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Park Lane

Coordinates:51°30′32″N0°09′18″W/ 51.508888°N 0.155129°W/51.508888; -0.155129
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This article is about the road in London. For other uses, seePark Lane (disambiguation).

Park Lane
Looking north on Park Lane.Hyde Parkis to the left; theGrosvenor House Hotelto the right.
Park Lane is located in City of Westminster
Park Lane
Location within Central London
Former name(s)Tyburn Lane
Part ofA4202
NamesakeHyde Park, London
Maintained byTransport for London
Length0.7 mi (1.1 km)
LocationCity of Westminster,Central London
Postal codeW1
Nearest Tube station
Coordinates51°30′32″N0°09′18″W/ 51.508888°N 0.155129°W/51.508888; -0.155129
Construction
Inauguration1741
Other
Known for

Park Laneis a dual carriagewayroadin theCity of WestminsterinCentral London.It is part of theLondon Inner Ring Roadand runs fromHyde Park Cornerin the south toMarble Archin the north. It separatesHyde Parkto the west fromMayfairto the east. The road has a number of historically important properties and hotels and has been one of the most sought after streets in London, despite being a major traffic thoroughfare.

The road was originally a simple country lane on the boundary of Hyde Park, separated by a brick wall. Aristocratic properties appeared during the late 18th century, including Breadalbane House,Somerset House,andLondonderry House.The road grew in popularity during the 19th century after improvements toHyde Park Cornerand more affordable views of the park, which attracted thenouveau richeto the street and led to it becoming one of the most fashionable roads to live on in London. Notable residents included the1st Duke of Westminster's residence atGrosvenor House,theDukes of Somersetat Somerset House, and theBritish prime ministerBenjamin Disraeliat No. 93. Other historic properties includeDorchester House,Brook HouseandDudley House.In the 20th century, Park Lane became well known for its luxury hotels, particularlyThe Dorchester,completed in 1931, which became closely associated with eminent writers and international film stars. Flats and shops began appearing on the road, includingpenthouse flats.Several buildings suffered damage duringWorld War II,yet the road still attracted significant development, including thePark Lane Hoteland theLondon Hilton on Park Lane,and severalsports cargarages. A number of properties on the road today are owned by some of the wealthiest businessmen from the Middle East and Asia. Current residents include business mogulMohamed Al-Fayedand former council leader and Lord MayorShirley Porter.

The road has suffered fromtraffic congestionsince the mid-19th century. Various road enlargement schemes have taken place since then, including a major reconstruction programme in the early 1960s that transformed the road into a three-lanedual carriagewayby removing a 20-acre (8.1 ha) section of Hyde Park. Improved crossings forcyclistsappeared in the early 21st century. Despite the changes, property prices along the road are still among the highest in London. Its prestigious status has been commemorated by being the second-most expensive property square on the LondonMonopolyboard.

Location[edit]

Park Lane is about 0.7 miles (1.1 km) long, and runs north fromHyde Park CornertoMarble Arch,along the eastern flank ofHyde Park.To its east isMayfair.The road is a primary route, classified A4202.[1][2]

The street is one of the key bus corridors in Central London. It is used byLondon busroutes2,6,13,16,23,36,74,137,148,390,414[2]and night bus routesN2,N16,N74andN137.[3]The nearesttubestations areHyde Park Corneron thePiccadilly linenear the street's southern end andMarble Archon theCentral linenear its northern end.[2]At Brook Gate, partway along the road, there is atraffic signalcontrolled pedestrian and cycle crossing connecting Hyde Park to London Cycle Route 39, the recommended cycling route from the park to theWest End.[4]

History[edit]

18th century[edit]

Londonderry House,19 Park Lane, circa 1900.

What is now Park Lane was originally a track running along farm boundaries.[5]WhenHyde Parkwas opened in the 16th century, the lane ran north–south along its eastern boundary fromPiccadillytoMarble Arch.[6]

In the 18th century, it was known as Tyburn Lane and was separated from the park by a high wall with few properties along it, aside from a short terrace of houses approximately where Nos. 93–99 are now.[6]Tyburn Lane took its name from the formerTyburn,a village which had declined in the 14th century. At the end of what is now Park Lane was theTyburn gallows(also known as Tyburn Tree), London's primary public place of execution until 1783.[7][8]Author Charles Knight wrote in 1843, that by 1738 "nearly the whole space between Piccadilly andOxford Streetwas covered with buildings as far as Tyburn Lane, except in the south-western corner aboutBerkeley Squareand Mayfair ".[7]

In 1741, the Kensington Turnpike Trust took over its maintenance, as coach traffic caused wear on the road surface.[9]Breadalbane House was built on the street in 1776.[6]On the corner withOxford Street,Somerset House(No. 40), built in 1769–70, was successively thetown houseofWarren Hastings,a formerGovernor-General of India,the thirdEarl of Rosebery,and theDukes of Somerset.[9]The politician and entrepreneurRichard Sharp,also known as "Conversation Sharp", lived at No. 28.[a][10]

In the 1760s,Londonderry House,on the corner of Park Lane andHertford Street,was bought by the SixthEarl of Holdernesse.He purchased the adjacent property and converted the buildings into one mansion known for a period as Holdernesse House.[11]In 1819, Londonderry House was bought by The Rt. Hon. The 1st Baron Stewart, a British aristocrat, and later, during World War I, the house was used as a military hospital.[12]After the war,Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh,and his wife,Edith Helen Chaplin,continued to use the house and entertained there extensively. After World War II, the house remained in the possession of the Londonderry family, until it was sold to make way for the 29-storeyLondon Hilton,which opened on Park Lane in 1963.[13][14][15]

19th century[edit]

The facade toGrosvenor Houseviewed from Park Lane in the early 19th century. TheGrosvenor House Hotelnow occupies this location.

The street was not particularly significant until 1820, whenDecimus BurtonconstructedHyde Park Cornerat the lane's southern end, coinciding withBenjamin Dean Wyatt's reconstruction of Londonderry House andApsley House.[6][9] At the same time, the entrances to Hyde Park at Stanhope, Grosvenor, and Cumberland Gates were refurbished, and the park's boundary wall was replaced with iron railings. Park Lane subsequently became an in-demand residential address, offering views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London.[6]No. 93, at the junction of Park Lane andUpper Grosvenor Street,was built between 1823 and 1825 bySamuel Baxter.TheBritish prime ministerBenjamin Disraelilived at the house from 1839 to 1872. In 1845, a house on Park Lane was advertised as "one of the most recherché in London".[9]

Ablue plaqueat 90 Park Lane, marking the residence ofMoses Montefiore,who lived there for over 60 years.

Much of the land to the east of Park Lane was owned by the Grosvenor Estate, whose policy was to construct large family homes attracting thenouveau richeto the area.[16]The road became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including theDuke of Westminster'sGrosvenor House(replaced by theGrosvenor House Hotel) and the Holford family'sDorchester House(demolished in 1929 and replaced in 1931 withThe Dorchester) and theMarquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House.[9]The philanthropistMoses Montefiorelived at No. 90 for over 60 years, and ablue plaquemarks its location.[17]

Brook House,at No. 113 Park Lane, was built in 1870 by T. H. Wyatt.[16]It later became the residence ofLord Louis Mountbattenand his wifeEdwina.[18]Aldford Housewas constructed in 1897 for the South African diamond millionaireSir Alfred Beit.[16]Another diamond mining magnate,Sir Joseph Robinsonowned and lived atDudley Houseat No. 100.[19]

20th century[edit]

Buildings at the north end of Park Lane

The character of Park Lane evolved from its prestigious reputation in the early 20th century, as residents began to complain about motor traffic and the noise from buses. The firstflatswere built at Nos. 139–140 in 1915 despite local opposition, with shops following soon afterwards. However, buildings were redeveloped to allowpenthouse flats,which became popular.[9]The politician and art collectorPhilip Sassoonlived at No. 25 in the 1920s and 1930s and held an extensive collection of objects at his house.[20]Dancing partnersFredandAdele Astairemoved into a penthouse flat at No. 41 in 1923, and stayed there during their theatrical appearances at London'sWest End.The couple were courted by the social scene in London and enjoyed dancing at Grosvenor House.[21]American film starDouglas Fairbanks Jr.resided at No. 99 when working in England in the 1930s.[22]The black market fraudsterSidney Stanleylived on Park Lane in the 1940s, and became known as "the Pole of Park Lane".[23]

The Dorchesteropened in 1931 and retains itsArt Decostyle.

TheMarriott London Park Lane,at No. 140 Park Lane, opened in 1919.[24]The site was once occupied bySomerset Houseand Camelford House. The site also includes No. 138 Park Lane, which was featured as aHome Guardheadquarters in the filmThe Life and Death of Colonel Blimp.ThePark Lane Hotelwas built in 1927, designed by the architectsAdie, Button and Partners.Despite its name, its postal address is on Piccadilly and it overlooksGreen Parkrather than Hyde Park.[25]

The Dorchester,designed by SirOwen Williams,opened on Park Lane in 1931. With the development of the hotel, concerns were raised that Park Lane would soon becomeNew York City'sFifth Avenue.[26]The Dorchester quickly gained a reputation as a luxury hotel and one of the most prestigious buildings on the road.[27]During the 1930s it became known as a haunt of numerous writers and artists, such as poetCecil Day-Lewis,novelistSomerset Maugham,and painter SirAlfred Munnings,and it became known for its distinguished literary gatherings, including "Foyles Literary Luncheons", an event the hotel still hosts.[28][29][30]From World War II onwards, the hotel and Park Lane became renowned for accommodating numerous international film stars, and it was closely associated withElizabeth TaylorandRichard Burtonin the 1960s and 1970s.[31]

During World War II, several properties on Park Lane were hit by bombs.Dudley House,at No. 100, suffered major structural damage, including the destruction of the ballroom and gallery, though the building was partially restored.[9]However, the strength of construction of the Dorchester Hotel gave it the reputation of being one of London's safest buildings,[32]and it was a safe haven for numerous luminaries. GeneralDwight D. Eisenhowertook a suite on the first floor in 1942, and later made it his headquarters.[33]

TheBritish Iron and Steel Research Association,an institution responsible for much of the automation of modern steelmaking, was originally established at No. 11 Park Lane in June 1944.[34]It has since moved to No. 24 Buckingham Gate. Thecontact lenspioneerKeith Clifford Hallheld a practice at No. 139, later expanding to No 140, from 1945 to 1964. The site of his practice is now commemorated by a green heritage plaque.[35]The film and stage actressAnna Neaglelived at Alford House on Park Lane between 1950 and 1964 with her husbandHerbert Wilcox;the location of which is now marked with a green heritage plaque.[36]The hotel trade continued to prosper; construction of theLondon Hilton on Park Laneat 22 Park Lane began in 1960 and opened in 1963 at a construction cost of £8m (now £212,000,000).[37]On 5 September 1975, aProvisional IRAbomb exploded at the hotel, killing two people and injuring over 60. The blast also damaged neighbouring properties.[38]

At the south end of Park Lane, on the west side, gates in honour ofQueen Elizabeth The Queen Mother(widow ofGeorge VI) were erected in 1993. The gates were designed by Giuseppe Lund and David Wynne and bear motifs in an interpretation of her coat of arms.[39]

21st century[edit]

TheAnimals in War Memorialwas erected at the northeast side of Park Lane in 2004.

TheAnimals in War Memorialwas opened at the northeast edge of Park Lane in 2004 byAnne, Princess Royal.It commemorates animals that served in wars, and alongside servicemen.[40][41]In June 2007, acar bombwas successfully defused in an underground car park on Park Lane. The road was closed for most of the day for police investigation.[42]

The road still attracts notable residents. In 2002,Robert B. Sherman,composer of the musicalsChitty Chitty Bang BangandMary Poppins,moved to an apartment on Park Lane following the death of his wife. He enjoyed the views of Hyde Park and in 2003 painted an eponymous portrait,Park Lane.[43]The business mogulMohamed Al-Fayedhas offices in 55 and 60 Park Lane.[44]Trevor Rees-Jones,the only survivor of thecar crashthat killed al-Fayed's sonDodi FayedandDiana, Princess of Walesin 1997, briefly recuperated in a flat on Park Lane following the accident.[45]

Property prices on Park Lane remain some of the highest in London. In 2006, formerConservativeleader ofWestminster City Council,Dame Shirley Portermoved into a new £1.5m development on Curzon Square after twelve years of exile in Israel.[46]In 2015, a report showed the average monthly rent for a 2-bedroom apartment on the road was £5,200.[47]Rough sleepersalso made use of the road's surroundings from at least 2012, with largebegginggangs or other homeless groups sleeping in subways or covered shopping parades despite occasionally being cleared or moved on by police.[48][49]

Many of the hotels and establishments on Park Lane are today owned by some of the wealthiest Middle Eastern and Asian businessmen, sheikhs and sultans. The Dorchester was purchased by theSultan of Bruneiin 1985,[50]and since 1996 has been part of theDorchester Collection,owned by theBrunei Investment Agency(BIA), an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei. The Dorchester Collection connects The Dorchester on Park Lane to other luxury hotels internationally, includingThe Beverly Hills HotelandHotel Bel-Airof Los Angeles, and theHôtel Meuriceof Paris.[51]In 1978, a new branch of theAllied Arab Bankopened at 131–2 Park Lane,[52]facilitating the interests of both Arab world and western clients.[53]Mamasinorestaurant at 102 Park Lane serves African cuisine and is African-owned.[54]Wolfgang Puck's restaurant at No. 45 has been described byGQ Magazineas serving one of the best breakfasts in London, with a mixture of American, European and Asian food.[55]

Traffic[edit]

Park Lane was remodelled between 1960 and 1963, including re-routing traffic closer toApsley House.

Owing to property on the road becoming more desirable, traffic began to increase on Park Lane during the 19th century. A short section of the lane was widened in 1851 as part of the redevelopment work on Marble Arch.[6]In July 1866, following the destruction of the boundary railings after a demonstration supporting theSecond Reform Bill,the road was widened as far as Stanhope Gate. In 1871, Hamilton Place was widened to allow an alternative traffic flow to Piccadilly.[25]

Park Lane in 2007, when the road was a free through route through theLondon congestion chargezone

Park Lane Improvement Act 1958
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to authorise the London County Council to carry out certain street improvements in the vicinity of Park Lane partly on lands comprised in Hyde Park and the Green Park and partly on other lands; and for purposes connected therewith.
Citation6 & 7 Eliz. 2.c. 63
Dates
Royal assent1 August 1958

By the 1950s, motor traffic levels along Park Lane had reached saturation point. A 1956 survey by theMetropolitan Policereported "at peak hours it is overloaded", with traffic surveys showing 91,000 and 65,000 vehicles travelling around Hyde Park Corner and Marble Arch respectively in a twelve-hour period, making Park Lane the link between the busiest and third busiest road junctions in London.[56]Between 1960 and 1963, the road was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation.[25]This required the demolition of Nos. 145–148 Piccadilly, near Hyde Park Corner, which had previously formed a line east of Apsley House.[9][56]The work also re-appropriated East Carriage Drive inside Hyde Park as the northbound carriageway, moving the park's boundary westwards.[56]Additionally, a car park was installed under the road, which became the largest underground parking area in London.[57]Despite the claims to preserve as much of the park as possible during the widening works; around 20 acres (8.1 ha) of park was removed and around 95 trees were felled.[58][59]At the time of opening, the project was the largest road widening scheme in Central London since the construction ofKingswayin 1905.[56]The total estimated cost was £1,152,000 (now £30,470,000).[60]Furthertraffic signalswere installed at the junction of Park Lane and Hyde Park corner in 1983.[61]

The road forms part of theLondon Inner Ring Roadand is part of theLondon congestion chargezone's boundary. When the zone was extended westward in February 2007, Park Lane was designated as one of the "free through routes", on which vehicles could cross the zone during its hours of operation without paying the charge.[62]The western extension was removed in January 2011.[63]

In November 2008, themayor of London,Boris Johnsonannounced plans to build a tunnel beneath the street, allowing land to be released for development and green spaces.[64]The traffic improvements and remodelling have diminished the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address since it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. In 2011, Johnson introduced spot fines for coaches idling on Park Lane.[65]The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.[66]Despite the traffic noise the road is still upmarket, featuring five-star hotels (such as The Dorchester, the Grosvenor House Hotel and theInterContinental London Park Lane Hotel) and showrooms for severalsports carmodels, includingBMW,[67]Aston MartinandMercedes-Benz.[57]

Cultural references[edit]

On a BritishMonopolyboard, Park Lane is the second most expensive property square, afterMayfair.

Park Lane is the second most valuable property in the London edition of theboard gameMonopoly.The street had a prestigious social status when the British version of theMonopolyboard was first produced, in 1936. On the board, Park Lane forms a pair withMayfair,the most expensive property in the game. The squares were designed to be equivalents of Park Place and Boardwalk, respectively, on the original board, which used streets inAtlantic City, New Jersey.[68]In 1988, the World Monopoly Championships were held at the Park Lane Hotel, sponsored byWaddingtons,manufacturers of the British version.[69]Since the game's original production, prices on the real Park Lane have held their value, though average rent costs have been overtaken byBond Street.[70]

InArthur Conan Doyle's short story "The Adventure of the Empty House"(1903),Sherlock Holmesinvestigates and solves alocked-room murderwhich took place at No. 427 Park Lane (the old numbering), and which is referred to as the "Park Lane Mystery". The story is set in 1894.[71][72]The writerJasper Fforderefers to the street and itsMonopolysquare in his novelThe Eyre Affair(2001), via the characterLanden Parke-Laine.[73][b]

The street has several mentions inJohn Galsworthy's 1922 trilogy,The Forsyte Saga.The1967 BBC television adaptationusedCroxteth HallinLiverpoolfor footage of James and Emily's house on Park Lane.[74]The road is mentioned in the second stanza ofNoël Coward's patriotic song "London Pride".[75]

InGeorge Orwell'sComing Up for Air(1939) several conservative and imperialist politicians are derogatively referred to as "the Park Lane riff-raff".[76]

TheMini Countryman Park Laneis a high-endfour wheel drivesport utility vehiclenamed after the road, where the company has a showroom.[77]InWalter Lord's bookA Night to Remember,which documents the fate of theRMS Titanic,a broad, lower-deck working corridor on E Deck, which ran the length of the ship, was referred to by officers as "Park Lane" (and by crew as "Scotland Road").[78]

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ^House numbers have changed twice in Park Lane; first in 1872, then in 1934[9]
  2. ^Readers of Fforde's novels have claimed the character is abowlderisationof either "land on (as in playingMonopoly) Park Lane "or" London, Park Lane "

Citations

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  6. ^abcdefHibbert & Weinreb 2008,p. 624.
  7. ^abKnight 1843,p. 263.
  8. ^Hyde Park, Residence (18 April 2023)."park lane's history: from narrow country lane to the height of luxury".Hyde Park Residence.Cultureshock.Retrieved2 June2023.
  9. ^abcdefghiF H W Sheppard, ed. (1980)."Park Lane".40.Survey of London: 264–289.Retrieved1 July2015.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
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  15. ^Hibbert & Weinreb 2008,p. 545.
  16. ^abcSutcliffe 2006,p. 149.
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  20. ^"Lot 15318: A Mansion – A Private Collection"(PDF).Sothebys. 28 April 2015.Retrieved1 July2015.
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  39. ^Masters, Tom; Fallon, Steve; Maric, Vesna (2010).London.Lonely Planet. p. 145.ISBN978-1-742-20400-0.
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  54. ^Directory of African Businesses & Organisations in the UK.Adonis & Abbey Publishers Limited. 2007.ISBN9781905068784.
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  56. ^abcd"Park Lane Improvement Bill".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).11 December 1957.Retrieved1 July2015.
  57. ^abMoore 2003,p. 275.
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  69. ^Watson 2008,p. 86.
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  78. ^Lord, Walter(1955). "2".A Night to Remember.

Sources

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