Pearic languages

Pearic
Pearic
Chongic
Geographic; distribution	Indochina
Linguistic classification	Austroasiatic Pearic;
Proto-language	Proto-Pearic
Subdivisions	Pear; Chong;
Glottolog	pear1246
	; Pearic

ThePearic languages(alternatively called theChongic languages^[1]) are a group of endangered languages of the EasternMon–Khmerbranch of theAustroasiatic language family,spoken byPear people(thePor,theSamré,theSamray,theSuoy,and theChong) living in westernCambodiaand easternThailand.^[2]^[3]

Pearic languages are remnants of the aboriginal languages of much ofCambodia,but have dwindled in numbers due to assimilation. "Pear" is a pejorative term meaning 'slave' or 'caste'.

Classification[edit]

Paul Sidwellproposed the following classification of the Pearic languages in Sidwell (2009:137), synthesizing analyses from Headley (1985), Choosri (2002), Martin (1974), and Peiros (2004)^[4]He divides Pearic into two primary branches (PearandChong), withChongbeing further divided into four groups.

Pearic
- PearofKompong Thom(Baradat ms.)
- Chong
  - Southern
    - SuoiofKampong Speu(Pannetier ms., Baradat ms.)
    - Saoch,two dialects:
      - ChungofCambodia- Phum Veal Renh,Prey Nob DistrictinKampong Som(Isara Chooseri 2007), (Pannetier ms.)
      - ChungofThailand-Kanchanaburi(Isara Chooseri 2007)
  - Western
    - ChongofChantaburi(Baradat ms.)
    - - Chong həəp(Martin 1974)
      - Khlong Phlu Chong(Siripen Ungsitibonporn 2001)
    - - Chong lɔɔ(Martin 1974)
      - Wang Kraphrae Chong(Siripen Ungsitibonporn 2001)
      - Chong(Huffman 1983)
  - Central
    - Samreof Pursat
    - Samre(Pornsawan Ploykaew 2001)
    - Chong(Baradat ms.)
    - Kasong(Noppawan Thongkham 2003), historically called,Chong of Trat(Pannetier ms., Isarangura 1935)
  - Northern (Somray)
    - SomrayofBattambang(Baradat ms.)
    - SomreofSiem Reap[nearly extinct] (Moura 1883)

Peariclexical innovationsinclude 'fish', 'moon', 'water leech', 'chicken', and 'fire'.^[5]

Reconstruction[edit]

Headley (1985)[edit]

The Proto-Pearic language, the reconstructed ancestor of the Pearic languages, has been reconstructed by Robert Headley (1985).^[6]The 149 Proto-Pearic forms below are from Headley (1985).

*peːm 'angry'
*pe(ː)ʔ 'three'
*taːɲ 'to weave'
*kam 'arrow'
*keːv 'to call'
*caː 'to eat'
*ciʔ 'louse'
*ʔic 'excrement'
*ʔan 'here'
*Pa(ː)ŋ 'flower'
*Poːt 'to cut, hack'
*Tɔːŋ 'to fear'
*Teːv 'right (dexter)'
*Cak 'to hunt'
*Ceːv 'to go'
*Kaːŋ 'month'
*Kɔːj 'long(time)'
*Kic 'small'
*buːl 'drunk'
*beːt(?) 'knife'
*baːŋ 'morning'
*dɔːn 'must'
*deːv 'to buy'
*daːk 'water'
*ɟuːm 'vine'
*ɟeːv 'soup'
*ɟɔːr 'sap'
*graːɲ 'alcohol'
*gɨl 'to sit'
*guːm 'to winnow'
*suk 'hair'
*saŋ 'to hear'
*sɔːŋ 'to dance'
*huːm 'to bathe'
*hɔː 'not'
*h(ɨː)r 'to fly'
*hjɔk 'breast'
*hmɔːk 'bat'
*hmaːr 'field'
*hnoːk 'to stretch oneself'
*hŋɔːn 'thatch'
*hrɔːk 'to hide'
*hlɔːŋ 'banana'
*hluk 'salt'
*v(ɛː)ŋ 'raw, uncooked'
*rəvaːj 'tiger'
*jaːv 'scorpion'
*j(i)p 'to come'
*m(a)t 'eye'
*nɔːŋ 'mountain'
*nɨm 'year'
*ŋ(əː)r 'red'
*reːs 'root'
*rɔːj 'fly'
*raːj 'ten'
*loːm 'to ask'
*laːc 'lightning'
*_liɲ 'elder sibling'
*Pac 'to break'
*hoːc 'dead'
*hoːc 'dead'
*pah 'to slap'
*c(u)h 'to spit'
*tak 'broken apart'
*lɨk 'bran'
*-haːm 'blood'
*tɨm 'to cook'
*k(eː)n 'child'
*kɨn 'female'
*hlɨŋ 'deep'
*ɟiɲ 'foot'
*ʔɔːɲ 'to keep, put'
*Təp 'to bury'
*h(ɔː)p 'to eat'
*veːt 'blue'
*klaːv 'skink'
*knaːj 'elephant'
*Tɔːj 'before'
*sɨl 'sharp-edged'
*taːl 'to stand'
*coːl 'to plant'
*meːl 'fish'
*Peːr 'water leech'
*Keːr 'to bark'
*h(oː)r 'to blow'
*Ceːs 'kind of deer'
*loːs 'kind of deer'
*coːs 'hundred'
*cɨs 'old'
*pa(ː)s 'tail'
*c(ɔ)ʔ 'dog'
*rəgiʔ 'thin'
*tŋiʔ 'day'
*poʔ 'dream'
*teˀ 'earth'
*(c)kaː 'mouth'
*(c)mɨː 'civet'
*(c)ŋ(ɨ)n 'wife'
*(c)rɛːŋ 'ring'
*ɟrəlaʔ 'thorn'
*kdɔːŋ 'six'
*kleˀ 'ashamed'
*klɔːŋ 'bone'
*kmaːs 'smoke'
*kmɔk 'cough'
*gmaʔ 'rain'
*knɔːk 'to flail'
*gnuːl 'seven'
*grɨk 'to awaken'
*ks(ɨ)m 'star'
*kvak 'to hook'
*kjoŋ 'kind of lizard'
*gjaːŋ 'turtle'
*ml(ɔː)ŋ 'eel'
*pliː 'fruit'
*bluː 'thigh'
*pnaːk 'basket'
*bnaːm 'ugly'
*(p)ŋaːm 'bee'
*brɔːŋ 'Khmer'
*braːj 'cotton thread'
*psiː 'snake'
*skɛːŋ 'wing'
*smaɲ 'cramp'
*snɛːŋ 'after'
*sŋal 'to know'
*sriː 'to ask'
*tmoˀ 'stone'
*tpɔʔ 'winnowing basket'
*trɔːj 'wild cow'
*ʔiːn 'to get'
*briː 'forest'
*kriɲ 'drum'
*ksuː 'red ant'
*bleːv 'fire'
*ləkheːt 'to slide'
*ʔoːc 'to take'
*Coːj 'sore, wound'
*Toːs 'head'
*koːj 'tooth'
*(m)oːt 'younger sibling'
*b(oː) 'you'
*koj 'kind of lizard'
*hlɛːk 'chicken'
*Tɛːŋ 'left'
*bɛːk 'to laugh'
*tɛ(h) 'lightning'
*gɔŋ 'long'
*tɔŋ 'house'

Sidwell & Rau (2015)[edit]

The following Proto-Pearic lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015: 303, 340-363).^[5]

*ʔɨːs 'all'
*bɔh 'ashes'
*ker 'to bark'
*tkɔːˀ 'bark (of tree)'
*guŋ 'belly'
*tak 'big'
*ciːˀm 'bird'
*tap 'to bite'
*caˀŋ 'black'
*pNhaːm 'blood'
*klɔːŋ 'bone'
*j̊ɔk, *tuh 'breast'
*pɔːs, *tuːt 'to burn (vt.)'
*ktraːˀs 'claw/nail'
*juːr 'cloud'
*saˀc 'cold'
*jip 'to come/arrive'
*hoːc 'die (of a person)'
*cɔː 'dog'
*taːˀl 'to drink (water)'
*bah, *jeːˀs 'dry (adj./stat.)'
*prlaːŋ 'ear'
*teːˀ 'earth/soil'
*caː 'to eat'
*tuŋ 'egg'
*mat 'eye'
*pɨːs 'fat/grease/oil'
*suk 'feather'
*pliːw 'fire'
*meːˀl 'fish (n.)'
*hɨːr 'fly (v.)'
*ɟɨŋ 'foot'
*briː 'forest'
*bɔːŋ 'full (vessel)'
*ʔɨs 'give'
*ceːw 'to go'
toːˀn 'good'
*weːt 'green'
*suk 'hair (of head)'
*tiː 'hand'
*saŋ 'to hear/listen'
*soːc, *sroːc 'horn'
*ʔiɲ 'I'
*pNhoːc 'to kill'
*-nuːl, *mkuːr 'knee'
*kah 'know'
*-laːˀ 'leaf'
*bic 'to lie (down)'
*lɔːm 'liver'
*goŋ 'long'
*ciː 'louse (head)'
*(c/k)lɔːŋ 'man/husband'
*lɔː 'many'
*pɔːm, *ɟuːc 'meat/flesh'
*kaːŋ 'moon'
*nɔːŋ 'mountain/hill'
*(c)kaː 'mouth'
*kɔːk 'neck'
*blaː 'new'
*klɛːˀŋ 'night'
*-toːt, *mu(ː)s 'nose'
*ʔih 'not'
*moːˀj 'one'
*kɟɨm 'person/human'
*kɔːˀn 'rat'
*gmaːˀ 'rain'
*ŋar 'red'
*ɟar 'resin'
*kraː 'road, path'
*reːs 'root (of a tree)'
*moːl 'round (object)'
*(g)laːŋ 'sand'
*daŋ 'see'
*kɨl 'sit'
*-loːˀ 'skin'
*bic 'sleep'
*kic 'small'
*kmaː⁽ˀ⁾s 'smoke (n.)'
*ɲaːj 'to speak, say'
*taːl 'to stand'
*ksɨm 'star'
*tmoːˀ 'stone'
*(t/s)ŋiːˀ 'sun'
*heːl 'to swim'
*paːs 'tail'
*dan 'that (dist.)'
*ʔan 'this (prox.)'
*boː 'thou/you'
*ɟrlaʔ 'thorn'
*ktaːˀk 'tongue'
*koːj 'tooth'
*neːˀm 'tree'
*baːˀr 'two'
*ceːw 'to walk, go'
*tuːˀ 'warm/hot'
*daːk 'water'
*hɛːŋ 'we (excl.)'
*taːɲ 'to weave'
*cmpiːˀj 'what?'
*broːŋ, *pruːs 'white'
*ʔmih 'who?'
*kɨn 'woman/wife'
*joːˀs 'yellow'

Lexical innovations[edit]

Paul Sidwell(2015:203)^[7]lists the following Pearic lexical innovations that had replaced originalProto-Austroasiaticforms.

Gloss	Proto-Pearic	Proto-Austroasiatic
fish	*meːˀl	*kaʔ
fire	*pliːw	*ʔus
bone	*klɔːŋ	*cʔaːŋ
chicken	*hlɛːk^[8]	*ʔiər

Sidwell (2021) subsequently revised the list of Pearic lexical innovations as follows.^[9]

Gloss	Proto-Austroasiatic	Proto-Pearic	Kasong	Chong	Samre	Pear of Kompong Thom
‘fish’	*kaʔ	*meːˀw	me̤ː⁴⁵³	me̤ːˀw	miːɹ	miəl
‘fire’	*ʔuːs	*pleːw	ple̤ːw²¹	ple̤ːw	pliːw	phlou
‘bone’	*cʔaːŋ	*klɔːŋ	klɔːŋ³³	klɑːŋ	kluəŋ	–
‘chicken’	*ʔiər	*hlɛːk	lɛːk⁴⁵	læːk	liək	lék
‘banana’	–	*hlɔːŋ	lɔːŋ³³	lɑːŋ	luəŋ	lâng

References[edit]

^Sidwell, Paul. 2019.Proto-Pearic and the role of vowel height in register formation.Paper presented at the 8thInternational Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics(ICAAL8), Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 29-31, 2019.
^Ironside, Jeremy (April 2005)."Overview of the distribution of Pear (Por) people in Cambodia".ngoforum.org.Archived fromthe originalon Jul 24, 2011.Retrieved2007-10-11.
^"Pearic languages".Britannica Online Encyclopedia.Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved2007-11-19.
^Sidwell, Paul (2009)."Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art".LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics,76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
^^a ^bSidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages.Leiden: Brill.
^Headley, Robert K. 1985. "Proto-Pearic and the classification of Pearic."In Suriya Ratanakult et al. (eds.),Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to Andre-G. Haudricourt.Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 428-478.
^Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages.Leiden: Brill.
^Headley (1985)
^Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages".The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia.De Gruyter. pp. 179–206.doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011.

External links[edit]

[1] Sidwell, Paul. 2019.Proto-Pearic and the role of vowel height in register formation.Paper presented at the 8thInternational Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics(ICAAL8), Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 29-31, 2019.

[ngoforum-2] Ironside, Jeremy (April 2005)."Overview of the distribution of Pear (Por) people in Cambodia".ngoforum.org.Archived fromthe originalon Jul 24, 2011.Retrieved2007-10-11.

[3] "Pearic languages".Britannica Online Encyclopedia.Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved2007-11-19.

[Sidwell2009-4] Sidwell, Paul (2009)."Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art".LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics,76. Munich: Lincom Europa.

[SidwellRau2015-5] Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages.Leiden: Brill.

[Headley1985-6] Headley, Robert K. 1985. "Proto-Pearic and the classification of Pearic."In Suriya Ratanakult et al. (eds.),Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Presented to Andre-G. Haudricourt.Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University. pp. 428-478.

[7] Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages.Leiden: Brill.

[8] Headley (1985)

[WOL-MSEA-11-9] Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages".The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia.De Gruyter. pp. 179–206.doi:10.1515/9783110558142-011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]