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Arcellinida

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Arcellinida
Temporal range:Tonian–Present
Arcellasp. test
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Class: Tubulinea
Superorder: Eulobosia
Order: Arcellinida
Kent 1880

Arcellinidtestate amoebaeorArcellinida,[1]Arcellacean[2]orlobose testate amoebae[3]are single-celledprotistspartially enclosed in a simpletest(shell).

Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils,leaf litter,peat bogs and near/in fresh water.[1]They use theirpseudopodia,a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed toreproduce asexuallyvia binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception inamoeboidprotists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae.[4]

Test or shell

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Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, including the reconstruction of pastclimate change.[1]Testate amoebae species have been used to reconstruct hydrological changes over the lateHolocene,as a result of individual species possessing a narrow tolerance for ecohydrological conditions such as water-table depth or pH.[5]

Evolutionary history

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Fossils of arcellinid testate amoebae date back to theTonianstage of theProterozoic,around 789-759 million years ago. The fossils indicate that by 730 million years ago, arcellinids had already diversified into major lineages.[6]

Testate amoebae are theorized to be mostlypolyphyletic(coming from more than one ancestral type), but testaceafilosea, one group of testate amoebae, are theorized to bemonophyletic.Ancient tests of terrestrial fauna are commonly found in fossilized amber,[7]although mid-Cretaceous testate amoeba (i.e.,Diffligia,Cucurbitella) have been found in ancient lake sediments.[8]It is likely that the group has evolved minimally over the course of thePhanerozoic.

Classification

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Phylogeny of Arcellinida in 2019[9]
Arcellinida
Phylogeny of Arcellinida in 2022[10]
Arcellinida

The classification of Arcellinida, as of 2019:[11][12][9]

Arcellinidaincertae sedis:

References

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  1. ^abchttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.htmlTestate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007
  2. ^Identification key for holocene lacustrine arcellacean (thecamoebian) taxaArchivedDecember 4, 2008, at theWayback Machine
  3. ^Lara E, Heger TJ, Ekelund F, Lamentowicz M, Mitchell EA (April 2008)."Ribosomal RNA genes challenge the monophyly of the Hyalospheniidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida)".Protist.159(2): 165–76.doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.09.003.PMID18023614.
  4. ^Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E (2011)."The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.278(1715): 2081–2090.doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0289.PMC3107637.PMID21429931.
  5. ^Woodland, Wendy, A. (1998). "Quantitative estimates of water tables and soil moisture in Holocene peatlands from testate amoebae".The Holocene.8(3): 261–273.doi:10.1191/095968398667004497.S2CID128897334.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Kosakyan, Anush; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Morais, Luana; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Tice, Alexander K.; Pánek, Tomáš; Kang, Seungho; Brown, Matthew W. (2019-03-18)."Phylogenomics and Morphological Reconstruction of Arcellinida Testate Amoebae Highlight Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in the Neoproterozoic".Current Biology.29(6): 991–1001.e3.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.078.hdl:10261/240246.ISSN0960-9822.PMID30827918.S2CID72333352.
  7. ^Schmidt, A.R.; Ragazzi, E.; Coppellotti, O.; Roghi, G. (2006)."A microworld in Triassic amber".Nature.444(7121): 835.doi:10.1038/444835a.PMID17167469.
  8. ^Hengstum, Van; Reinhardt, E.G.; Medioli, F.S.; Grocke, D.R. (2007)."Exceptionally preserved late albian (Cretaceous) Arcellaceans (Thecamoebians) from the Dakota Formation near Lincoln, Nebraska"(PDF).Journal of Foraminiferal Research.37(4): 300–308.doi:10.2113/gsjfr.37.4.300.
  9. ^abLahr, Daniel J.G.; Kosakyan, Anush; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Morais, Luana; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Pánek, Tomáš; Kang, Seungho; Brown, Matthew W. (2019)."Phylogenomics and Morphological Reconstruction of Arcellinida Testate Amoebae Highlight Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in the Neoproterozoic".Current Biology.29(6): 991–1001.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.078.hdl:11380/1301486.PMID30827918.
  10. ^González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022)."Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.175:107557.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557.hdl:10261/281619.ISSN1055-7903.PMID35777650.
  11. ^Ralf Meisterfeld:Arcellinida,In: John J. Lee, Gordon F. Leedale, Phyllis Bradbury (Hrsg.): Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edition. Vol. 2, Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas 2000,ISBN1-891276-23-9,pp. 827-860
  12. ^Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (2012)."The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes".Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.59(5): 429–514.doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x.PMC3483872.PMID23020233.
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