Pedunculopontine nucleus
 |
| Pedunculopontine nucleus | |
|---|---|
 Pedunculopontine nucleus at number 13 | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus |
| MeSH | D045042 |
| NeuroNames | 504 |
| NeuroLexID | birnlex_1437 |
| TA98 | A14.1.06.336 |
| TA2 | 5895 |
| FMA | 72429 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
Thepedunculopontine nucleus(PPN) orpedunculopontine tegmental nucleus(PPTorPPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upperponsin thebrainstem.[1][2]It is involved in voluntary movements,[3]arousal, and provides sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex and one of the main components of theascending reticular activating system.[4][5]It is a potential target fordeep brain stimulationtreatment forParkinson's disease.[6]It was first described in 1909 byLouis Jacobsohn-Lask,a Germanneuroanatomist.[7][8]
Structure and projections
[edit]The pedunculopontine nucleus lies below thered nucleus,caudalto thesubstantia nigraand adjacent to thesuperior cerebellar peduncle.It has two divisions of subnuclei; the pars compacta, containing mainlycholinergicneurons, and the pars dissipata, containing mainlyglutamatergicneurons and some non-cholinergic neurons.[2]
Itsneuronsprojectaxonsto a wide range of areas in the brain,[9]particularly parts of thebasal gangliasuch as thesubthalamic nucleus,substantia nigra pars compacta,andglobus pallidus internus.It also sends them to targets in thethalamus,cerebellum,basal forebrain,and lowerbrainstem,and in thecerebral cortex,thesupplementary motor areaandsomatosensoryandmotor cortices.[4][5][10]
It receives inputs from many areas of the brain.[9]It both projects to and receives input from most parts of the basal ganglia, with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta (which it projects to but does not receive input from), and thesubstantia nigra pars reticulata(which it receives input from but does not project to).[4][5]
Functions
[edit]The pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in many functions, includingarousal,attention,learning,reward,and voluntary limb movements andlocomotion.[3][11]While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to thecerebral cortex.[3]It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance ofREM sleep.[9]
Recent research has discovered that the pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus are switched on during real and imagined movement.[11]
Parkinson's disease
[edit]Research is being done on whetherdeep brain stimulationof the pedunculopontine nucleus might be used to improve the gait and postural difficulties found inParkinson's disease.[3][6]Clinical trials show improvement of balance and postural reactions when the pedunculopontine nucleus is electrically stimulated.[12][13]
References
[edit]- ^Jankovic, Joseph (2015). "Gait disorders". In Jankovic, Joseph (ed.).Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics.Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 249–268.ISBN978-0-323-35446-2.
- ^abFrench, IT; Muthusamy, KA (2018)."A Review of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease".Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.10:99.doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00099.PMC5933166.PMID29755338.
- ^abcdTsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R (2010)."Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements".Neurology.75(11): 950–9.doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35.PMC2942031.PMID20702790.
- ^abcGarcia-Rill E (1991). "The pedunculopontine nucleus".Prog. Neurobiol.36(5): 363–89.doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90016-t.PMID1887068.S2CID40467457.
- ^abcWinn P (October 2006). "How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies".J. Neurol. Sci.248(1–2): 234–50.doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.036.PMID16765383.S2CID23034945.
- ^abBenarroch, Eduardo E. (19 March 2013). "Pedunculopontine nucleus Functional organization and clinical implications".Neurology.80(12): 1148–1155.doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182886a76.PMID23509047.S2CID22239596.
- ^Jenkinson N, Nandi D (July 2009)."Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus".Mov Disord.24(3): 319–328.doi:10.1002/mds.22189.PMID19097193.S2CID14475183.
- ^Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri),Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22
- ^abcMena-Segovia, Juan; Bolam, J. Paul; Martinez-Gonzalez, Cristina (2011)."Topographical Organization of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus".Frontiers in Neuroanatomy.5:22.doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00022.PMC3074429.PMID21503154.
- ^Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H (2007). "Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei".NeuroImage.37(3): 694–705.doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.050.PMID17644361.S2CID3348936.
- ^abTattersall TL, et al. (2014)."Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus"(PDF).Nature Neuroscience.17(3): 449–454.doi:10.1038/nn.3642.PMID24487235.S2CID405368.
- ^"Characterising, Understanding, and Treating Balance Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease".Brain Foundation Research Report.brainfoundation
.org .au /wp-content /uploads /2022 /08 /Research-Report-Wesley-Thevathsan-Web-1 .pdf - ^Perera, Thushara; Tan, Joy L.; Cole, Michael H.; Yohanandan, Shivy A. C.; Silberstein, Paul; Cook, Raymond; Peppard, Richard; Aziz, Tipu; Coyne, Terry; Brown, Peter; Silburn, Peter A.; Thevathasan, Wesley (2018-10-01)."Balance control systems in Parkinson's disease and the impact of pedunculopontine area stimulation".Brain: A Journal of Neurology.141(10): 3009–3022.doi:10.1093/brain/awy216.ISSN1460-2156.PMC6158752.PMID30165427.
