Paratrooper

Not to be confused withParamilitary.

For other uses, seeParatrooper (disambiguation).

Paratroopers of the armies ofBritain,Italy,and theUnited Statesduring an exercise inPordenone, Italy,2019.

Aparatrooperormilitary parachutistis asoldiertrained to conductmilitary operationsbyparachutingdirectly into anarea of operations,usually as part of a largeairborne forcesunit. Traditionally paratroopers fight only aslight infantryarmed withsmall arms and light weapons,although some paratroopers can also function asartillerymenormechanized infantryby utilizingfield guns,infantry fighting vehiclesandlight tanksthat areairdroppedtogether into the combat zone.

Military parachutists and parachutes were first used on a large scale duringWorld War IIfor troop deployment and transportation, and are often used insurprise attacksto seize strategic positions behind enemy lines such asairfields,bridgesand majorroads.

Overview

U.S. Army paratroopers with the82nd Airborne Divisionparachute from aC-130 Herculesaircraft during Operation Toy Drop 2007 atPope Air Force Base.

Paratroopers jump out ofaircraftand use parachutes to land safely on the ground. This is one of the three types of "forced entry" strategic techniques for entering atheater of war;the other two being by land and by water. Their tactical advantage of entering the battlefield from the air is that they can attack areas not directly accessible by other transport. The ability ofairborne assaultto enter the battlefield from any location allows paratroopers to evade emplacedfortificationsthat guard from attack from a specific direction. The possible use of paratroopers also forces defenders to spread out to protect other areas which would otherwise be safe. Another common use for paratroopers is to establish anairheadfor landing other units, as at theBattle of Crete.

Alessandro Tandura

This doctrine was first practically applied to warfare by the Imperial German Army in 1916 then theItaliansand theSoviets.The first known airborne commando operation in military history was conducted by Maximilian Hermann Richard Paschen von Cossel, then Leutnant of the Royal Prussian Army and his new pilot, then Royal Saxon Vice Sergeant Rudolf Windisch. Windisch flew the Roland Walfisch used for this purpose and set Cossel down in a wooded area behind the Russian front. During the night of October 2/3, 1916, Cossel blew up the Rowno–Brody railway line, 85 kilometers behind the eastern front, in several places. This was acknowledged in the army report of October 4, 1916: Eastern theater of war:... Oberleutnant v. Cossel, who was set down from the plane southwest of Rowno by Vice Sergeant Windisch and picked up again after 24 hours, interrupted the Rowno-Brody railway line at several points by means of explosives.... The First Quartermaster General. Ludendorff. According to Russian reports, however, the tracks were only slightly damaged in one place, so that a train just passing them could continue its journey unhindered. The second operational military parachute jump from 490 metres (1,600 ft) was logged in the night of August 8—9 1918 by Italian assault troops. Arditi LieutenantAlessandro Tandurajumped from aSavoia-Pomilio SP.4aircraft of theGruppo speciale Aviazione Ipiloted by Canadian MajorWilliam George Barkerand British CaptainWilliam Wedgwood Benn(both Royal Air Force pilots), when Tandura dropped behind Austro-Hungarian lines nearVittorio Venetoon a reconnaissance and sabotage mission, followed on later nights by Lts. Ferruccio Nicoloso and Pier Arrigo Barnaba.

The first extensive use of paratroopers (Fallschirmjäger) was by the Germans during World War II. Later in the conflict paratroopers were used extensively by theAllied Forces.Cargo aircraft of the period (for example the GermanJunkers Ju 52and the AmericanDouglas C-47 Skytrain/Dakota) being small, they rarely, if ever, jumped in groups much larger than 20 from one aircraft. In English, this load of paratroopers is called a "stick", while any load of soldiers gathered for air movement is known as a "chalk". The terms come from the common use of white chalk on the sides of aircraft and vehicles to mark and update numbers of personnel and equipment being emplaned.

In World War II, paratroopers most often usedparachutesof a circular design. These parachutes could be steered to a small degree by pulling on the risers (four straps connecting the paratrooper's harness to the connectors) and suspension lines which attach to the parachute canopy itself. German paratroopers, whose harnesses had only a single riser attached at the back, could not manipulate their parachutes in such a manner. Today, paratroopers still use round parachutes, or round parachutes modified so as to be more fully controlled with toggles. The parachutes are usually deployed by astatic line.Mobility of the parachutes is often deliberately limited to prevent scattering of the troops when a large number parachute together.

Some military exhibition units andspecial forcesunits use"ram-air" parachutes,which offer a high degree of maneuverability and are deployed manually (without a static line) from the desired altitude. Some usehigh-altitude military parachuting,also deploying manually.

Historical examples

Main article:List of paratrooper forces

Many countries have one or several paratrooper units, usually associated with the national Army or Air Force, but in some cases the Navy.

Argentina

Military exhibition

In 1944, Argentina became the second country on the continent of South America to use Paratroopers, after Peru. The first paratroopers were issued jump helmets similar to that used by the British at the time,with other equipment based on theFallschirmjäger.The4th Parachute Brigade(4 Brigada Paracaidista) is a unit of theArgentine Armyspecialised in airborne assault operations.It is based inCórdoba,Córdoba Province.TheFuerza de Despliegue Rápido( "Rapid Deployment Force" ) is based on this unit. The members of the unit wearRed berets(Boina Rojas) of the paratroopers with unit badges. As of 2022 it consists of:

• 4th Airborne Brigade HQ (Córdoba)
• 2nd Paratroopers Regiment "General Balcarce"(Córdoba)
• 14th Paratroopers Regiment (Córdoba)
• 601st Air Assault Regiment (Campo de Mayo)
• 4th Paratrooper Artillery Group (Córdoba)
• 4th Paratrooper Cavalry Scout Squadron (Córdoba)
• 4th Paratrooper Engineer Company (Córdoba)
• 4th Paratrooper Signal Company (Córdoba)
• 4th Paratrooper Jump Support Company (Córdoba)
• Logistic & Support Base "Córdoba" (Córdoba)

Australia

Main article:Airborne forces of Australia

Airborne forces raised by Australia have included a small number of conventional and special forces units. During the Second World War theAustralian Armyformed the1st Parachute Battalion;however, it did not see action. In the post-war period Australia's parachute capability was primarily maintained by special forces units. In the 1970s and 1980s a parachute infantry capability was revived, while a Parachute Battalion Group based on the3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment(3 RAR) was established in 1983.However, following a reorganisation 3 RAR relinquished the parachute role in 2011, and this capability is now maintained by units ofSpecial Operations Command.

France

Members of the1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regimentduring the Second World War (Free FrenchSAS)

Constant "Marin" Duclos was the firstFrenchsoldier to execute a parachute jump on November 17, 1915. He performed 23 test and exhibition parachute drops without problems to publicise the system and overcome the prejudiceaviatorshad for such life-saving equipment.

In 1935, Captain Geille of theFrench Air Forcecreated the Avignon-Pujaut Paratroopers Schools after he trained inMoscowat the Soviet Airborne Academy. From this, the French military created two combat units calledGroupes d’Infanterie de l’Air.

Following theBattle of France,GeneralCharles de Gaulleformed the 1re Compagnie d’Infanterie de l’Air in September 1940 from members of theFree French forceswho had escaped toBritain.It was transformed into the Compagnie de Chasseurs Parachutistes in October 1941. By June 1942, these units were fighting in Crete andCyrenaicaalongside the British1st SAS Regiment.As part of theSAS Brigade,two independent French SAS units were also created in addition to the other French Airborne units. They operated until 1945.

Members of the1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Companyin Indochina

In May 1943, the1er Régiment de Chasseurs Parachutisteswas created from the 601e Groupe d'Infanterie de l'Air inMoroccoand the 3e and 4e Bataillons d'Infanterie de l'Air (BIA) inEnglandin theSpecial Air Service.The 2e and 3e Régiments de Chasseurs Parachutistes followed in July 1944. During theInvasion of Normandy,French Airborne forces fought inBrittany,(Operation Dingson,Operation Samwest). The first Allied soldier to land in France was Free French SAS Captain Pierre Marienne who jumped into Brittany (Plumelec,Morbihan) on June 5 with 17Free Frenchparatroopers. The first Allied soldier killed in the liberation of France was Free French SAS Corporal Emile Bouétard of the4e Bataillon d’Infanterie de l’Air,also in Brittany in Plumelec: June 6, 0 h 40. Captain Pierre Marienne was killed on July 12 in Plumelec. French SAS paratroopers also fought in theLoire Valleyin September 1944, inBelgiumon January, and inNetherlandsin April 1945. The 1er Régiment Parachutiste de Choc carried out operations inProvence.

VBL(armoured light vehicle) of the1st Parachute Hussar Regimentin Afghanistan

AfterWorld War II,the post-war French military of theFourth Republiccreated several new airborne units. Among them were theBataillon de Parachutistes Coloniaux(BPC) based inVannes-Meucon,the Metropolitan Paratroopers, and the Colonial Paratroopers andBataillons Étrangers de Parachutistes(French Foreign Legion), which coexisted until 1954. During theFirst Indochina War,a Bataillon Parachutiste Viet Nam was created (BPVN) in southeast Asia. In total, 150 different airborne operations took place in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. These included five major combat missions against theViet Minhstrongholds and areas of concentration.

When the Frenchleft Vietnamin 1954, all airborne battalions were upgraded to regiments over the next two years. Only the French Air Force's Commandos de l'Air (Air Force) were excluded. In 1956, the 2e Régiment de Parachutiste Coloniaux took part in theSuez Crisis.

Next, theFrench Armyregrouped all its Army Airborne regiments into two parachute divisions in 1956. The 10th parachute division (10e Division Parachutiste,10e DP) came under the command of GeneralJacques Massuand General Henri Sauvagnac took over the 25th Parachute Division (25e Division Parachutiste,25e DP). Again the Commandos de l'Air were kept under command of the Air Force.

By the late 1950s, inAlgeria,theFLNhad launched itsWar of Independence.French paratroopers were used as counter insurgency units by the French Army. This was the first time in airborne operations troops used helicopters forair assaultandfire support.

But in the aftermath of theAlgiers putsch,the 10e and 25e Parachute divisions were disbanded and their regiments merged into the Light Intervention Division (Division Légère d'Intervention). This division became the 11th Parachute Division (11e Division Parachutiste,11e DP) in 1971.

In the aftermath of theCold War,the French Army reorganised and the 11e DP become the 11th Parachute Brigade in 1999.

Germany

Main article:Fallschirmjäger

The first known airborne commando operation in military history was conducted by Maximilian Hermann Richard Paschen von Cossel, then Leutnant of the Royal Prussian Army and his new pilot, then Royal Saxon Vice Sergeant Rudolf Windisch. Windisch flew the Roland Walfisch used for this purpose and set Cossel down in a wooded area behind the Russian front. During the night of October 2/3, 1916, Cossel blew up the Rowno–Brody railway line, 85 kilometers behind the eastern front, in several places. This was acknowledged in the army report of October 4, 1916: Eastern theater of war:... Oberleutnant v. Cossel, who was set down from the plane southwest of Rowno by Vice Sergeant Windisch and picked up again after 24 hours, interrupted the Rowno-Brody railway line at several points by means of explosives.... The First Quartermaster General. Ludendorff. According to Russian reports, however, the tracks were only slightly damaged in one place, so that a train just passing them could continue its journey unhindered.

Nazi Germany'sLuftwaffeFallschirmjägerunits made the firstairborne invasionwhen invadingDenmarkon April 9, 1940, as part ofOperation Weserübung.In the early morning hours they attacked and took control of theMasnedøfort andAalborg Airport.The Masnedø fort was positioned such as it guarded theStorstrøm Bridgebetween the islands ofFalsterand Masnedø – on the main road from the south toCopenhagen.Aalborg Airport played a key role acting as a refueling station for theLuftwaffein the further invasion intoNorway.In the same assault the bridges aroundAalborgwere taken.Fallschirmjägerwere also used in the Low Countries against theNetherlands,although their use againstThe Haguewas unsuccessful. Their most famous drop was the 1941Battle of Crete,though they suffered large casualties.

Wiesel 1 MK20 (1991) of theBundeswehrFallschirmjägertruppein the Military History Museum, Dresden

Hence later in the war, the7th Air Division'sFallschirmjägerassets were re-organised and used as the core of a new series of elite Luftwaffe Infantry divisions, numbered in a series beginning with the1stFallschirmjägerDivision.These formations were organised and equipped asmotorised infantrydivisions, and often played a "fire brigade" role on the western front. Their constituents were often encountered on the battlefield as ad hocbattle groups(Kampfgruppen) detached from a division or organised from miscellaneous available assets. In accord with standard German practice, these were called by their commander's name, such asGroup Erdmannin France and theRamckeParachute BrigadeinNorth Africa.

A GermanBundeswehrsoldier of 4th Paratrooper Company, 31st Paratrooper Regiment in 2016

After mid-1944,Fallschirmjägerwere no longer trained as paratroops owing to the realities of the strategic situation, but retained theFallschirmjägerhonorific. Near the end of the war, the series of newFallschirmjägerdivisions extended to over a dozen, with a concomitant reduction in quality in the higher-numbered units of the series. Among these divisions was the 9thFallschirmjägerDivision, which was the final parachute division to be raised by Germany duringWorld War II.The Russian army destroyed the division during theBattle of Berlinin April 1945. TheFallschirmjägerwere issued specialist weapons such as theFG 42and specially designed helmets.

In the modernGermanBundeswehr,theFallschirmjägertruppecontinue to form the core of special operations units. The division has two brigade equivalents and several independent companies and battalions. All told, about 10,000 troops served in that division in 2010, most of them support or logistics personnel. The Fallschirmjägertruppe currently uses the Wiesel Armoured Weapons Carrier (AWC), a light air-transportablearmoured fighting vehicle,more specifically a lightly armoured weapons carrier. It is quite similar to historical scoutingtankettesin size, form and function, and is the only true modern tankette in use in Western Europe.

India

Main article:Parachute Regiment (India)

The Parachute Regiment is the Special Forces/airborne regiment of the Indian Army. The Regiment was formed in 1952

The regiment has a total of 14 regular, oneRashtriya Riflesand twoTerritorial Army (India)battalions; of the regular bns, five are Airborne battalions, while nine are Special Forces battalions. Formerly designated "Commando" units, they are now designated Special Forces:

Three of the Special Forces battalions were originally trained for use in certain environments; 1st Bn [strategic reserve], 9th Bn [mountain] and 10th Bn [desert]. Subsequently, the 21st Bn was raised forjungle warfare.Currently, all Special Forces battalions are cross trained for all environments.

Elite soldiers of Indian Army's 9 Para Commandos

The 8th Battalion became 16th Battalion, Mahar Regiment in 1976 before reconverting to the 12th Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment. A sizable part of the battalion was retained in the airborne role for some time, forming the armoured element of the 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade and equipped with theirBMP-2Infantry Combat Vehicles. But due to administrative and logistic reasons, it was discontinued and their role being taken over by the para battalions themselves, with a platoon strength of each battalion being trained and equipped for the mechanized role within the brigade.

The 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade comprises the following units:

• 03 Airborne battalions
• 01 Parachute Field Regiment (Artillery) (9 & 17 Parachute Field Regiments in rotation)
• 60 Parachute Field Hospital
• 411 (Independent) Parachute Field Company (Bombay Sappers)
• 622 Parachute Composite Company (ASC)
• 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade OFP (Ordnance)
• 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade Signal Company
• 2 (Independent) Parachute Field Workshop Company (EME)
• 252 (Para) Air Defence Battery

( 50th (Independent) Parachute Brigade Provost Section.

The President's Body Guard also forms part of the brigade as the pathfinders company.

Three Airborne units in rotation form part of the Parachute Brigade alternatively serving their field tenures in counter-insurgency/high altitude areas. One of the two field regiments (9 Para Fd Regt and 17 Para Fd Regt) also forms part of the brigade while the other serves out its field tenure on rotation.

The two Territorial Army battalions, 106th (Bangalore) and 116th (Deolali) form the airborne element of the Terriers (as the Territorial Army is popularly known) and are presently involved in COIN operations.

31st Battalion (Commando), Rashtriya Rifles, is also affiliated to the Parachute Regiment, for special operations conducted by the counter-insurgency force.

Israel

35th Brigade during training

Israel Defense Forces(IDF) paratroopers have a history of carrying out special forces-style missions dating back to the 1950s. Paratrooper Brigade soldiers wearmaroon beretswith the infantry pin and reddish-brown boots. Distinct from all other soldiers of the IDF, Paratroopers wear a tunic and belt over the shirt. The IDF has one active paratrooper brigade and four reserve brigades consisting of personnel who served their mandatory time in the 35th brigade, and who are mostly relatively recently discharged, aside from officers. The IDF paratrooper brigades include:

• 35thParatroopers Brigade- Has been active since 1955 and is part ofCentral Command
• 55th Paratroopers Brigade (Reserve)
• 226th Paratroopers Brigade (Reserve)
• 551st Paratroopers Brigade (Reserve)
• 646th Paratroopers Brigade (Reserve)

Italy

Main article:Paracadutisti

Italian paratroopers of theCarabinieri Regiment "Tuscania"

Paratroopers of theBrigade Folgore

The first units of Italian parachutists were trained and formed shortly before the Second World War inCastel Benito,nearTripoli(Libya), where the first Military school of Parachuting was located. They were two native battalions of theRoyal Libyan Troops Corpsand two battalions of Italian troops, later joined by theCarabinieri Paratroopers Battalion.

Moved back to Italy in 1941, the staff of the Castel Benito school was expanded into the Paratroopers School atTarquiniaand became a massive training program. In 1941, a Parachutist division was completed and was designated the185th Parachute Division Folgore.It was trained for the assault onMaltabut was used instead in ground combat operations in theNorth African Campaign,where it fought with great distinction during theSecond battle of El Alamein,effectively stalling the southern part of the Commonwealth attack until the general retreat of the Axis forces, when it was destroyed.

Another major paratroopers division was formed during 1942 (the 184rd Parachute Division "Nembo" ) and a third had started forming in 1943 (the 184rd Parachute Division "Ciclone" ). After theSeptember 8th 1943 Armistice,elements of the "Nembo" division joined the Allies against the germans as part of theItalian Liberation Corps (Corpo Italiano di Liberazione)and later as part of the"Folgore" Combat Group(Gruppo di Combattimento "Folgore") of theItalian Co-belligerent Army.Other scattered elements joined theItalian Social Republic,where they formed several Parachute units that continued to operate alongside the Germans against the Allies, fighting with distinction during theBattle of Anzio.

After WW2, theItalian Armyconscripted theParatroopers Brigade Folgore,currently the largest unit of paratroopers of theItalian Army.The Brigade operates asLight Infantrywith airborne drop and air transport capability with secondary light mechanized capabilities, as part of the"Vittorio Veneto" Division,the on-call divisional HQ controlling the rapid reaction components of theItalian Army.

In 1982 the Italian Brigade Folgore landed inBeirutwith theMultinational Force in Lebanon.In 1991, a Parachutist Tactical group was deployed toKurdistan.Its mission was to provide humanitarian aid. From July 1992, the Brigade supplied personnel to the "Vespri Siciliani" and later "Strade Sicure" internal security operations. The Folgore participated inOperation Restore HopeinSomaliafrom 3 December 1992 to September 1993. Parts of the Brigade have been employed many times in theBalkans(IFOR/SFOR inBosniaand KFOR inKosovo), with MNF inAlbaniaandINTERFETinEast Timor.The Folgore participated from August 2005 to September 2005 inOperation BabyloninIraqand to December 2014 inAfghanistan.In August 2007, the Folgore took part inUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon,under aegis of theUnited Nations(Resolution 1701), as a result of the war betweenIsraelandHezbollahof summer 2006. The Paratroopers Brigade "Folgore" is still mainly deployed abroad in international stabilization and peacekeeping operation, on rotation with the other elite units of theItalian Army.

Other paratroopers units operate as part of theArmy Special Forces Commandand of the other Special Forces components provided by theNavy,Air ForceandCarabinieri.

Japan

Main articles:Teishin Shudanand1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)

Teishin Shudan(Đĩnh tiến tập đoàn,Raiding Group)was aJapanesespecial forces/airborneunit duringWorld War II.The unit was adivision-level force, and was part of theImperial Japanese Army Air Force(IJAAF).

It was commanded by amajor general,and was organized as follows:

• Headquarters company (220 personnel)
• Aviation brigade
• Raiding brigade
• Two glider infantry regiments
• Raiding artillery company (120 personnel)
• Raiding signals company (140 personnel)
• Raiding engineer company (250 personnel)

Notably, Japanese troopers fought in theBattle of Palembangand in the takeover of Celebes in the Dutch East Indies.

The 1st Airborne Brigade (Japanese: Đệ 1 không đĩnh đoàn, Dai-Ichi Kūtei Dan), established in 1958 is theJapan Ground Self-Defense Force’selite airborne unit meant for anti-guerilla and commando operations. The unit is currently used for homeland defense and international combat operations as part of the JGSDF’sGround Component Command(Japanese: Lục thượng tổng đội ).

Peru

Main articles:Paratrooper CompanyandSinchis

During theEcuadorian–Peruvian War,the Peruvian army had also established its own paratrooper unit and used it to great effect by seizing the Ecuadorian port city ofPuerto Bolívar,on July 27, 1941, marking the first time in the Americas thatairbornetroops were used in combat.

In 1965, a paratrooper unit known as theSinchiswas established under theCivil Guardas acounterinsurgencyand anti-narcotics force. With the dissolution of the Civil Guard in 1991, the unit became part of theNational Police of Peru.

Poland

Polish paratrooper standard

Main article:1st Independent Parachute Brigade (Poland)

The1st (Polish) Independent Parachute Brigadewas a parachutebrigadeunder the command ofMajor GeneralStanisław Sosabowski,created during theSecond World Warin Scotland in September 1941, with the exclusive mission to drop intooccupied Polandin order to help liberate the country. The British government, however, pressured the Poles into allowing the unit to be used in theWestern theatre of war.Operation Market Gardeneventually saw the unit sent into action in support of theBritish 1st Airborne Divisionat theBattle of Arnhemin 1944. The Poles were initially landed by glider from 18 September, whilst, due to bad weather over England, the parachute section of the Brigade was held up, and jumped on 21 September atDrielon the South bank of the Rhine. The Poles suffered significant casualties during the next few days of fighting, but still were able, by their presence, to cause around 2,500 German troops to be diverted to deal with them for fear of them supporting the remnants of 1st Airborne trapped over the lower Rhine in Oosterbeek.

The Brigade was originally trained close toRAF Ringwayand later inUpper Largoin Scotland. It was finally based in Lincolnshire, close toRAF Spitalgate(Grantham) where it continued training until its eventual departure for Europe after D-Day.

The Brigade was formed by the Polish High Command in exile with the aim of it being used to support thePolish resistanceduring thenationwide uprising,a plan that encountered opposition from the British, who argued they would not be able to support it properly.The pressure of the British government eventually caused the Poles to give in and agree to let the Brigade be used on theWestern Front.On 6 June 1944 the unit, originally the only Polish unit directly subordinate to the Polish government in exile and thus independent of the British command, was transferred into the same command structure as all otherPolish Forces in the West.It was slotted to take part in several operations after theinvasion of Normandy,but all of them were cancelled.On 27 July, aware of the imminentWarsaw Uprising,thePolish government in exileasked the British government for air support, including dropping the Brigade in the vicinity of Warsaw.This request was refused on the grounds of "operational considerations" and the "difficulties" in coordinating with the Soviet forces.Eventually, the Brigade entered combat when it was dropped duringOperation Market Gardenin September 1944.

Stanisław Sosabowski,the brigade's commander

During the operation, the Brigade'santi-tankbattery went intoArnhemon the third day of the battle (19 September), supporting the British paratroopers atOosterbeek.This left Sosabowski without any anti-tank capability. The light artillery battery was left behind in England due to a shortage of gliders. Owing to bad weather and a shortage of transport planes, the drop intoDrielwas delayed by two days, to 21 September. The British units which were supposed to cover the landing zone were in a bad situation and out of radio contact with the main Allied forces.Finally, the 2nd Battalion, and elements of the 3rd Battalion, with support troops from the Brigade's Medical Company, Engineer Company and HQ Company, were dropped under German fire east of Driel. They overran Driel, after it was realised that the Heveadorp ferry had been destroyed. In Driel, the Polish paratroopers set up a defensive "hedgehog" position, from which over the next two nights further attempts were made to cross the Rhine.

The following day, the Poles were able to produce some makeshift boats and attempt a crossing. With great difficulty and under German fire from the heights of Westerbouwing on the north bank of the river, the 8th Parachute Company and, later, additional troops from 3rd Battalion, managed to cross the Rhine in two attempts. In total, about 200 Polish paratroopers made it across in two days, and were able to cover the subsequent withdrawal of the remnants of theBritish 1st Airborne Division.

On 26 September 1944, the Brigade (now including the 1st Battalion and elements of the 3rd Battalion, who were parachuted near to Grave on 23 September) was ordered to march towardsNijmegen.The Brigade had lost 25% of its fighting strength, amounting to 590 casualties.

In 1945, the Brigade was attached to thePolish 1st Armoured Divisionand undertook occupation duties in Northern Germany until it was disbanded on 30 June 1947. The majority of its soldiers chose to stay in exile rather than hazard returning to thenew Communist Poland.

Portugal

Main article:Portuguese Paratroopers

The first Portuguese paratroopers were part of a smallcommandounit, organized inAustralia,during World War II, with the objective to be dropped in the rearguard of the Japanese troops that were occupyingPortuguese Timor.

However, the first regular parachute unit was only created in 1955, by thePortuguese Air Force,as the ParachuteCaçadoresBattalion. This unit adopted thegreen beret,which has become, since then, the principal emblem of the Portuguese paratroopers. The Battalion was expanded to a Regiment and additional parachute battalions were created in the Portuguese overseas territories ofAngola,MozambiqueandGuinea.These units were actively engaged in thePortuguese Colonial War,from 1961 to 1975, being involved both in airborne and air assault operations. In addition to the regular units of paratroopers, in Mozambique were also created theParachute Special Groups,composed of African irregular troops who wore amaroon beret.

With the end of the Colonial War, the Portuguese parachute troops were reorganized as the Paratroopers Corps, with the Light Parachute Brigade as its operational unit. In 1993, the Paratroopers Corps was transferred from the Portuguese Air Force to thePortuguese Armyand become the Airborne Troops Command, with the Independent Airborne Brigade as its operational unit.

The reorganization of the Portuguese Army in 2006 caused the extinction of the Airborne Troops Command. The Independent Airborne Brigade was transformed in the presentRapid Reaction Brigade,which now includes not only parachute troops but alsospecial operationsandcommando troops.

Russia

Main article:Russian Airborne Forces

Russian paratroopers

Soviet Airborne Forceswere first formed in theSoviet Unionduring the mid-1930s and were the first regular paratrooper units in the world.They were massively expanded duringWorld War II,forming ten Airborne Corps plus numerous Independent Airborne Brigades, with most or all achievingGuardsstatus. The 9th Guards Army was eventually formed with three Guards Rifle Corps (37,38,39) of Airborne divisions. One of the new units was the100th Airborne Division.At the end of the war they were reconstituted as Guards Rifle Divisions. They were later rebuilt during theCold War,eventually forming seven Airborne Divisions, an Independent Airborne regiment and sixteen Air Assault Brigades. These divisions were formed into their own VDV commands (Vozdushno-Desantnye Voyska) to give the Soviets a rapid strike force to spearhead strategic military operations.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been a reduction in airborne divisions. ThreeVDVdivisions have been disbanded, as well as one brigade and a brigade-sized training centre. Nevertheless, Russian Airborne Troops are still the largest in the world.

VDV troops participated in the rapid deployment of Russian forces in and aroundPristina Airportduring theKosovo War.They were also deployed inChechnyaas an active bridgehead for other forces to follow.

Ucraina

Main article:Forze d'assalto aereo Ucraine

United Kingdom

TheParachute Regimenthas its origins in the elite force ofCommandosset up by theBritish Armyat the request ofWinston Churchill,thePrime Minister,during the initial phase of theSecond World War.Churchill had been an enthusiast of the concept of airborne warfare since theFirst World War,when he had proposed the creation of a force that might assault the German flanks deep behind the trenches of the staticWestern Front.In 1940 and in the aftermath of theDunkirk evacuationand theFall of France,Churchill's interest was caught again by the idea of taking the fight back to Europe – the airborne was now a means "to be able to storm a series of water obstacles... everywhere from the Channel to the Mediterranean and in the East".

British paratroopers inside one of the C-47 transport aircraft, September 1944

Enthusiasts within the British armed forces were inspired in the creation of airborne forces (including the Parachute Regiment,Air Landing Regiment,and theGlider Pilot Regiment) by the example of the German Luftwaffe's Fallschirmjäger, which had a major role in the invasions of Norway, and the Low Countries, particularly the attack onFort Eben-Emaelin Belgium, and a pivotal, but costly role in theinvasion of Crete.From the perspective of others, however, the proposed airborne units had a key weakness: they required exactly the same resources as the newstrategic bombercapability, another high priority, and would also compete with the badly stretched strategic air lift capability, essential to Churchill's strategy in the Far East.It took the continued reintervention of Churchill to ensure that sufficient aircraft were devoted to the airborne project to make it viable.

Britain's first airborne assault took place on February 10, 1941, when, what was then known as IISpecial Air Service(some 37 men of 500 trained inNo. 2 Commandoplus three Italian interpreters), parachuted into Italy to blow up an aqueduct in a daring raid namedOperation Colossus.After the Battle of Crete, it was agreed that Britain would need many more paratroopers for similar operations. No 2 Commando were tasked with specialising in airborne assault and became the nucleus of the Parachute Regiment, becoming the1st Battalion.The larger scale drops inSicilyby the1st Airborne Divisionin 1943 met with mixed success, and some commanders concluded the airborne experiment was a failure.Once again, it took the reintervention of senior British political leaders, looking ahead to the potential needs ofthe invasion of France,to continue the growth in British airborne resources.

Extensive successful drops were made during theNormandy landingsby the6th Airborne Division(seeOperation Tonga), under the command ofMajor-GeneralRichard Nelson Gale,butOperation Market Gardento seize a corridor across the Netherlands as far asArnhemwith the 1st Airborne Division underRoy Urquhartwere less successful, and proved, in the famous phrase, to beA Bridge too farand the 1st Airborne was virtually destroyed. Later large scale drops, such as those on the Rhine underOperation Varsityand involving the British 6th and theUS 17th,were successful, but less ambitious in their intent to seize ground. After the war, there was fierce debate within the cash-strapped British armed forces as to the value of airborne forces. Many noted the unique contribution they had made within the campaign.Others pointed to the extreme costs involved and the need for strict prioritisation.During the debate, the contribution of British airborne forces in theFar Eastern theatreswas perhaps underplayed,to the long term detriment of the argument.

Several parachute squadrons of theRoyal Air Force Regimentwere formed in World War II in order to secure airfields for theRAF– this capability is currently operated byII Squadron.

United States

WWII U.S. paratroopers

In 1930, the U.S. Army experimented with the concept of parachuting three-man heavy-machine-gun teams. Nothing came of these early experiments.

Image representing a U.S. paratrooper atFort Belvoir,Virginia. Likely ca. 1940–1945

The first U.S. airborne unit began as a test platoon formed from part of the29th Infantry Regiment,in July 1940. The platoon leader was1st Lieutenant William T. Ryder,who made the first jump on August 16, 1940, at Lawson Field, Fort Benning, Georgia, from aB-18 bomber.He was immediately followed by Private William N. King, the first enlisted soldier to make a parachute jump.

Although airborne units were not popular with the top U.S. Armed Forces commanders, PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltsponsored the concept, and Major GeneralWilliam C. Leeorganized the first paratroop platoon. This led to the Provisional Parachute Group, and then theUnited States Army Airborne Command.General Lee was the first commander at the new parachute school atFort Benning,in west-centralGeorgia.

The U.S. Armed Forces regardsMajor GeneralWilliam C. Leeas the father of the Airborne.

The first U.S. combat jump was near Oran, Algeria, in North Africa on November 8, 1942, conducted by elements of the2nd Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment.For the role of paratroopers in theNormandy LandingsseeAmerican airborne landings in Normandy.

U.S. Combat Jumps in WWII

• Operation Torch
• Operation Husky
• Operation Postern
• Operation Avalanche
• Operation Overlord
• Operation Cyclone
• Operation Dragoon
• Operation Market Garden
• Operation Shoestring
• Operation Topside
• Raid at Los Baños
• Operation Varsity
• Operation Gypsy

See also

• List of paratrooper forces
• Airborne forces
• Air Assault Troops
• Military Free Fall– HALO/HAHO
• Jumpmaster
• Pathfinder (military)
• National Airborne Day
• Airdrop
• Parachuting
• Smokejumper
• Static line
• Treejumping
• Gryphon (parachute system)
• Parachute tower

External links

• Argentine Paratroopers – Historical Equipment etc
• Peruvian Paratroopers in 1941 War between Peru and Ecuador – translated from Spanish to English
• Pathfinder Parachute Group,an international organization based in Europe, composed of active and retired paratroopers, participates in WW2 reenactment events as well as joint military jumps with foreign nations
• The European Military- Parachuting Association(EMFV/EMPA/AEPM) is the first instance for active Military Parachuting in Europe.
• The Airborne Engineers Associationis a military association, which is a registered charity and is made up of serving and ex members of Airborne units of the British Corps of Royal Engineers.
• ArmyParatrooper.org
• The Belgian Special Forces Group
• U.S. Navy Parachute Team ( "Leapfrogs" )
• How Armies Hit The Silk - J. PeckPopular Science,June 1945