Patristics

Patristicsorpatrologyis the study of theearly Christian writerswho are designatedChurch Fathers.^[1]The names derive from thecombined formsof Latinpaterand Greekπᾰτήρ(father). The period of the Church Fathers, commonly called thePatristic era,^[2]^[3]is generally considered to run from the end ofNew Testamenttimes or end of theApostolic Age(c. AD 100) to either AD 451 (the date of theCouncil of Chalcedon)^[4]or to theSecond Council of Nicaeain 787.^{[citation needed]}

Eras

The Church Fathers are generally divided into theAnte-Nicene Fathers,those who lived and wrote before theCouncil of Nicaea(325) and theNicene and Post-Nicene Fathers,those who lived and wrote after 325. Also, the division of the Fathers into Greek and Latin writers is also common. Some of the most prominent Greek Fathers areJustin Martyr,Athanasius of Alexandria,Basil of Caesarea,Gregory of Nazianzus,John Chrysostom,Cyril of Alexandria,andMaximus the Confessor.Among the Latin Fathers areTertullian,Cyprian,Jerome,Ambroseof Milan,Augustine of Hippo,andGregory the Great.^{[citation needed]}

There were also Church Fathers who wrote in languages other than Greek or Latin, such asCoptic,Syriac,Ge'ez,andArmenian,among others.^[a]Historically, Chalcedonian Christians have had less interest in these authors since the associated churches ended up rejecting the councils of Chalcedon (becomingOriental Orthodox), or Ephesus (becoming theChurch of the East). Recently this has begun to change, with the easing of tensions between these branches of Christianity and the Western and Byzantine ones. There areEastern Catholicswho follow Oriental rites while remaining in communion with Rome.

Locations

The major locations of the early Church fathers wereRome,Constantinople,Alexandria,Antioch,and the area of western north Africa aroundCarthage.MilanandJerusalemwere also sites.^[5]

Key theological developments

Major focuses for these theologians during the period are, in chronological order,Christianity's relationship with Judaism;theestablishment of the New Testament canon;apologetics(the 'defense' or 'explanation' of Christianity); and doctrinal discussions that sought to achieveconsistency of faith,in particular within theChristianised Roman Empire.^[6]Following the scholar of ChristianityAlister McGrath(1998), several major areas of theology can be seen to have developed during the Patristic Period: the extent of theNew Testament canon,the role of tradition, the fixing of theecumenical creeds,thetwo natures of Christ,the doctrine of theTrinity,the doctrine of theChurch,and the doctrine ofdivine grace.^[7]

Key persons

Clement of Rome(c. 35– c. 101) (Greek)
Ignatius of Antioch(c. 35– c. 108) (Greek)
Aristides the Athenian(d. ~140) (Greek)
Polycarp of Smyrna(c. 69– c. 155) (Greek)
Justin Martyr(c. 100– c. 165) (Greek)
Tatian the Assyrian(c. 120– c. 180) (Greek)
Melito of Sardis(d. 180) (Greek)
Theophilus of Antioch(d. 184) (Greek)
Athenagoras(c. 133– c. 190) (Greek)
Irenaeus of Lyons(c. 120– c. 202) (Greek)
Clement of Alexandria(c. 150– c. 215) (Greek)
Tertullian(c. 160– c. 225) (Latin-African)
Hippolytus of Rome(c. 170– c. 235) (Greek)
Julius Africanus(c. 160– c. 240) (Greek-African)
Origen(c. 185– c. 254) (Greek)
Marcus Minucius Felix(d. ~250) (Latin)
Cyprian of Carthage(d. 258) (Latin-African)
Pontius of Carthage(d. 259) (Latin-African)
Dionysius of Alexandria(d. 264) (Greek)
Dionysius of Rome(c. 200– c. 268) (Greek)
Gregory Thaumaturgus(c. 213– c. 270) (Greek)
Anatolius of Laodicea(d. 283) (Greek)

Victorinus of Pettau(d. 304) (Greek)
Pamphilus of Caesarea(d. 309) (Greek)
Methodius of Olympus(died c. 311) (Greek)
Lactantius(c. 250– c. 325) (Latin-African)
Alexander of Alexandria(d. 328) (Greek)
Arnobius of Sicca(d. 330) (Latin-African)
Eusebius of Caesarea(c. 260– c. 340) (Greek)
Eusebius of Nicomedia(d. 342) (Greek)
Aphrahat(c. 280– c. 345) (Syriac)
Pachomius the Great(c. 292– c. 348) (Coptic)
Anthony the Great(c. 251– c. 356) (Coptic)
Hosius of Corduba(c. 256– c. 357) (Latin)
Eusebius of Emesa(c. 300– c. 360) (Greek)
Eustathius of Antioch(d. 360) (Greek)
Potamius(d. 360) (Latin)
Hilary of Poitiers(c. 310– c. 368) (Latin)
Eusebius of Vercelli(c. 283– c. 371) (Latin)
Lucifer of Cagliari(d. 371) (Latin)
Athanasius(c. 296– c. 373) (Greek-Coptic)
Ephrem the Syrian(c. 306– c. 373) (Syriac)
Marcellus of Ancyra(d. 374) (Greek)
Basil of Caesarea(c. 330– 379) (Greek)
Zeno of Verona(c. 300– c. 380) (Latin-African)
Apollinaris of Laodicea(d. 382) (Greek)
Ambrosiaster(d. 384) (Latin)
Cyril of Jerusalem(c. 313– c. 386) (Greek)
Gregory of Nazianzus(c. 329– c. 389) (Greek)
Ticonius(d. 390) (Latin-African)
Nemesius(d. 390) (Greek)
Diodorus of Tarsus(d. 390) (Greek)
Pacian(c. 310– c. 391) (Latin)
Gregory of Elvira(d. 392) (Latin)
Phoebadius of Agen(d. 392) (Latin)
Gregory of Nyssa(c. 330– c. 395) (Greek)
Martin of Tours(c. 313– c. 397) (Latin)
Ambrose of Milan(c. 340– c. 397) (Latin)
Didymus the Blind(c. 313– c. 398) (Greek)
Siricius(c. 334– c. 399) (Latin)
Evagrius Ponticus(c. 345– c. 399) (Greek)

Gaius Marius Victorinus(d. 400) (Latin-African)
Optatus(d. 400) (Latin-African)
Publilius(d. 400) (Latin-African)
Rufinus the Syrian(d. 401) (Latin)
Anastasius I(d. 401) (Latin)
Epiphanius of Salamis(c. 310– c. 403) (Greek)
Amphilochius of Iconium(d. 403) (Greek)
John Chrysostom(c. 347– c. 407) (Greek)
Chromatius(d. 407) (Latin)
Gaudentius of Brescia(d. 410) (Latin)
Therasia of Nola (wife)(d. 410) (Latin)
Macarius Magnes(d. ~410) (Greek)
Tyrannius Rufinus(c. 345– c. 411) (Latin)
Theophilus of Alexandria(d. 412) (Greek)
Prudentius(c. 348– c. 413) (Latin)
Nicetas of Remesiana(c. 335– c. 414) (Latin)
Synesius(c. 373– c. 414) (Greek-African)
John II of Jerusalem(d. 417) (Greek)
Sulpicius Severus(c. 360– c. 420) (Latin)
Maruthas(d. 420) (Syriac)
Martianus Capella(d. 420) (Latin-African)
Paulinus the Deacon(d. ~422) (Latin)
Severian of Gabala(c. 380– c. 425) (Greek)
Atticus of Constantinople(d. 425) (Greek)
Jerome(c. 347– c. 430) (Latin)
Augustine of Hippo(c. 354– c. 430) (Latin-African)
Palladius of Galatia(c. 363– c. 430) (Greek)
Nilus of Sinai(d. 430) (Greek)
Paulinus of Nola (husband)(c. 354– c. 431) (Latin)
Philip of Side(c. 380– c. 431) (Greek)
John Cassian(c. 360– c. 435) (Latin)
Rabbula(d. 435) (Syriac)
Possidius(d. 437) (Latin-African)
Isaac of Armenia(c. 354– c. 439) (Armenian)
Philostorgius(c. 368– c. 439) (Greek)
Socrates Scholasticus(c. 380– c. 439) (Greek)
Honoratus Antoninus(d. 440) (Latin-African)
Flavius Lucius Dexter(c. 368– c. 444) (Latin)
Cyril of Alexandria(c. 376– c. 444) (Greek)
Eucherius of Lyon(c. 380– c. 449) (Latin)
Hilary of Arles(c. 403– c. 449) (Latin)
Poemen(c. 340– c. 450) (Greek)
Peter Chrysologus(c. 380– c. 450) (Latin)
Eznik of Kolb(c. 380– c. 450) (Armenian)
Sozomen(c. 400– c. 450) (Greek)
Agathangelos(d. ~450) (Armenian)
Quodvultdeus(d. 450) (Latin-African)
Vincent of Lérins(d. 450) (Latin)
Isidore of Pelusium(d. 450) (Greek)
Marius Mercator(c. 390– c. 451) (Latin-African)
Salvian(c. 405– c. 451) (Latin)
Prosper of Aquitaine(c. 390– c. 455) (Latin)
Simeon Stylites(c. 390– c. 459) (Syriac)
Isaac of Antioch(d. 460) (Syriac)
Arnobius the Younger(d. 460) (Latín-African)
Patrick(c. 385– c. 461) (Latin)
Leo the Great(c. 400– c. 461) (Latin)
Shenoute(c. 348– c. 466) (Coptic)
Theodoret(c. 393– c. 466) (Greek)
Gennadius of Constantinople(d. 471) (Greek)
Elishe(c. 410– c. 475) (Armenian)
Timothy Ælurus(d. 477) (Greek)
Iakob Tsurtaveli(d. ~483) (Georgian)
Victor Vitensis(c. 430– c. 484) (Latin-African)
Vigilius of Thapsus(d. 484) (Latin-African)
Diadochos of Photiki(c. 400– c. 486) (Greek)
Movses Khorenatsi(c. 410– c. 490) (Armenian)
Sidonius Apollinaris(c. 430– c. 490) (Latin)
Auspicius of Toul(d. 490) (Latin)
Isaiah the Solitary(d. 491) (Greek)
Gelasius I(d. 496) (Latin-African)
Gennadius of Massilia(d. 496) (Latin)
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite(c. 400– c. 500) (Greek)

Nonnus(d. 500) (Greek)
Antipater of Bostra(d. 500) (Greek)
Narsai(c. 399– c. 502) (Syriac)
Julianus Pomerius(d. 505) (Latin-African)
Ghazar Parpetsi(c. 442– c. 510) (Armenian)
John Rufus(c. 450– c. 518) (Greek)
Aeneas of Gaza(d. 518) (Greek)
Avitus of Vienne(c. 450– c. 519) (Latin)
Jacob of Serugh(c. 451– c. 521) (Syriac)
Magnus Ennodius(c. 474– c. 521) (Latin)
Philoxenus of Mabbug(d. 523) (Syriac)
Boethius(c. 477– c. 524) (Latin)
Fulgentius(c. 467– c. 533) (Latin-African)
Eugippius(c. 460– c. 535) (Latin)
Zacharias Rhetor(c. 465– c. 536) (Greek)
Severus of Antioch(c. 465– c. 538) (Greek)
Caesarius of Arles(c. 470– c. 542) (Latin)
Benedict of Nursia(c. 480– c. 547) (Latin)
Fulgentius Ferrandus(d. 547) (Latin-African)
Cosmas Indicopleustes(d. 550) (Greek)
Primasius of Hadrumetum(d. 560) (Latin-African)
Dorotheus of Gaza(c. 505– c. 565) (Greek)
John Philoponus(c. 490– c. 570) (Greek)
Gildas(c. 500– c. 570) (Latin)
Victor of Tunnuna(d. 570) (Latin-African)
John Malalas(c. 491– c. 578) (Greek)
Martin of Braga(c. 520– c. 580) (Latin)
Peter III of Callinicum(c. 550– c. 591) (Syriac)
Gregory of Antioch(d. 593) (Greek)
Evagrius Scholasticus(c. 536– c. 594) (Greek)
Gregory of Tours(c. 538– c. 594) (Latin)
John IV of Constantinople(d. 595) (Greek)

David the Invincible(d. 600) (Armenian)
Basil of Oxyrhynchus(d. 600) (Coptic)
Leander of Seville(c. 534– c. 601) (Latin)
Gregory I(c. 540– c. 604) (Latin)
Eulogius of Alexandria(d. 608) (Greek)
Venantius Fortunatus(c. 530– c. 609) (Latin)
Isidore of Seville(c. 560– c. 626) (Latin)
Gregory of Agrigento(c. 559– c. 630) (Greek)
Theophylact Simocatta(c. 580– c. 630) (Greek)
Andrew of Caesarea(c. 563– c. 637) (Latin)
Sophronius of Jerusalem(c. 560– c. 638) (Greek)
John Climacus(c. 579– c. 649) (Greek)
Maximus the Confessor(580–662) (Greek)
Anania Shirakatsi(c. 610– c. 685) (Armenian)
Isaac of Nineveh(d. 700) (Syriac)
Jacob of Edessa(c. 640– c. 708) (Syriac)
Bede the Venerable(d. 735) (Latin)
John of Damascus(d. 749) (Greek)

Obstacles to 21st-century understanding

Alister McGrathnotes four reasons why understanding patristics can be difficult in the early 21st-century:^[8]

Some of the debates appear to have little relevance to the modern world
the use ofclassical philosophy
the doctrinal diversity
thedivisions between East and West,i.e., Greek and Latin methods of theology, the extent of use of classical philosophy.

The terms neo-patristics and post-patristics refer to recent theologies according to which the Church Fathers must be reinterpreted or even critically tested in light of modern developments since their writings reflected that of a distant past. These theologies, however, are considered controversial or even dangerous by orthodox theologians.^[9]^[10]

Patrology vs. patristics

Some scholars, chiefly in Germany, distinguish patrologia from patristica.Josef Fessler,for instance, defines patrologia as the science which provides all that is necessary for the using of the works of the Fathers, dealing, therefore, with their authority, the criteria for judging their genuineness, the difficulties to be met within them, and the rules for their use. But Fessler's ownInstitutiones Patrologiaehas a larger range, as have similar works entitled Patrologies, for example, that ofOtto Bardenhewer(tr. Shahan, Freiburg, 1908). Catholic writerKarl Keatingargues that patrology is the study of the Early Fathers and their contemporaries as people, and the authenticity of the works attributed to them. Patristics, on the other hand, is the study of their thought.^[11]

On the other hand, Fessler describes patristica as that theological science by which all that concerns faith, morals, or discipline in the writings of the Fathers is collected and sorted. The lives and works of the Fathers are also described by a non-specialized science: literary history. These distinctions are not much observed, nor do they seem very necessary; they are nothing else than aspects of patristic study as it forms part of fundamental theology, of positive theology, and of literary history.^[12]

Availability of patristic texts

A vast number of patristic texts are available in their original languages inJacques Paul Migne's two great patrologies,Patrologia LatinaandPatrologia Graeca.For Syriac and other Eastern languages thePatrologia Orientalis(Patrologia Syriacaearlier) is less complete and can be largely supplemented by theCorpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium.Noted collections containing re-edited patristic texts (also discoveries and new attributions) are theCorpus Christianorum,Sources Chrétiennes,Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum,and on a lesser scaleOxford Early Christian Texts,Fontes Christiani,andÉtudes Augustiniennes.^[13]

English translations of patristic texts are readily available in a variety of collections. For example:^{[citation needed]}

TheAnte-Nicene Fathers:The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D.325(Edinburgh: T&T Clark).
A Select Library of theNicene and Post-Nicene Fathersof the Christian Church(Edinburgh: T&T Clark).
The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century(New York City Press).
The Fathers of the Church(Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press).
Ancient Christian Writers(New York: Paulist Press).
The Early Church Fathers (London; New York: Routledge-Taylor & Francis Group).
The Popular Patristics Series(Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press).

A range of journals cover patristic studies:^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^Alopen,a key patristic-era figure in theChurch Of The East,wrote in Chinese.

References

^van Geest, Paul J. J. (2018). "Patrology/Patristics". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.).Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online.LeidenandBoston:Brill Publishers.doi:10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00002583.ISSN 2589-7993.
^Dupont, A.; Boodts, S.; Partoens, G.; Leemans, J. (2018).Preaching in the Patristic Era: Sermons, Preachers, and Audiences in the Latin West.A New History of the Sermon. Brill. p. 5.ISBN 978-90-04-36356-4.Retrieved3 June2023.
^van Oort, Johannes (2006). "Biblical Interpretation in the Patristic Era, A 'Handbook of Patristic Exegesis' and Some Other Recent Books and Related Projects".Vigiliae Christianae.60(1). Brill: 80–103.doi:10.1163/157007206775567924.ISSN 0042-6032.
^McGrath, Alister E.(1998). "Chapter 1 The Patristic Period, c. 100–451".Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought.Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.ISBN 0-631-20843-7.
^McGrath. op.cit. pp. 20–22.
^McGrath. op.cit. Ch. 1.
^McGrath. op.cit. pp. 27–37.
^McGrath. op.cit. pp. 23.
^Dr. Triantafyllos Sioulis, «Πατερικός φονταμενταλισμός» ή «μετα-πατερική θεολογική θολούρα»Archived2011-11-01 at theWayback Machine
^Metropolitan of NafpaktusΝΕΟΠΑΤΕΡΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΤΑΠΑΤΕΡΙΚΗ "ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙΑ"
^Keating, Karl (1988).Catholicism and Fundamentalism: The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians".San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p.330.ISBN 9780898701951.
^"Patrology".Catholic Answers.Retrieved5 July2023.
^Polakowski, Betsy."Research and Course Guides: Patristics / Patrology – The Early Church Fathers & Their Writings: Primary Sources --Original Languages".libguides.stthomas.edu.Retrieved5 July2023.

Sources

"Patrology".Catholic Encyclopedia.1911.
Gérard Vallée (1999).The shaping of Christianity.New York: Paulist Press.ISBN 978-0809138678.

External links

Audio

"Patristics for Busy Pastors by Dr J Ligon Duncan".Archived fromthe originalon 13 May 2008.
"Church History 1: Dr Gerald Bray".Archived fromthe originalon 19 May 2008.
Patristics: The Fathers of the Church.Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.

Online collections

"Early Church Fathers: Ante-Nicene and Post-Nicene".Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
"Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts".The Tertullian Project.
"Large collection of patristic texts that outline the cardinal doctrines of the Catholic faith".cin.org.
J. P. Migne."Patrologia Latina".and"Patrologia Graeca".free digital edition of almost all the texts.
"The comprehensivePatrologiacompiled by J. P. Migne ".Faulkner University Patristics Project.Archived fromthe originalon 18 July 2012.English translations of patristic texts and high-resolution scans.
J. P. Migne (1864).Patrologiae cursus completus(in Latin).
"Free digital bilingual edition of patristic texts, studies, meditations, prayers"(in French, Latin, and Greek).
"A 38 volume set containing most of the major works of the first 800 years of Christian patristic writings".
"Ecole Initiative".Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2005.Online collection of patristic texts, images, and information.

Others

"Search tool for Patrologia Graeca".Archived fromthe originalon 20 January 2021.Retrieved1 October2016.
"Roger Pearse: Thoughts on Antiquity and Patristics".7 March 2024.
"Website of the North American Patristics Society".
"Website of the International Association of Patristics Studies".Archived fromthe originalon 4 February 2007.

[5] Alopen,a key patristic-era figure in theChurch Of The East,wrote in Chinese.

[EECO_2018-1] van Geest, Paul J. J. (2018). "Patrology/Patristics". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.).Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online.LeidenandBoston:Brill Publishers.doi:10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00002583.ISSN 2589-7993.

[Dupont_Boodts_Partoens_Leemans_2018_p._5-2] Dupont, A.; Boodts, S.; Partoens, G.; Leemans, J. (2018).Preaching in the Patristic Era: Sermons, Preachers, and Audiences in the Latin West.A New History of the Sermon. Brill. p. 5.ISBN 978-90-04-36356-4.Retrieved3 June2023.

[van_Oort_2006_pp._80–103-3] van Oort, Johannes (2006). "Biblical Interpretation in the Patristic Era, A 'Handbook of Patristic Exegesis' and Some Other Recent Books and Related Projects".Vigiliae Christianae.60(1). Brill: 80–103.doi:10.1163/157007206775567924.ISSN 0042-6032.

[4] McGrath, Alister E.(1998). "Chapter 1 The Patristic Period, c. 100–451".Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought.Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.ISBN 0-631-20843-7.

[6] McGrath. op.cit. pp. 20–22.

[7] McGrath. op.cit. Ch. 1.

[8] McGrath. op.cit. pp. 27–37.

[9] McGrath. op.cit. pp. 23.

[10] Dr. Triantafyllos Sioulis, «Πατερικός φονταμενταλισμός» ή «μετα-πατερική θεολογική θολούρα»Archived2011-11-01 at theWayback Machine

[11] Metropolitan of NafpaktusΝΕΟΠΑΤΕΡΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΤΑΠΑΤΕΡΙΚΗ "ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙΑ"

[12] Keating, Karl (1988).Catholicism and Fundamentalism: The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians".San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p.330.ISBN 9780898701951.

[13] "Patrology".Catholic Answers.Retrieved5 July2023.

[14] Polakowski, Betsy."Research and Course Guides: Patristics / Patrology – The Early Church Fathers & Their Writings: Primary Sources --Original Languages".libguides.stthomas.edu.Retrieved5 July2023.

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