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Parliament Building (Quebec)

Coordinates:46°48′31″N71°12′51″W/ 46.80861°N 71.21417°W/46.80861; -71.21417
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Parliament Building
Hôtel du Parlement du Québec(French)
Parliament Building in 2020
Map
General information
Architectural styleSecond Empire
Address1045, rue des Parlementaires
Town or cityQuebec City,Quebec
CountryCanada
Coordinates46°48′31″N71°12′51″W/ 46.80861°N 71.21417°W/46.80861; -71.21417
Construction started1877
Completed1886
ClientCrown in Right of Quebec
OwnerCrown in Right of Quebec
Height52.4 m (172 ft)[1]
Design and construction
Architect(s)Eugène-Étienne Taché

TheParliament Building of Quebec(French:Hôtel du Parlement du Québec)[a]is an eight-floor structure and is home to theNational Assembly of Quebec(French:Assemblée Nationale du Québec), inQuebec City,Quebec, Canada. The Parliament Building was designed by architectEugène-Étienne Tachéin aSecond Empire styleand built between 1877 and 1886, in the heart of Quebec'sParliament Hill.The National Assembly (or, as it was called until 1968, theLegislative Assembly) first met there on March 27, 1884, even though the building was only fully completed two years later, on April 8, 1886. From the 1910s to the 1930s, the government built several adjacent buildings to expand its office spaces, creating a parliamentary complex, of which the Parliament Building is the main edifice. This structure is a successor of several earlier buildings, the earliest of which was built in 1620 and among which there were two other parliament houses that served as legislatures.

Geographically, the building is in thePlace de l'Assemblée-Nationale,in the district ofVieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire,part of the borough ofLa Cité-Limoilou,just outside the walls ofOld Quebec.However, the Parliament Building, along with several adjacent buildings and terrain, have been declared anational historic site(French:site historique national), and as such taken away from the control of the provincialMinistry of Culture and Communicationsand municipalities.[2][3][4]This designation notwithstanding, the province of Quebec is signatory to a long-term leasing deal (calledemphyteusis) when it comes to the territory in front of the Parliament Building, that is, from the front entrance to thefortifications of the old town,as this parcel has belonged to the federal government since 1881.[5]

History

[edit]
A 1683 drawing of the Château Saint-Louis, the earliest precursor to the Parliament Building
Château Saint-Louis just prior to being destroyed by fire.

Precursors

[edit]

Fort and château Saint-Louis

[edit]
Main article:Chateau St. Louis

In 1620,Samuel de Champlainwas ordered to stop further exploration ofNew France,of which he waslieutenant governor,and instead was asked to engage solely in administration of the newly discovered lands.[6]He therefore ordered the construction of a fort onCap Diamant,the easternmost extremity of thePromontory of Quebec.Even as the short-lived governments of theCompany of Rouen[fr]and of theCompany of Montmorency[fr]were substituted for a more stableCompany of One Hundred Associatesin 1627, it was not until 1648 that the one-storey Château St. Louis, built by GovernorCharles de Montmagny,became the first permanent official residence of the government of New France.[7]However, by late 1680s, the construction was in a very poor state.[8]

A bigger residence on the foundations of the old one was built in 1694 by GovernorFrontenac,and was finished thirty years later.[7]The château was damaged during theSeven Years' War,but after some repairs, still remained a residence for government structures of the British administration, until Château Haldimand was built.[8]A large fire destroyed the 1694 building in 1834.[9]The site is today covered by theTerrasse Dufferin,in front of theChâteau Frontenac.

Château Haldimand

[edit]
Main article:Château Haldimand
Château Haldimand in 1864

In 1784, the governor of theProvince of Quebec,Frederick Haldimand,ordered the construction of a new building, which was completed three years later. It was a residence of the colonial government from 1786 to 1791, and then of the governors only, until 1811.[10]TheChâteau Clique,which had an outsized influence over Quebec's governance, met there regularly with the governor. Château Haldimand was demolished in 1892 to make way for the construction of the Château Frontenac.[11]

Old Parliament Building

[edit]
Main article:Old Parliament Building (Quebec)
The Old Parliament Building

The Old Parliament Building was built in 1693-1695 by the bishop of thediocese of Quebec,Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier,as the seat for the bishopry, and is also therefore known as the Episcopal Palace of Quebec.[12]However, its purpose was changed in 1777, when the government of the province of Quebec started renting the building from the Catholic Church. The Legislative Council, which was a largely advisory body, was seated there.[12]

Following the division of theold Province of QuebecintoLower CanadaandUpper Canadaby theConstitutional Act 1791,Quebec stayed as the capital of Lower Canada. It was at that time that the Canadas first receivedWestminster-style parliaments.In Lower Canada, the building that hosted the parliament, consisting of theLegislative Assemblyand theLegislative Council,lower and upper houses respectively, was that building. It also hosted the office of the governor. The first sitting of parliament, after some reconstruction works, took place on December 17, 1792.[13]

The government attempted to gain ownership of the property from theRoman Catholic Church.After several unsuccessful attempts of negotiation with the archbishop, Bernard-Claude Panet, he eventually agreed to transfer the ownership rights in 1831 – thus the building became colonial property in August 1832.[14]It was subsequently rebuilt for the expansion of the government offices.[14]

After theLower Canada Rebellionof 1837–1838, the parliament was suspended, and the governor-appointedSpecial Councilsat inMontreal.The Episcopal Palace was then briefly seat of theParliament of the Province of Canadain 1852–1854, but it was fully destroyed in a fire on February 1, 1854.[15]Other victims were the museum of theLiterary and Historical Society of Quebec[16]and half of the collection of the parliamentary library.[17]The area that used to be the Episcopal Palace is now part of theParc Montmorency.

Post office

[edit]

With the Old Parliament Building destroyed, the legislature was left with no building to operate in. They quickly accepted the offer of theSisters of Charityto rent their convent as a temporary seat of parliament, but on May 3, 1854, during works on repurposing the building, another fire ruined the new wing of the house they intended to use as a meeting place for the legislature.[14]They afterwards rented a courthouse and a music hall as an emergency solution, until in 1858, the city acquired the land with the ruins of the Old Parliament Building (it later became theChamplain Market[fr]). The proceeds were then used to construct a small building first intended as a post office, but then it was decided to move the legislature and the government in that place.[14]The Canadian legislature presided in the office from 1860 to 1865, and, afterConfederation,the provincial parliament occupied the building from 1867 to 1883, when it succumbed to a fire.[13][8]

Construction of the current building

[edit]
Newly opened Parliament Building,c. 1890

The government sought a bigger place to operate, in one building, thus the government proposed to build a new site in 1869. For this purpose, it bought lands that were occupied by aJesuitcollege and demolished it in 1872.[18]It also bought a parcel of land from the federal government in July 1876 for that purpose, and it is on these two lots of land that the new building, which was to host the government (including ministries), the legislature and thelieutenant governor'soffice, was constructed.[19]

The design works were assigned toEugène-Étienne Taché,an architect who was then working at the provincial ministry of public works. He chose to build a new seat for government and parliament in a building with a style harkening back to theFrench Renaissance,instead of the British-style architecture inOttawa.[19]Due to budget constraints, however, the building'sSecond Empirearchitecture was toned down somewhat from what was popular inParis;[20]it was nevertheless called a "construction of the century", with up to 400 workers employed to erect the seat of parliament.[21]

The building process itself was marred with problems.Simon-Xavier Cimon,the entrepreneur who won the contract to build the Parliament Building, was deeply unpopular. The workers, whose wages went down from 60¢ to 50¢ in 1878, went onstrike,demanding they be paid twice the sum. With tensions escalating, the employment ofstrikebreakersfailing and the thenPremier of Quebec,Henri-Gustave Joly,attacked on the street, the demonstrations were suppressed by the military in June 1878.[22][23]In total, three more strikes occurred by the time the whole complex was built.[21]After making minor concessions, the construction continued, so that by 1880, three wings of the building were completed. The legislature still met in the post office building.

The second stage was started in 1883, after the parliament lost its operating space due to a fire, so they temporarily moved to the then-existing rooms of the Parliament Building, displacing some government offices. Members of the Legislature started their first legislative session in the new building on March 27, 1884.[8][23]The builders also faced other problems – in October 1884, a bombing damaged the construction site, and the government also experienced significant cost overruns.[23]Despite that, the main construction was finished in time for the parliamentary session that started on April 8, 1886.[20][24]

Side view of the Parliament Building complex
Édifice Jean-Antoine-Panet

Following inauguration

[edit]

After its opening, most of the works concerned the decorations of the building and around it. In 1888, a clock at the top of the tower was installed.[25]Two years later, a fountain in front of the entrance, dedicated to theAbenaki,was inaugurated.[26][27]Four years after that, statues of various political and intellectual figures of importance to Quebec were mounted in niches in the walls of the building.[25][28]

Entrance to theÉdifice André-Laurendeau,one of the four buildings that were later added to the parliamentary complex
A view of the Parliament Building complex on Quebec City's skyline

The building initially hosted all major executive and legislative offices of the province of Quebec as well as the parliamentary library. However, by the turn of the century, the government decided to expand their working spaces and moved some of their offices to adjacent structures. The first was Édifice Pamphile-Le May, which was added in 1910–1915 to host theLibrary of the National Assembly[fr].[29]It was also at that time that a parliamentary restaurant,Le Café du Parlement,was opened in the courtyard (renamedLe Parlementairein 1970).[30]A decade later, the Édifice Honoré-Mercier was built to house several ministries, including the office ofpremier,which was in the building from its construction until 1972 and from 2002 on.[31][32]Édifice Jean-Antoine-PanetandÉdifice André-Laurendeauwere erected in the 1930s, for the Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Agriculture, respectively. The latter building is now the main office of the lieutenant-governor.[33]

In 1985, the Parliament Building, along with several adjacent buildings and terrain, were declared a national historic site (French:site historique national), and as such taken away from the control of the provincialMinistry of Culture and Communications,and municipalities, to ensure operational independence.[2][3][4]This was reaffirmed during changes to the law in 2011, though the term was changed tonational heritage site(French:site patrimonial national).[34]

In 2016-2019 a new entrance with enhanced security and additional space for parliamentary committees were built for $60.5 million.[26][35][36]

Exterior

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

The eight-storey[18]Parliament building is symmetrical and is composed of three parts. There are two side wings each with a small tower, one dedicated to Samuel de Champlain, explorer and founder of Quebec City, and the other toPaul Chomedey de Maisonneuve,founder of Montreal; and a 52-metre-tower placed between these two wings, which, in its turn, is named afterJacques Cartier,who made first contact between the French and what is now Canada.[37]The concept of decorations as thought by Eugène-Étienne Taché was to show an open history of Quebec on the wall of parliament, including statues and the heraldry.[38]Until 2019, the main entrance was the original one, which could be accessed through either staircase going around greenery and a fountain with the statues ofindigenous people;since then, however, the parliament is mainly accessible through a modernized space going through underground passages to the parliament, and the greenery was removed.

Statues

[edit]

The front wall of the parliament building houses a total of 26 statues,[25]which were ordered in 1886 and delivered in 1894 fromLouis-Philippe Hébertand eight other sculptors, all from Paris. Two of the statues represent allegorical themes (Religion and CountryandHistory and Poetry) and are on either side of the tower; another two represent the indigenous people of Quebec (in this case, the Abenaki), while the rest honour important people in thehistory of Quebec.[27]Most of them are in the niches in the Parliament Building's outer wall. Samuel de Champlain's statue, as well as theHistory and Poetryallegorical statues are not shown here.

In addition to that, several monuments to famous politicians are scattered on the front lawn of the parliament.

Statues of important political figures in Parliament's vicinity
A detail of the front entrance: V.R.(Victoria Regina)and the year of completion of the detail (1878)
Quebec's coat of arms, withJe me souviensinscribed below, and a commemorative plaque explaining the motto's origin

Heraldry

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The Parliament Building has a total of 97 coats of arms, of which 87 are identified.[38]Quebec City's andMontreal's coat of arms appear over the statues of their founders. Several heraldic signs of the first lieutenant-governors of Quebec, as well as the names of prominent families of Quebec can also be seen on the front wall.[25]

The 1868 version ofQuebec's coat of armsis above the old entrance to the building. In 1883, Taché carved the phraseJe me souviensbelow it, which is considered the first time the phrase was used as a motto.[38][39][40][41]It became the official provincial motto in 1939, and is now used on standardvehicle registration plates of Quebec.[42]

Fountains

[edit]

The Parliament Building vicinity has two fountains – the Fountain of the Abenaki (French:Fontaine des Abénaquis) and theFountain of Tourny[fr](French:Fontaine de Tourny).

The former is located below the old main entrance to the building, along with two statues of the indigenous people, withThe Nigog Fishermanbeing in the niche just above the water and the other statue above the fountain, in the place where two staircases meet. Built in 1890, it underwent a significant change from 2016 to 2019, when it was greatly reduced in size.[43][44]

The Fountain of Tourny is a relatively recent addition. Located on the roundabout on Honoré-Mercier Avenue, part ofPlace de l'Assemblée-Nationale,it was first cast in 1853–1854. Two copies were displayed inBordeauxsince 1858 and until 1960, when it was dismantled to construct an underground parking lot[45]and due to rising costs of maintaining the fountain. One of them was acquired by a nearbySaint-Germain-de-la-Rivièremunicipality, while the other, after having been disassembled and cut in pieces, eventually went to an antique shop inSaint-Ouen-sur-Seine,a Parisian suburb. In early 2000s, an entrepreneur in Quebec,Peter Simons,decided to renovate the figures, and donated the fountain to the city of Quebec. It was inaugurated on July 3, 2007, a year before thequadricentennial celebrationsof founding of the city.[45]

  • Fountain of the Abenaki in 2009, before renovations
    Fountain of the Abenaki in 2009, before renovations
  • Fountain of Tourny in 2018. Note the construction works in the background.
    Fountain of Tourny in 2018. Note the construction works in the background.

Interior

[edit]

Parliamentary debate rooms

[edit]

When theQuebec Legislaturemoved to the new building, there were two chambers: theLegislative Assembly,which sat in a room that is now commonly known asSalon bleu(Blue Room), and theLegislative Councilin theSalon rouge(Red Room). The former was originally white, but it was recolored twice: first in 1901, when it was repainted green, the traditional colour of the elected chamber of Westminster-style legislatures, and then in 1978 to blue, to facilitate the broadcast of debates on television.[46]

The Blue Room is the place where theNational Assemblyconducts its regular sessions. It has 124 desks for the same number of members, separated by a corridor that leads from the main doors to the clerk's table, and further to the chair of thepresident of the National Assembly,whose seat is elevated on a pedestal. A painting byCharles Huot,Débat sur les langues[fr](French for 'debate on languages'), hangs behind the President's seat.[47]

A similar-looking Red Room used to be the place where the upper chamber presided, until it was abolished in 1968. It is now used for the works of parliamentary committees and for solemn occasions, such as administeringoaths of office.Unlike the Blue Room, however, the Red Room's furniture may be rearranged depending on the parliament's needs. The painting opposite the entrance to the room is Charles Huot'sLe Conseil souverain[fr](French for 'the sovereign council'), which depicts a debate of the colonial government of New France.[48]

Renovations of the Blue Room are planned to start in fall 2024. The National Assembly decided to ditch the traditional Westminster layout of government facing the opposition in favour of a horseshoe outline of seats,[49]similar to the arrangement used in theAustralian House of Representatives.Until the renovation is finished in 2026, the MNAs will sit in the Red Room.[50]

Flag Room

[edit]

The Flag Room used to serve various purposes: it was used a press conference room (also calledhot room) and also served as a museum. From 1985, it has displayed eight flags that inspired the current design of theflag of Quebec,or thefleurdelisé.These flags include three from theKingdom of France,two navalensigns,two Carillon flags and the current one.

Flags displayed in the Flag Room
  • Banner of the Kingdom of France
    Banner of the Kingdom of France
  • Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of France
    Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of France
  • Royal Standard of Louis XIV
    Royal Standard ofLouis XIV
  • Ensign of the admiralty of Saint-Malo
    Ensign of the admiralty of Saint-Malo
  • Ensign of the French royal trade navy, 17th century
    Ensign of the French royal trade navy, 17th century
  • Carillon flag
    Carillon flag
  • Carillon flag, modern version
    Carillon flag, modern version
  • Fleurdelisé
    Fleurdelisé

Hot room

[edit]
Le Parlementairerestaurant in 2010

The press conference room (officially calledSalle Bernard-Lalondeand commonly referred to as "hot room", both in English and in French)[51][52]is in the north side of the building. It was originally named so due to the heat that the cameras were emitting, but the name is sometimes interpreted as a reference to the heated atmosphere caused by numerous questions of journalists.[53]Until 1976, it served as a bar.[52]The "hot room" moved to its current location in mid-1980s.[54]

Le Parlementairerestaurant

[edit]

TheLe Parlementairerestaurant was not built when the building was inaugurated, but during an expansion in 1910s,Jean-Omer Marchand[fr]from Montreal andGeorges-Émile TanguayfromQuebec Cityproposed a new space for a canteen for members of parliament in aBeaux-Artsstyle, which was popular at the time.[55]It was built in 1912-1917 and has continued to serve the same purpose since then. The restaurant was originally calledLe Café du Parlement(Parliament Café), but was renamedLe Parlementaire(Frenchfor 'member of Parliament') in 1970.[56]

The restaurant was initially open only to members of parliament, but it opened to the general public in 1968. In 2020, the facility closed for renovation.[56][57]It notably hosted election campaign debates for the2007and2008 Quebec general elections.[58][59]

2016-2019 extension

[edit]
Parliament Building before the construction of new entrance, in 2015.

In October 2014, ashooting at Parliament Hilloccurred in Ottawa, which raised concerns about the security of the Parliament Building in Quebec. Accordingly, in November 2015,Jacques Chagnon,president of the National Assembly, unveiled a $60.5 million project that envisaged the construction of an underground entrance with enhanced security features, as well as a new conference room and space for parliamentary committees.[60]After three years of work, the new entrance was inaugurated in May 2019 and opened to the public on June 1 that year.[61][62][63]

The expansion was generally received positively. TheOrdre des architectes du Québec,a provincial trade organization, gave an award to the planners of the expansion, lauding the preservation of architectural values in the building and increased accessibility;[64]Olivier Vallerand, a professor of architecture atMcGill University,similarly approved of the design.[65]On the other hand, the expansion came at a cost of reducing the area occupied by the Abenaki fountain, a change some, including Gaston Deschênes, a historian who wrote a monograph on the Parliament Building, criticized as violating the will of the original architect.[43][44]

Notable mentions

[edit]

The Parliament Building was mentioned on one-dollar tokens issued for theQuebec Winter Carnivalin 1984.[66]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^This is the official name; it is also sometimes referred to asFrench:Hôtel du Parlement de Québecseehereandhere.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Ledoux, Robert; Jacob, Henri-Louis (December 2003)."Geology of the Parliament Buildings 4. Géologie des édifices du Parlement du Québec"(PDF).Geoscience Canada.30(4): 148 – via Erudit.org.
  2. ^ab"Historique de la Loi sur les biens culturels".Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine(in French). 2009-05-08.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-02-24.Retrieved2021-06-02.
  3. ^ab"Cultural Property Act".legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca.Retrieved2021-06-02.
  4. ^abRicher, Jocelyn (2015-11-12)."Des travaux de 60,5 millions à l'Assemblée nationale".Le Devoir(in French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
  5. ^Robitaille, Antoine (2009-02-21)."Québec a tenté de récupérer sa colline"[Quebec tried to regain its hill].Le Devoir(in French).Retrieved2021-06-03.
  6. ^Ritchie, C.T."Samuel de Champlain".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  7. ^ab"Saint-Louis Forts and Châteaux Archaeological Site".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  8. ^abcd"Two châteaux – Saint-Louis Forts and Châteaux National Historic Site".Parks Canada.2017-02-16.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  9. ^"400e anniversaire de la ville de Québec – 2008 – Les forts et châteaux Saint-Louis".quebec400.gc.ca(in French). 2007-11-08.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-02-24.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  10. ^"Saint Louis Forts and Châteaux National Historic Site (Quebec City)".www.ameriquefrancaise.org.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  11. ^"Plaque du Château Haldimand – Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec".www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  12. ^ab"400e anniversaire de la ville de Québec – 2008 – Le Parlement du Canada (Parc Montmorency)".Le 400eanniversaire de la ville de Québec – 2008(in French). 2007-11-08.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-02-24.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  13. ^ab"The Montmorency Park National Historic Site – Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site".Parks Canada.2017-02-06.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  14. ^abcdTêtu, Henri (1896).Histoire du palais épiscopal de Québec.Robarts – University of Toronto. Québec: Pruneau & Kirouac. pp. 73, 91, 94–97, 100–101.
  15. ^"Chronologie parlementaire depuis 1764 (1853-1854)".National Assembly of Quebec(in French).Retrieved2021-06-03.
  16. ^Chartrand, Luc; Duchesne, Raymond; Gingras, Yves (2008).Histoire des sciences au Québec: de la Nouvelle-France à nos jours(in French). Montreal: Boréal. p. 92.ISBN978-2-7646-0623-0.
  17. ^"L'historique".National Assembly of Quebec.2010-11-05.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-03-30.Retrieved2021-06-03.
  18. ^ab"L'hôtel du Parlement: de sa construction à aujourd'hui – Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec – Guides thématiques".Library of the National Assembly of Quebec(in French).Retrieved2021-06-04.
  19. ^ab"Vidéo – L'histoire de l'hôtel du Parlement".Assemblée nationale du Québec(in French).Retrieved2021-06-04.
  20. ^ab"L'hôtel du Parlement – Par ici la démocratie".www.paricilademocratie.com(in French).Retrieved2021-06-04.
  21. ^ab"Hôtel du Parlement".Culture et Communications Québec.Retrieved2021-06-04.
  22. ^Roy, Yvan-M. (2007-05-30)."Québec au printemps 1878: crise constitutionnelle et émeute communiste – Une page reléguée aux oubliettes de l'histoire".Le Devoir(in French).Retrieved2021-06-04.
  23. ^abcGagné, Jean-Simon (2019-06-01)."L'étonnante histoire du parlement du Québec".Le Soleil(in French).Retrieved2021-06-04.
  24. ^"Chronologie parlementaire depuis 1764 (1886-1887)".National Assembly of Quebec(in French).Retrieved2021-06-04.
  25. ^abcd"Memories in Bronze: The Statues in The Façade of the Parliament Building".National Assembly of Quebec.November 2015.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  26. ^abVan Dyk, Spencer (2019-06-08)."'Worthy of one of the great capitals of the world': National Assembly's new entrance opens to public ".Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  27. ^abLedoux, Robert; Jacob, Henri-Louis (February 2012)."Québec ville de roc et de pierre: LA COLLINE PARLEMENTAIRE DE QUÉBEC"(PDF)(in French). Énergie et Ressources naturelles Québec.Retrieved2021-06-06.
  28. ^Gariépy, Edgar."Québec: Statues de Wolfe et Montcalm".Archives de Montréal(in French).Retrieved2021-06-05.Photo of the statues of James Wolfe, on the left, and Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, on the right, sculptured by Philippe Hébert in 1894
  29. ^"Édifice Pamphile-Le May".Culture and Communications Québec(in French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
  30. ^"Toutes les capsules".National Assembly of Quebec.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  31. ^"Office of the Premier".Government of Quebec.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  32. ^"Édifice Honoré-Mercier".Assemblée nationale du Québec(in French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
  33. ^"Joindre le Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec".Lieutenant Governor of Quebec.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  34. ^"Cultural Heritage Act".legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca.Retrieved2021-06-02.
  35. ^Agence QMI (2019-04-16)."Assemblée nationale: deux salles en l'honneur de Pauline Marois et de Marie-Claire Kirkland".Le Journal de Québec.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  36. ^Bellerose, Patrick (30 May 2019)."[PHOTOS] Assemblée nationale: le nouveau pavillon inauguré en grande pompe".Le Journal de Québec.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  37. ^Ledoux, Robert; Jacob, Henri-Louis (December 2003)."Geology of the Parliament Buildings 4. Géologie des édifices du Parlement du Québec"(PDF).Geoscience Canada(in French).30(4): 147–148 – via Erudit.org.
  38. ^abcBeaudoin, Marc (November 2014)."L'héraldique à l'hôtel du Parlement, un patrimoine à découvrir".Bulletin Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale(in French).43(1): 5–10.ISSN0701-6808.
  39. ^Rouillard, Jacques (2005-06-23)."La devise du Québec – Se souvenir de qui, de quoi?"[The motto of Quebec – Remember whom, what?].Le Devoir(in French).Retrieved2021-06-06.
  40. ^Deschênes, Gaston (2010-04-18)."Québec's Motto".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Retrieved2021-06-06.
  41. ^Deschênes, Gaston."The Motto of Quebec:" Je me souviens "".Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America.Retrieved2021-06-06.
  42. ^"LA DEVISE DU QUÉBEC – JE ME SOUVIENS".Ministry of Justice of Québec.Retrieved2021-06-06.
  43. ^abVigneault, Nicolas (2019-06-18)."La disparition de la fontaine des Abénaquis, devant l'édifice de l'Assemblée nationale, dénoncée".Radio Canada(in Canadian French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
  44. ^abNadeau, Jean-François; Noël, Dave (2019-05-23)."La fontaine devant l'hôtel du Parlement a été sacrifiée".Le Devoir(in French).Retrieved2021-06-06.
  45. ^ab"Fontaine de Tourny".Ville de Québec.Retrieved2021-06-06.
  46. ^Desgagnés, Michel (1978).Les édifices parlementaires depuis 1792.Bicentenaire des Institutions parlementaires du Québec. Québec. p. 97.ISBN2-551-15125-2.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  47. ^"Huot, Charles – Volume XV (1921-1930)".Dictionary of Canadian Biography.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  48. ^Champagne, Michel (2007-09-03)."Charles Huot".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Retrieved2021-06-05.
  49. ^"Renovations coming to the Salon bleu at Quebec's national assembly".CTV News Montreal/Canadian Press.2023-06-09.Retrieved2023-09-06.
  50. ^"Travaux majeurs: voici le Salon bleu 2.0".Le Journal de Québec/Agence QMI.2023-06-08.Retrieved2023-09-06.
  51. ^Boivin, Simon (2015-09-10)."Assemblée nationale: chicane partisane au sujet de la... partisanerie!".Le Soleil(in French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
  52. ^abDion, Mathieu (2019-06-18)."Voici le" hot room "de l'Assemblée nationale".Radio Canada(in Canadian French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
  53. ^Charlebois, Mathieu (2018-05-23)."J'ai passé une journée à l'Assemblée nationale".L’actualité(in Canadian French).Retrieved2021-06-05.
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Further reading

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