ofThubten Jigme Norbu,Brother of the Dalai Lama as told toHeinrich Harrer,p. 121. First published in German in 1960. English translation by Edward Fitzgerald, published 1960. Reprint, with updated new chapter, (1986): Wisdom Publications, London.ISBN0-86171-045-2.
  21. ^Richardson 1984, p. 54
  22. ^abMullin 2001, p.205
  23. ^Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 2. Downloaded as a pdf file on December 16, 2007 from:[1]ArchivedSeptember 15, 2013, at theWayback Machine
  24. ^Stein (1972) p. 84.
  25. ^Das, Sarat Chandra.Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet(1970), pp. 81–103.
  26. ^et:Ya Hanzhang,Biographies of the Tibetan Spiritual Leaders Panchen Erdenis.Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1987. pg 350.
  27. ^"When the sky fell to earth"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 16, 2006.
  28. ^Panchen-lama. 1988. "On Tibetan Independence". China Reconstructs (now named China Today) (January): Vol. 37, No. 1. pp 8–15.
  29. ^Goldstein 1989
  30. ^Lama, The 14th Dalai (April 30, 2019)."Reincarnation".The 14th Dalai Lama.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^Tuttle 2006
  32. ^China Tibetology.Office for the Journal China Tibetology. 2006. p. 16.
  33. ^Powers 2004, pg. 99
  34. ^Jagou, pp. 156–159, 206–208
  35. ^Chinese Materials Center (1982).Who's who in China, 1918–1950: 1931–1950.Vol. 3 of Who's who in China, 1918–1950: With an Index, Jerome Cavanaugh. Chinese Materials Center. p. 194.RetrievedJune 7,2011.
  36. ^The China weekly review, Volume 54.Millard Publishing House. 1930. p. 406.RetrievedJune 7,2011.
  37. ^China monthly review, Volume 56.Millard Publishing Co., inc. 1931. p. 306.RetrievedJune 5,2011.
  38. ^Gray Tuttle (2007).Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p.153.ISBN978-0-231-13447-7.
  39. ^Gray Tuttle (2007).Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 152.ISBN978-0-231-13447-7.RetrievedDecember 27,2011.
  40. ^abcLin, Hsiao-ting(2010).Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West.Taylor & Francis.pp. 116–118.
  41. ^Parshotam Mehra (2004).From conflict to conciliation: Tibetan polity revisited: a brief historical conspectus of the Dalai Lama-Panchen Lama Standoff, ca. 1904–1989.Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 87.ISBN3-447-04914-6.RetrievedApril 9,2011.
  42. ^Santha Rama Rau (1950).East of home.Harper. p. 122.
  43. ^abMelvyn C. Goldstein, in McKay 2003, p. 222
  44. ^"EXILED LAMA, 12, WANTS TO LEAD ARMY ON TIBET".Los Angeles Times.September 6, 1949. Archived fromthe originalon November 4, 2012.RetrievedNovember 28,2010.
  45. ^Lin, Hsiao-ting (2010).Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west.Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Franci s. p. 117.ISBN978-0-415-58264-3.RetrievedDecember 27,2011.China's far northwest.23 A simultaneous proposal suggested that, with the support of the new Panchen Lama and his entourage, at least three army divisions of the anti-Communist Khampa Tibetans could be mustered in southwest China.
  46. ^Melvyn C. Goldstein (2009).A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951–1955, Volume 2.University of California Press. pp. 272, 273.ISBN978-0-520-25995-9.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  47. ^Isabel Hilton (2001).The Search for the Panchen Lama.W. W. Norton & Company. p. 110.ISBN0-393-32167-3.
  48. ^Lee Feigon, Demystifying Tibet, page 163.
  49. ^Kurtenbach, Elaine (February 11, 1998)."1962 report by Tibetan leader tells of mass beatings, starvation".Associated Press. Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2001.RetrievedApril 18,2016.
  50. ^Richard R. Wertz."Exploring Chinese History: East Asian Region: Tibet".Ibiblio.org.RetrievedJuly 17,2013.
  51. ^"BUDDHA'S DAUGHTER: A YOUNG TIBETAN-CHINESE WOMAN".Archived fromthe originalon March 8, 2008.
  52. ^Hilton 2000, pp. 192–194
  53. ^Hilton, Isabel (March 29, 2004). "The Buddha's Daughter: Interview with Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo".The New Yorker.
  54. ^"Update-Communist China set to decide on a rival Panchen Lama".Archived fromthe originalon July 25, 2008.
  55. ^"Communist China set to decide on a rival Panchen Lama".Archived fromthe originalon March 24, 2008.
  56. ^Coonan, Clifford (March 2, 2010)."China appoints Panchen Lama in tactical move to quell unrest – Asia – World".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on May 24, 2022.RetrievedJuly 17,2013.
  57. ^"Propaganda and the Panchen Lama: playing politics".Weblog.savetibet.org. August 25, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon March 8, 2014.RetrievedJuly 17,2013.
  58. ^Alex McKay (2003).The History of Tibet: The modern period: 1895-1959, the encounter with modernity.RoutledgeCurzon. p. 32.ISBN978-0-415-30844-1.
  59. ^Isabel Hilton, A Reporter at Large, "Spies in the House of Faith," The New Yorker, August 23, 1999, p. 170
  60. ^Philippe Naughton (September 30, 2011)."China Says Missing Panchen Lama Living In Tibet".The Times.London.RetrievedOctober 17,2011.[dead link]
  61. ^"Learn More".Free the Panchen Lama. April 25, 1989. Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2013.RetrievedJuly 17,2013.
  62. ^Kapstein (2006), p. 276
  63. ^Appeal For Chatral Rinpoche's ReleaseArchived2005-10-27 at theWayback Machine,from the website of "The Office of Tibet, the official agency of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in London"
  64. ^Goldstein 1989, p. 319.
  65. ^Melvyn C. Goldstein (June 18, 1991).A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State.University of California Press. pp. 328–.ISBN978-0-520-91176-5.
  66. ^"Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots – The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas".livingbuddha.us.com.Archived fromthe originalon March 31, 2019.RetrievedApril 8,2019.
  67. ^"Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement – The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas".livingbuddha.us.com.Archived fromthe originalon September 30, 2022.RetrievedApril 8,2019.
  68. ^"Afp Article: Tibet'S Panchen Lama, Beijing'S Propaganda Tool".March 26, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon April 4, 2009.RetrievedOctober 17,2011.
  69. ^O'Brien, Barbara (March 11, 2011)."Dalai Lama Steps Back But Not Down".The Guardian.London, England.RetrievedOctober 17,2011.

Sources

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