Criminal code
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Acriminal codeorpenal codeis a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction'scriminal law.Typically a criminal code will containoffencesthat are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions onretroactive prosecution).[1]
Criminal codes are relatively common incivil lawjurisdictions, which tend to build legal systems around codes and principles which are relatively abstract and apply them on a case-by-case basis. Conversely they are not as common incommon lawjurisdictions.
The proposed introduction of a criminal code inEngland and Waleswas a significant project of theLaw Commissionfrom 1968 to 2008. Due to the strong tradition oflegal precedentin thejurisdictionand consequently the large number ofbindinglegal judgementsand ambiguous 'common law offences', as well as the often inconsistent nature of English law,[citation needed]the creation of a satisfactory code became very difficult. The project was officially abandoned in 2008 although as of 2009 it has been revived.[2]
A statutory Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee forIrish criminal lawmet from 2007 to 2010 and itsDraft Criminal Code and Commentarywas published in 2011.[3][4]
In the United States, aModel Penal Codeexists which is not itself law but which provides the basis for the criminal law of many states. Individual states often choose to make use of criminal codes which are often based, to a varying extent, on the model code.[5]Title 18 of the United States Codeis the criminal code for federal crimes.[6]However, Title 18 does not contain many of the general provisions concerning criminal law that are found in the criminal codes of many so-called "civil law" countries.
Criminal codes are generally supported for their introduction of consistency to legal systems and for making the criminal law more accessible to laypeople.[7]A code may help avoid achilling effectwherelegislationandcase lawappears to be either inaccessible or beyond comprehension to non-lawyers. Alternatively critics have argued that codes are too rigid and that they fail to provide enough flexibility for the law to be effective.[citation needed]
Jurisdictions of many countries, such asAlgeria,Argentina,Australia,Austria,Brazil,Canada,Chile,China,Denmark,Egypt,Finland,France,Germany,India,Iran,Israel,Italy,Japan,South Korea,Mexico,theNetherlands,Norway,Pakistan,Poland,Russia,Saudi Arabia,South Africa,Spain,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,Ukraine,theUnited Kingdomand theUnited States,use different penal codes.[citation needed]
By country
[edit]- Criminal Code of Algeria
- Penal Code of Argentina
- Australian criminal codes
- Criminal Code of Austria
- Criminal Code of Belarus
- Penal Code of Brazil
- British Virgin Islands Criminal Code
- Criminal Code (Canada)
- Criminal Code of Chile
- Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China(zh)
- Criminal Code of the Czech Republic(2009)
- Danish Penal Code(Denmark)
- Egyptian Penal Code
- English Criminal Code,a draft has existed since 1989 but, though debated since 1818, has never been enacted[citation needed]
- Criminal Code of Finland
- French Penal Code
- German Criminal Code
- Hungarian Penal Code in English,status of 18 August 2005;Operative Hungarian Penal Code
- General Penal Code (Iceland)
- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita(Indian Justice Code)[8]
- Indonesian Criminal Code(Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana)(Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana)
- Israeli Penal Law, 5737-1977
- Iranian Criminal Code
- Iraqi Penal Code
- Italian Penal Code
- Penal Code of Japan
- Penal Code of Macau
- Penal Code (Malaysia),enacted in 1936.
- Maldives Penal Code,enacted in 1968. Revised on 16 July 2015.
- Criminal Code of Malta,enacted in 1854.
- Mexican Penal Code,enacted on August 14, 1931.
- Myanmar Penal Code,enacted on 1 May 1861
- General Code of Nepal
- Penal Code of the Netherlands (Wetboek van Strafrecht)
- New Zealand Crimes Act 1961
- Nigerian Criminal Code
- Norwegian Criminal Code
- Pakistan Penal Code
- Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
- Polish Penal Code
- Penal Code of Portugal
- Penal Code of Romania
- Criminal Code of Russia
- Criminal Code of Saudi Arabia
- Penal Code of South Korea
- Penal Code of Sri Lanka
- Penal Code of Singapore
- Penal Code of South Africa
- Spanish Criminal Code,enacted for the first time in 1822. Current version dates back to 1995.
- Swiss Criminal Code
- Syrian Penal Code
- Criminal Code of Thailand
- Turkish Penal Code(also see its articles301and312)
- Criminal Code of Ukraine
- Title 18 of the United States Code
- Model Penal Codeby theAmerican Law Institute
- List of U.S. state statutory codes
- Vietnamese Penal Code,first enacted in 1985[9]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"French Penal Code (ToC)"(PDF).LegiFrance (Eng translation). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-04.
- ^"Newsletter"(PDF).Law Commission. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2009-04-16.
- ^"Minister Shatter publishes draft Criminal Code prepared by the Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee"(Press release). Department of Justice and Equality. 23 June 2011.Retrieved27 October2018.
- ^Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee (31 May 2010)."Draft Criminal Code and Commentary"(PDF).Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality.Retrieved27 October2018.
- ^Robinson, Paul."Introduction to the Model Penal Code"(PDF).Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^"United States Code (Title 18)".GPO.
- ^"Law Commission".Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-24.
- ^Desk, DH Web."Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod".Deccan Herald.Retrieved2024-01-16.
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has generic name (help) - ^"Vietnamese Penal Code 1999 - full text in English".vbpl.vn.Retrieved5 January2022.