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Paul Cameron

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For other people named Paul Cameron, seePaul Cameron (disambiguation).
Paul Cameron
Paul Cameron, lecture inKielce,November 14, 2019
Born
Paul Drummond Cameron

(1939-11-09)November 9, 1939(age 84)
Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,U.S.
Alma materLos Angeles Pacific College
California State University, Los Angeles
University of Colorado at Boulder
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
InstitutionsStout State University
Wayne State University
University of Louisville
Fuller Theological Seminary
University of Nebraska
Family Research Institute

Paul Drummond Cameron(born November 9, 1939) is an Americanpsychologist.While employed at various institutions, including theUniversity of Nebraska,he conducted research onpassive smoking,but he is best known today for his claims abouthomosexuality.After a successful 1982 campaign against agay rightsproposal inLincoln, Nebraska,he established the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality (ISIS), now known as theFamily Research Institute(FRI). As FRI's chairman, Cameron has written contentious papers asserting unproven associations between homosexuality and the perpetration ofchild sexual abuseand reducedlife expectancy.These have been heavily criticized and frequently discredited by others in the field.

In 1983, theAmerican Psychological Associationexpelled Cameron for non-cooperation with an ethics investigation. Position statements issued by theAmerican Sociological Association,Canadian Psychological Association,and theNebraska Psychological Associationaccuse Cameron of misrepresenting social science research.[1]Cameron has been designated by theSouthern Poverty Law Centeras ananti-gayextremist.[2][3][4]

Biography

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Early life and career

[edit]

Cameron was born inPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,U.S., on November 9, 1939.[5]His family moved shortly afterwards toFlorida.[6]He received a BA fromLos Angeles Pacific Collegein 1961, an MA from Los Angeles State College (nowCalifornia State University, Los Angeles) the following year and a PhD from theUniversity of Colorado at Boulderin 1966.[5][7]He held posts as an assistant psychologyprofessoratUniversity of Wisconsin–Stout(1966–67) andWayne State University(1967–68), before becoming an associate professor at theUniversity of Louisville(1970–73) and the Fuller Graduate School ofPsychology(part of theFuller Theological Seminary) (1976–79). In 1979, he became an associate professor of Marriage and Family Therapy at theUniversity of Nebraska.[5]

During this period, Cameron conducted research on a variety of topics, including the effects ofpassive smoking[2]and the relation betweenpetownership andhappiness.In his 1978 bookSexual Gradualism,he supported a middle ground between liberal and conservativeChristianattitudes to sexuality, arguing that teenagers should avoidintercoursewhile experimenting with lower "levels" of sexual intimacy.[6]

In 1980, Cameron left the University of Nebraska and took up private practice as a psychologist inLincoln, Nebraska.[5]In 1982, when the Lincoln city council asked residents to vote on a proposal to ban discrimination based onsexual orientation,Cameron led the opposition as chairman of the committee to Oppose Special Rights for Homosexuals.[8]Despite his earlier moderate position on teenage relationships, Cameron had come to take a hard-line stance on the topic ofhomosexuality.He has stated that his approach, emphasizing the harms he believed to be caused by homosexual behavior and its acceptance, was influenced by his work on the "lethal" behavior of smokers.[6]

During the campaign in Lincoln, Cameron delivered a speech at theUniversity of NebraskaLutheran chapel. This drew much attention after he stated that a four-year-old boy had suffered a brutal homosexual assault in a localmall.Police were unable to confirm the incident, and Cameron acknowledged that he had heard the story only as a rumor.[6]On May 11, Lincoln voters rejected the proposed measure by a 4–1 margin.[8]

Family Research Institute

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In 1982, Cameron co-founded the Institute for the Scientific Investigation of Sexuality in Lincoln.[6]Believing that earlier sex surveys, including those conducted byPlayboymagazine, had overestimated the prevalence of homosexuality, Cameron set out in 1983 to conduct what he described as "a fair sexuality poll, not one based on volunteers." His expectation was that the results would support his case for a ban on homosexual acts throughout the United States. Funding, according to Cameron, was provided by businessmen including several Nebraskachief executives.[9]The1983 ISIS Survey,an "extensive self-administered questionnaire", was offered to 9,129 adults in five U.S. cities, and 4,340 responses were received. In 1984, these were supplemented with data from 824 adults fromDallas.[10]Under the banner of ISIS, Cameron produced a number of "lurid pamphlets about the supposed social ills associated with homosexuality", containing numerous false or unverifiable claims.[11]

ISIS was shortly afterwards renamed theFamily Research Institute(FRI) and moved toWashington, D.C.In 1995, FRI changed location again, this time toColorado Springs, Colorado,where it remains based.[5][6]In his capacity as FRI's chairman, Cameron has authored pamphlets and scientific articles on the topic of homosexuality. The cover photograph for Cameron's pamphletChild Molestation and Homosexualitydepicted "a young boy being pulled into a men's bathroom," whileMurder, Violence and Homosexualityshowed "a little girl cowering beneath an arm wielding an ax."[6]Many of Cameron's scientific articles have been based on the 1983–1984 ISIS survey, including a 1996 paper that concluded based on participants' answers concerning their teachers that homosexual teachers could influence their students to become homosexual.[10]

Another of Cameron's conclusions, based partly on his studies of obituaries in gay newspapers, is that homosexuals as a group have a median age of death about 20 years lower than that of heterosexuals.[12][13]After analyzing official data fromDenmark,which allowedsame-sex unionsin 1989, andNorway,which allowedsame-sex marriagein 2009,[14]Cameron reported in 2007 that "married lesbians lived to age 56 and married gay men to age 52."[15]Cameron states that many victims ofchild sexual abuseare the same sex as their abusers – one FRI study on sexual abuse byfoster parentsinIllinoisreported that 34% of perpetrators were guilty of same-sex abuse[16]– and concludes that "there is a strong, disproportionate association between child molestation and homosexuality."[17]

Cameron has asserted that 75 percent ofgay menregularly ingestfecesand that 70 to 78 percent have had asexually transmitted disease,that all arepromiscuous,and that homosexuals commit proportionately morehomicidesthan non-homosexuals.[18] He has been quoted inRolling Stoneas saying that homosexual sex was more pleasurable than most heterosexual sex, and as a result, if homosexuality were tolerated then it would become predominant within a few generations.[19]

Cameron's publications have been cited as support by some groups who opposesame-sex marriageand allowinghomosexualsto becomefosteroradoptive parents,including theTraditional Values Coalition.[7]Cameron testified in the caseBaker v. Wade(1985).[20]In 1992,Gale Norton,then theAttorney GeneralofColorado,employed Cameron as a consultant when defending a law preventing the extension ofcivil rightslegislation to homosexuals. Cameron's testimony went unused, and the law was struck down by theSupreme Court.Cameron campaigned against a gay-rights initiative inMainein 2000, testified in favor of the failedVirginia Anti-Gay Adoption Billin 2005,[7][21]and opposed a 2007Coloradobill intended to allow cohabiting couples to adopt.[22]He was tricked into appearing inSacha Baron Cohen's 2009mockumentaryfilmBrüno.[23] Southern Poverty Law Centerhas classed the Family Research Institute as ahate group.

Family

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Cameron is married and has three children.[6]His son, Kirk (not to be confused with theactor of the same name), has been involved with the Family Research Institute since 1983.[6][24]

Criticism

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From professional organizations

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TheAmerican Psychological Association(APA) launched an investigation into Cameron after receiving complaints about his work from members.[6][7]The APA President Max Seigel sent Cameron a letter on December 2, 1983, stating that the Board of Directors had decided to drop him from membership for failure to cooperate with their investigation.[25]FRI has contended that Cameron had already resigned from the organization in November 1982, citing correspondence from before his formal expulsion.[26]In a letter published in the March 1983 edition of theAPA Monitor,Cameron stated that his reasons for leaving included his opinion that the organization was becoming more of a "liberalPAC"than a professional society.[27]The APA, however, does not allow the resignation of a member who is the subject of an ethics investigation.[28]An APA spokesperson toldThe Boston Globein 2005, "We are concerned about Dr. Cameron because we do believe that his methodology is weak."[7]

In 1984 the Nebraska Psychological Association issued a statement disassociating itself "from the representations and interpretations of scientific literature offered by Dr. Paul Cameron."[7]In 1986 theAmerican Sociological Associationpassed a resolution stating, "The American Sociological Association officially and publicly states that Paul Cameron is not a sociologist, and condemns his consistent misrepresentation of sociological research."[29]This was based on a report from the ASA's Committee on the Status of Homosexuals in Sociology, which summarised Cameron's inflammatory statements and commented, "It does not take great analytical abilities to suspect from even a cursory review of Cameron's writings that his claims have almost nothing to do with social science and that social science is used only to cover over another agenda. Very little of his work could find support from even a bad misreading of genuine social science investigation on the subject and some sociologists, such as Alan Bell, have been 'appalled' at the abuse of their work."[30]In 1996, the board of directors of theCanadian Psychological Associationapproved a position statement disassociating the organisation from Cameron's work on sexuality, stating that he had "consistently misinterpreted and misrepresented research on sexuality, homosexuality, and lesbianism."[31]

In March 2015, Cameron sued the Polish gay rights organisation 'Pracownia Różnorodności' for calling him a 'homophobic liar'.[32][relevant?]

From individuals

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After Cameron submittedaffidavitsto the U. S. District Court of Dallas inBaker v. Wade(1985), Judge Buchmeyer wrote in his opinion that Cameron had engaged in "fraud" and "misrepresentations to this Court"[20]noting that, "His sworn statement that 'homosexuals are approximately 43 times more apt to commit crimes than is the general population' is a total distortion of the Kinsey data upon which he relies – which, as is obvious to anyone who reads the report, concerns data from a non-representative sample of delinquent homosexuals (and Dr. Cameron compares this group to college and non-college heterosexuals)."[1]Buchmeyer's decision was reversed by the Fifth Circuit on other grounds, without mentioning Buchmeyer's finding that Cameron had made misrepresentations.[33]FRI has disputed Judge Buchmeyer's assessment of Cameron's affidavits.[34]

Epidemiologists Morten Frisch and Henrik Brønnum-Hansen argue that Cameron was wrong to infer reducedlife expectancyfrom the fact that deaths among homosexually married partners in Denmark and Norway occurred at a lower median age than those among heterosexually married partners: "Because the age distribution among persons in same-sex marriages was considerably younger than that of people who had ever been heterosexually married, the average age at death among those who actually died during the observation period was, not surprisingly, considerably younger in the population of same-sex married persons." Their own analysis found that excess mortality in Danish same-sex marriages since 1995 was "restricted to the first few years after a marriage, presumably reflecting preexisting illness at the time of marriage".[35]Similarly, critics have argued that obituaries in gay-themed newspapers, which Cameron used to estimate homosexual mortality, do not provide a representative sample of deaths and ignore surviving members of the same generation.[36]

Cameron has also been criticized for placing responsibility for same-sex child sexual abuse on "homosexuals"; Scientists say someone who carries out such abuse need not have a homosexualorientationwith respect to other adults.[37][38]Gregory M. Herek,a psychologist specializing in prejudice against sexual minorities, charges that Cameron misrepresented the literature he had reviewed and cited to support his claims, such as a Groth and Birnbaum (1978) study in which none of the participating child molestors actually identified as homosexuals, and none of those who were bisexual claimed to prefer men over women. Furthermore, while Cameron assumed all the same-sex molestations were perpetrated by homosexuals, he did not assume all the opposite-sex molestations were perpetrated by heterosexuals; he included a "bisexual correction" only for opposite-sex molestations that effectively increased the number of perpetrators described as "homosexual" without changing the number described as "heterosexual".[39]

Herek noted that most of the Cameron group's academic publications in the past 15 years have been based on a survey study conducted in 1983 and 1984. The main survey was completed in seven U.S. cities and towns in 1983. Data were later added from a 1984 Dallas (TX) sample. Most of the Cameron group's papers have reported data from the combined samples. According to Herek, a critical review of the Cameron group's sampling techniques, survey methodology, and interpretation of results reveals at least six serious errors in their study. Herek concludes, "an empirical study manifesting even one of these six weaknesses would be considered seriously flawed. In combination, the multiple methodological problems evident in the Cameron group's surveys mean that their results cannot even be considered a valid description of the specific group of individuals who returned the survey questionnaire. Because the data are essentially meaningless, it is not surprising that they have been virtually ignored by the scientific community."[40]"The Cameron group has published its empirical research in academic journals with low prestige and, at least in the case of Psychological Reports, with a low rejection rate. Other than the Cameron group itself, researchers have not cited their empirical studies as a source of ideas for new research on sexual orientation. Nor have scientists cited the group's papers to support assertions about the dangers to society posed by homosexuals."[41]

In a widely publicized interview withMidweek Politics with David Pakman,Cameron compared homosexuality to drug use,[42]a comparison that drew criticism from several gay rights blogs, websites, andThe Huffington Post.[43]

Claims of linkage between homosexuality and child sex abuse

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Cameron's claim of homosexuals being more apt to sexually abuse and molest children rests on the fallacious assumption that for all children who are sexually molested or abused by the perpetrators of the same sex as that of victim, the perpetrators are homosexuals who are mainly attracted to adults of same sex.[44][45][46][47][48][49]While any coercive sex between and adult and minor of same sex is homosexual act, the conclusion that the perpetrator is homosexual in orientation towards adults is not necessarily correct.[50][51](See page 62 of ref[51])James Cantor[45]mentions that the extremist groups take advantage of confusing terminologies.Pedophiliais primary sexual attraction towards children whereas teleiophilia refers to sexual attraction towards adults. Homosexuality or homosexual in the context of pedophilia refers to homosexual pedophiles (those who are primarily sexually attracted to children of same sex), whereas homosexuality or homosexuals in the context of civil rights or equality or prevalence of homosexuality in general population refers to homosexual teleiophilia (those who are attracted towards of adults of same sex). Analogous terms like heterosexual pedophilia, heterosexual teleiophilia are also present. Some literature use term androphiles for sexual attraction towards adult males (homosexual teleiophile males and heterosexual teleiophile females) whereas the term gynephiles is used for sexual attraction towards females (homosexual teleiophile females and heterosexual teleiophile males). These terminologies are well accepted in the scientific community.[44][45][46][48][52][53][excessive citations]It is known that fraction of male homosexual pedophiles among male pedophiles is considerably more than fraction of male homosexual teleiophiles among male teleiophiles.[48]However competent scientific studies have documented that it is not sensible to compare homosexual pedophiles with homosexual teleiophiles.[52][54][49]Homosexual teleiophiles are not any more likely to sexually abuse children than heterosexual teleiophiles.[46][47][48]Scientific, medical and psychiatric bodies across the world do not consider homosexuality to be a disease or a particular risk factor for physically or sexually abusive behavior, and advocate acceptance of LGBT citizens.[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][excessive citations]

Cameron has misinterpreted some scientific literature which he says supports the idea that homosexuals are more likely to molest children. Freund et al. 1992[48]state that while fraction of male homosexual pedophiles among male pedophiles is considerably more than fraction ofandrophilemales (homosexual teleiophile males) among teleiophile males, these findings would not imply that androphilic males (homosexual teleiophiles) have more propensity to sexually abuse children than gynephilic males (heterosexual teleiophiles), the conclusion which runs contrary to Cameron's understanding. Another paper fromArchives of Sexual Behaviorby Erickson et al. 1988[68]has been misinterpreted by Cameron. The paper found that roughly 70% of child sex offenders had abused girls, 25% had abused boys and 5% had abused both. Over 86% of those who had offended against boys were homosexual (i.e. around 26% of total child sex offenders). However what Cameron misses is that the keywords provided by authors in the same paper[68]include homosexual pedophilia and pedophilia. The paper[68]is speaking about homosexual pedophiles[45]It does not have homosexual teleiophilia or androphilia (sexual attraction towards adult males) in its keywords. Usage of homosexuality/homosexuals in context of pedophilia to refer to homosexual pedophiles (which has nothing to do with adult sexual orientation) is widely prevalent in scientific literature.[48][46][44][45]Nicholas Groth wrote a letter to Nebraska Board of Examiners of psychologists on August 21, 1984, and accused him of misrepresentation of his own work and disgracing his profession.[69]

Apart from self-citations by Cameron's group their work on linking homosexuality with child sex abuse have mostly been cited by other scientists either to counteract it or only to quantify the prevalence of sexual abuse of children by adults of same sex.[41]While sexual abuses in which the perpetrator and victims are of same sex are termed as homosexual molestation but it does not necessarily mean that the perpetrator was homosexual in orientation towards adults.[50][46][51]Cameron's work on this topic have not influenced scientific consensus on absence of harms possessed by homosexuals to children and society.[41]

Works

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  • Cameron, Paul (1977).The Life Cycle: Perspectives and Commentary.Oceanside, NY: Dabor Science Publications.ISBN0-89561-057-4.
  • Cameron, Paul (1978).Sexual Gradualism: A Solution to the Sexual Dilemma of Teen-agers and Young Adults.Sun Valley, CA: HumLife Publications.OCLC5028575.
  • Cameron, Paul (1988).Exposing the AIDS Scandal.Lafayette, LA: Huntington House.ISBN0-910311-52-8.
  • Cameron, Paul (1993).The Gay 90s: What the Empirical Evidence Reveals about Homosexuality.Franklin, Tenn.: Adroit Press.ISBN1-884067-01-8.

Notes and references

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  1. ^ab"Paul Cameron Bio and Fact Sheet".UC Davis.Retrieved2013-05-13.
  2. ^abBalleck, Barry J. (2018-06-30).Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups.ABC-CLIO. pp. 59et. seq.ISBN9781440852756.
  3. ^"Discredited U.S. Anti-Gay Activist Addresses Russian Parliamentarians Over" Family Values "".BuzzFeed News.Retrieved2019-10-04.
  4. ^"Paul Cameron".Southern Poverty Law Center.Retrieved2019-10-04.
  5. ^abcdeMarquis Who's Who LLC.(2007-02-02). "Cameron, Paul Drummond".The Complete Marquis Who's Who Biographies– viaLexisNexis.
  6. ^abcdefghijHarkavy, Ward (October 3, 1996)."Slay It With a Smile: Paul Cameron's mission to stop homosexuality is hard to swallow".Westword.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-11.Retrieved2006-02-20.
  7. ^abcdefKranish, Michael (July 31, 2005)."Beliefs drive research agenda of new think tanks".Boston Globe.Archived fromthe originalon February 8, 2006.RetrievedFebruary 10,2024.
  8. ^ab"Lincoln Rejects Gay Rights Measure". Associated Press. 1982-05-12 – viaLexisNexisreprint.
  9. ^Flanery, James Allen (May 23, 1983)."Lincoln Man: Poll Will Help Oppose Gays"(GIFreprint).Omaha World-Herald.Retrieved2007-04-12.
  10. ^abCameron, Paul; Cameron, Kirk (November 1996). "Do Homosexual Teachers Pose a Risk to Pupils?".Journal of Psychology.130(6): 603–613.doi:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915034.PMID9005252.
  11. ^Bull, Chris (1996)."1".Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s.Crown Publishers.ISBN9780517701980.
  12. ^Cameron, P., Playfair, W. L., & Wellum, S. (1994).The longevity of homosexuals: Before and after the AIDS epidemic.Omega, 29, 249-272.
  13. ^"New Study Shows that Homosexuals Live 20 Fewer Years"(Press release). Family Research Institute. June 7, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2008.Retrieved2007-02-20.
  14. ^"Norwegian law on marriage as of 2009.1.1".
  15. ^Zhang, Linda (March 29, 2007)."New Study Finds Early Death in Gay 'Marriages'".The Christian Post.Retrieved2009-01-31.
  16. ^"Homosexual Child Molestations By Foster Parents: Illinois, 1997-2002".Family Research Institute. Archived fromthe originalon February 18, 2007.Retrieved2007-02-25.
  17. ^Cameron, Paul (1993).Child Molestation and Homosexuality.FRI educational pamphlets. Colorado Springs: Family Research Institute. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-02-06.Retrieved2007-02-25.
  18. ^Herman, Didi (1997).The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right.University of Chicago Press. p. 78.ISBN0-2263-2764-7.
  19. ^Dreyfuss, Robert (March 18, 1999). "The Holy war On Gays".Rolling Stone.
  20. ^abBaker v. Wade,106 F.R.D. 526(1985-07-01).. Retrieved on 2007-02-20.
  21. ^"Antigay adoption bill rejected in Virginia".Advocate.com.February 18, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon September 30, 2007.Retrieved2007-02-25.
  22. ^Washington, April M. (April 3, 2007)."Amid debate on gays, Senate panel approves adoption bill".Rocky Mountain News.Archived fromthe originalon April 20, 2007.Retrieved2007-04-15.
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  24. ^"FRI Scientists".Family Research Institute. 2006. Archived fromthe originalon October 9, 2007.Retrieved2007-11-03.
  25. ^Seigel, Max (1983-12-02)."Letter to Paul Cameron".Retrieved2007-02-20.
  26. ^"Revisiting New Republic's Attack on Cameron".Family Research Report.Family Research Institute. November–December 1994. Archived fromthe originalon February 19, 2007.Retrieved2007-02-20.
  27. ^Cameron, Paul (March 1983)."Withdrawing".APA Monitor.Retrieved2007-02-20.
  28. ^"APA Ethics Committee Rules".American Psychological Association.Retrieved2013-05-13.
  29. ^"Official Reports and Proceedings"(PDF).Footnotes.15(2). American Sociological Association: 13–16,p. 14.February 1987.Retrieved2009-01-31.
  30. ^Committee on the Status of Homosexuals in Sociology (January 1987)."The Cameron Case"(PDF).Footnotes.15(1): 4, 6. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2009-03-05.Retrieved2009-01-31.
  31. ^"Policy Statements".Canadian Psychological Association.Retrieved2007-02-20.
  32. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-04-07.Retrieved2015-04-03.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^Baker v. Wade,769 F.2d 289 (5th Cir. 1985)..[need quotation to verify]
  34. ^"Judge Buchmeyer: A Liar".Family Research Report.19(5). Family Research Institute. September 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-01-29.Retrieved2007-02-20.
  35. ^Frisch, Morten; Brønnum-Hansen, Henrik (January 2009)."Mortality Among Men and Women in Same-Sex Marriage: A National Cohort Study of 8333 Danes".American Journal of Public Health.99(1): 133–137.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801.PMC2636618.PMID19008504.
  36. ^Olson, Walter(December 19, 1997)."William Bennett, Gays, and the Truth: Mr. Virtue dabbles in phony statistics".Slate.MSN.Archivedfrom the original on May 14, 2009.Retrieved2009-01-31.
  37. ^Herek, Gregory M.(1991). "Myths About Sexual Orientation: A Lawyer's Guide to Social Science Research".Law and Sexuality.1:133–172, pp. 153–156.
  38. ^Bialik, Carl(April 28, 2005)."Debate Over Gay Foster Parents Shines Light on a Dubious Stat".Wall Street Journal.Retrieved2007-02-25.
  39. ^Herek, Gregory M. (1997–2007)."Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation".Archived fromthe originalon 2010-04-19.Retrieved2007-09-06.
  40. ^Herek, Gregory M. (1997–2007)."Critique of Surveys by the Paul Cameron Group".Retrieved2007-09-06.
  41. ^abcGregory M. Herek:Publication Outlets Used By The Cameron Group
  42. ^Midweek Politics with David Pakman - Interview with Anti-Gay Paul Cameron - Part 1onYouTube
  43. ^McEwen, Alvin (15 Feb 2010)."Discredited Researcher: Gays in the Military Want to Rape Their Fellow Servicemen".The Huffington Post.Retrieved6 January2011.
  44. ^abc"Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation".www.lgbpsychology.org.Retrieved2019-09-27.
  45. ^abcde"Male homosexuality, science, and pedophilia".individual.utoronto.ca.Retrieved2019-09-27.
  46. ^abcdeGroth, A. Nicholas; Birnbaum, H. Jean (May 1978). "Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons".Archives of Sexual Behavior.7(3): 175–181.doi:10.1007/BF01542377.ISSN0004-0002.PMID666571.S2CID11477434.
  47. ^abJenny, Carole; Roesler, Thomas A.; Poyer, Kimberly L. (1994-07-01)."Are Children at Risk for Sexual Abuse by Homosexuals?".Pediatrics.94(1): 41–44.doi:10.1542/peds.94.1.41.ISSN0031-4005.PMID8008535.S2CID33124736.
  48. ^abcdefFreund, Kurt; Watson, Robin J. (1992-03-01). "The proportions of heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles among sex offenders against children: An exploratory study".Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy.18(1): 34–43.doi:10.1080/00926239208404356.ISSN0092-623X.PMID1556756.
  49. ^abBailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016-04-25)."Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science".Psychological Science in the Public Interest.17(2): 45–101.doi:10.1177/1529100616637616.ISSN1529-1006.PMID27113562.
  50. ^abTerry, Karen J.; Freilich, Joshua D. (2012-07-01). "Understanding Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Priests from a Situational Perspective".Journal of Child Sexual Abuse.21(4): 437–455.doi:10.1080/10538712.2012.693579.ISSN1053-8712.PMID22809048.S2CID205714477.
  51. ^abc"John Jay Report 2011"(PDF).
  52. ^abBlanchard, Ray; Kuban, Michael E.; Blak, Thomas; Klassen, Philip E.; Dickey, Robert; Cantor, James M. (2012-02-01)."Sexual Attraction to Others: A Comparison of Two Models of Alloerotic Responding in Men".Archives of Sexual Behavior.41(1): 13–29.doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9675-3.ISSN1573-2800.PMC3310141.PMID20848175.
  53. ^Freund, K. (1963-05-01). "A laboratory method for diagnosing predominance of homo- or hetero- erotic interest in the male".Behaviour Research and Therapy.1(1): 85–93.doi:10.1016/0005-7967(63)90012-3.ISSN0005-7967.PMID14156719.
  54. ^Cantor, James M.; Kabani, Noor; Christensen, Bruce K.; Zipursky, Robert B.; Barbaree, Howard E.; Dickey, Robert; Klassen, Philip E.; Mikulis, David J.; Kuban, Michael E.; Blak, Thomas; Richards, Blake A. (2008-02-01). "Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men".Journal of Psychiatric Research.42(3): 167–183.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.013.ISSN0022-3956.PMID18039544.
  55. ^"Israeli Doctors Ban 'Conversion Therapy' for Gay People".Haaretz.2019-01-10.Retrieved2019-09-27.
  56. ^"Homosexuality not an illness: Indian Psychiatric Society".The Hindu.2018-07-12.ISSN0971-751X.Retrieved2019-09-27.
  57. ^"Reaffirmation of Non-discimination of LGBT Filipinos | Psychological Association of the Philippines".www.pap.org.ph.Retrieved2019-09-27.
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  67. ^Africa (ASSAf), Academy of Science of South (2015)."Diversity in Human Sexuality: Implications for Policy in Africa".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  68. ^abcErickson, W. D.; Walbek, N. H.; Seely, R. K. (1988-02-01). "Behavior patterns of child molesters".Archives of Sexual Behavior.17(1): 77–86.doi:10.1007/BF01542053.ISSN1573-2800.PMID3358676.S2CID27344596.
  69. ^McEwen, Alvin; Bullies, Contributorblogmaster of Holy; Monsters, Headless (2010-12-14)."Religious Right Leader Admits to Using Bad Research Against the Gay Community".HuffPost.Retrieved2019-10-07.{{cite web}}:|first2=has generic name (help)
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