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People's Party of Canada

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People's Party of Canada
Parti populaire du Canada
AbbreviationPPC
LeaderMaxime Bernier
FounderMaxime Bernier
FoundedSeptember 14, 2018;5 years ago(2018-09-14)
Split fromConservative Party of Canada
HeadquartersGatineau,Quebec,Canada
Youth wingNew Generation PPC
Membership(2021)Increase30,000[1]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wingtofar-right
ColoursPurple
Senate
0 / 105
House of Commons
0 / 338
Website
peoplespartyofcanada.ca

ThePeople's Party of Canada(PPC;French:Parti populaire du Canada) is afederal political party in Canada.The party was formed byMaxime Bernierin September 2018, shortly after his resignation from theConservative Party of Canada.It is placed on theright[2][3]tofar right[4][5][6]of theleft–right political spectrum.[2][3][7]

Bernier, a former candidate for the2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership electionand cabinet minister, was the party's onlyMember of Parliament(MP) from its founding in 2018 to his defeat in the2019 Canadian federal election.The PPC formedelectoral district associationsin 326ridings,[8]and ran candidates in 315 ridings,[8][9]of Canada's total 338 ridings, in the 2019 federal election; however, no candidate was elected under its banner and Bernier lost his bid for personal re-election inBeauce.[8]The party ran 312 candidates in the2021 Canadian federal election;none were elected to parliament, despite it increasing its share of the popular vote to nearly five per cent.[10][11]

The party has been described primarily asconservative[12][13][14]withright-wing populist[15][16][17]andright-libertarian[2]policies. Specific policies advocated by the party include reducingimmigration to Canadato 150,000 entrants per year,[18]scrapping theCanadian Multiculturalism Act,withdrawing from theParis Agreement,endingcorporate welfare,and endingsupply management.In the 2021 federal election, the PPC also ran in opposition toCOVID-19 lockdownsand restrictions,vaccine passports,andcompulsory vaccinations.[19][20]

History

[edit]

Formation

[edit]
Bernier in 2017

The PPC was formed a few weeks after the resignation ofMaxime Bernier,a candidate in the2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership electionand former cabinet minister from theConservative Party of Canada.[21]In his resignation speech, Bernier stated that he was leaving because "I've come to realize... this party is too intellectually and morally corrupt to be reformed. "Bernier also stated that under opposition leaderAndrew Scheer,to whom Bernier finished runner-up in the 2017 party leadership election, the Conservative Party had abandoned its principles on issues includingpolitical correctness,corporate welfare,equalization paymentsreform, andsupply management.[22]In aNational Postop-ed, Bernier stated that his motive for forming the party was to reverse thepublic choicedynamic in theCanadian political systemresulting in vote-buying andpanderingby political parties. He reiterated his belief that the Conservative Party could not be reformed to end this practice, and that a new political party was required.[23]

Bernier was accused by prominent Conservative politicians such as former prime ministersStephen Harper[24]andBrian Mulroney[25]of trying to divide thepolitical right.He responded on theCBC TelevisionshowPower & Politicsthat he wanted to focus on disaffected voters, and cited the political rise of French presidentEmmanuel Macronas an example.[26][27][28]Bernier later cited the breakthrough of thePeople's Alliance of New Brunswickin the2018 New Brunswick general electionand theCoalition Avenir Québecwin in2018 Quebec general electionas examples of voters' disdain for traditional political parties and expressing a desire for change by voting for new parties.[27][29]

Prior to his resignation from the Conservative Party, Bernier had begun reestablishing contact with individuals who had supported his 2017 Conservative leadership bid; they believed he had the necessary support to register a party withElections Canada.[30]Le Devoirreported that members of seven Conservative constituency associations defected to the party.[31]A few days after announcing the party name,Libertarian Party of CanadaleaderTim Moen,who had previously offered the leadership of that party to Bernier, stated that he was open to the idea of a merger with the People's Party.[32]When asked byGlobal News,Bernier indicated he had no interest in a merger.[33]In early September 2018, TheCanadian Nationalist Partyreached out to People's Party "to see if there would be any interest in possibly co-operating with the Canadian Nationalist Party."[34]Bernier declined any further discussions with Patron.[35]

When asked about organizing by the party, he mentioned that he would use tools that did not exist in the past, such as the use of social media.[36][37][38]

Bernier planned to run candidates in all of Canada's 338 federal ridings in the2019 Canadian federal election.[39]The party's registration documents were officially submitted to Elections Canada on October 10, 2018.[40]In addition, he stated thatelectoral district associations(EDA) would be in place by December 31, 2018, and that the EDAs would start focusing on finding candidates starting in January 2019.[38]On November 1, 2018, the party revealed that it had over 30,000 "founding members".[41]News outlets later revealed that one of the PPC's founding members was a former Americanwhite nationalist,and that two others had ties toanti-immigrationgroups.[42][43]The former white nationalist was removed from the party on August 29, 2019, after his past came to light. A spokesperson for the party stated that his past didn't come up during the vetting process since he came from the United States.[44]The two other members denied having racist views and the party later toldLe Devoirthat they did not have enough resources to vet them at the beginning of the PPC's formation.[45]

In November 2018,Minister of Democratic InstitutionsKarina Gouldsaid that Bernier would qualify for debates hosted by theLeaders' Debates Commissionif the party nominated candidates in 90 per cent of ridings.[46][47]The party held rallies inVancouver,Calgary,Toronto,Ottawa–Gatineau,[48]Winnipeg,[49]Saskatoon,[50]andQuebec City.[51]In 2019, it held rallies inHamilton,[52]Saint John,andHalifax.[53]On December 21, 2018, the party established EDAs in all 338 electoral districts.[54]

Registration

[edit]
Former logo of the People's Party of Canada including the abbreviation and full name of the party. The maple leaf is displayed inside the C in PPC.
Former logo of the People's Party of Canada with the shortened name People's Party and a maple leaf on its right.
Previous party logos, 2018–2021

The party received its eligibility status on November 11, 2018. It was registered by Elections Canada on January 19, 2019, after nominating candidates for by-elections inOutremont,York—Simcoe,andBurnaby Southwhich were called for February 25, 2019, andNanaimo—Ladysmith.[55][56][57]In theFebruary 25 by-elections,the party received 10.9 per cent of the vote inBurnaby Southand 1.5 per cent in each of York—Simcoe and Outremont.[58]

Candidate selections for the 2019 federal election

[edit]

Bernier told theNational Postthat the party would start candidate nominations for the October general election after the by-elections.[59]On March 25, 2019, Bernier announced in a press conference that the party has opened an online search for candidates until April 23, with candidate selection meetings to follow between May 7 and 13.[60][61]In an interview on theCTVtelevision showPower Play,he said that the party planned to have their first convention on June 1 to 2.[62]The party held their conference from August 18 to 19, where "roughly 500 party officials took part in door knocking workshops, traditional media and social media training, debate training and mock debate."[63]

The party has undergone several controversies.[64]In April 2019, Angelo Isidorou, a party executive and theVancouver Quadradistrict association president resigned, stating the party was an "utter free-for-all" and had been "hijacked by egomaniacs". Isidorou was one of the earliest individuals to blow the whistle on internal racism within the party.[65]More resignations followed Isidorou and echoed accusations that the party had been infiltrated by "racist, xenophobic, homophobic and downright hateful people".[66]In July 2019, the entire People's Party of Canada board inElmwood—Transconapublicly sent a resignation letter, claiming that "racists", "anti-Semites" and "conspiracy theorists" had taken over and were promoting "the closure of Canada's" physical and economic borders "and had" spread misinformation through personal and official channels ".[67]They cited disillusionment towards the party's increasingly xenophobic nature and lack of focus towards economic discussion as their core reasons for resigning.[68]Steven Fletcher,PPC candidate forCharleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley,rejected the accusation, claiming the action is rooted in vindictiveness against Bernier.[69]The manager of theElmwood—TransconaFacebook page responded to the criticism by stating: "Our problem is not necessarily with Max [Bernier] himself, but the entire organization has deep-rooted problems." TheWinnipeg South CentreEDA argued that it was normal for a party to have "people with crazy ideas and racists" and wanted to know how the party reacted to it.[69]Fletcher disputed their statement, stating that "they'd be kicked out pretty fast" if they held any such viewpoints, and touted the diversity of the PPC's candidates. Fletcher claimed that "some elements of the NDP and the Green Party" have "anti-Semitic viewpoints" and that there was an "anti-Quebec vibe" in online forums from "people supporting [Conservative Party leader] Andrew Scheer."[70]The PPC later toldGlobal Newsthat the removal of the white nationalist was an example of the party taking a stand against racism.[71]

In the2019 Canadian federal election,Bernier lost his own seat to a Conservative, and no People's Party candidates were elected.[72]Bernier was the only People's Party candidate to come even close to winning; he won 28.4 per cent of the vote (a 20-point drop from 2015), and no other candidate won more than four per cent of the vote. The party received approximately 1.6 per cent of the popular vote nationwide. According to theCanadian Press,the PPC may have cost the Conservatives some ridings but did not garner enough votes to affect the overall result.[73]

After the 2019 federal election

[edit]

On February 24, 2020, Elections Canada deregistered 38 of the party's EDAs for failing to comply with reporting requirements. The deregistered EDAs would not be able to accept contributions or issue tax receipts unless they remedy their status with Elections Canada and become re-registered.[74]Two candidates, includingMaxime Bernierran for theToronto CentreandYork Centreby-election,following the resignations ofMichael LevittandBill Morneau;however, both candidates were unsuccessful in their campaign, garnering less than 3.6 per cent of the popular vote in each riding,[75]and other EDAs have voluntarily deregistered.[76]

2021 federal election

[edit]

The PPC announced it would contest the2021 federal electionwith the same platform it used in 2019 and Bernier running in his former riding of Beauce.[77]The PPC also announced its opposition to further COVID-19 restrictions and lockdown measures, vaccine passports, and compulsory vaccinations as part of its campaign.[19][20]

The PPC gained around 5 per cent of the popular vote, an improvement on its 2019 result and surpassing theGreen Party of Canadain terms of vote share, with some PPC candidates finishing a distant second in the ridings they contested, but the party did not see any candidates elected with Bernier again losing to the Conservatives in Beauce.[11]Following the election, some political scientists and commentators debated whether the PPC's slightly stronger performance contributed to the Conservatives underErin O'Toolelosing to the Liberals. This view was endorsed byMainstreet ResearchCEO Quito Maggi andUniversity of Torontopolitical science professor Nelson Wiseman, who posited that the PPC may have cost the Conservatives at least ten ridings.[78][79][80]It has also been described as not a simple generalization, as significant amount of PPC support arose from non-Conservative voters.[11][81]

After the 2021 federal election

[edit]

The PPC organized a rally inWaterloo, Ontario,featuring Bernier and independent MPPRandy Hillier,to support theFreedom Convoy 2022's call to end COVID-19 mandates.[82]The PPC candidate in the2022 Mississauga—Lakeshore federal by-electiongarnered 1.2% of the vote.[83]The PPC ran candidates in each of the 2023 federal by-elections, in the ridings ofWinnipeg South Centre,Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount,Portage—LisgarandOxford.Party leader Maxime Bernier, who ran in Portage-Lisgar, won the highest number of votes at 17% but still lost the election.[83]The PPC's "Western Lieutenant" Kelly Lorencz ran in theCalgary HeritageJuly 24, 2023 by-election, and lost.[84]

Patricia Conlin ran as the PPC candidate in the March 4, 2024 by-election in the riding ofDurham,following the resignation of Erin O'Toole. She received 4% of the vote. In 2021, she received 5.50% of the vote.

Principles and policies

[edit]
French party logo

The PPC has been described primarily as aconservativeparty[13]withright-wing populist[16]andright-libertarian[2]policies. It is generally seen as being on the right[2][3]tofar-right[4][5][6]of theleft–right political spectrum.[7][85]A number of political scientists have also described Bernier's rhetoric as reminiscent ofclassical liberalism.[86][87]However, political scientist Brian Budd describes Bernier's rhetoric and the party's platform as "[reflective of] the ideological tenets of a populist radical right, defined by a commitment toxenophobia".Budd argues that the party is" aimed at Canada's far right groups and supporters ", who" may [view] Bernier and the People's Party of Canada as a viable pathway to mainstreaming their xenophobic and nationalistic beliefs in Canada ".[15]

The party describes its ideology as a mixture of "common sense, populism,classical conservatism,and libertarianism ".[88]Bernier stated that his party is "a coalition of people who are disenchanted with traditional politicians who say one thing one day, and another the next".[36]He mentioned that his platform would be based around the principles of freedom, responsibility, fairness, and respect.[89][90]Bernier has stated that these principles are non-negotiable,[91]but that members would have input on policies as they are refined,[92]and that a candidate questionnaire asks potential candidates about which policies they want in the platform.[93]In addition to these principles, the party would advocate for "smart populism", which Bernier defines as "populism without emotions", speaking for "all Canadians", and not appeasing "special interest groups".[94][95]Bernier has described the party as a "grassroots party".[96]He has also stated that the party is neither left wing or right wing, preferring the difference between being free and not free.[97]Bernier toldVassy Kapelosthat the party would debate discussions that "the leadership and the caucus" did not want to have while he was a Conservative Party member,[98]also stating that people who espouseantisemitic,racist,or xenophobic positions "are not welcome" in the party.[99]A spokesperson has stated that the party does not debate the science ofclimate change.[100]

At the time of its formation, the party indicated that its formal platform would be gradually unveiled, but it would generally follow the platform that Bernier ran on during his2017 Conservative leadership campaign.[101]Bernier stated that the platform "will be built on facts".[102]He said thatsocially conservativepolicies such asabortionandgender identitywould not be part of the party platform.[103]The party supports removingtrade barriersbetweenCanada's provinces.[104]

Economy

[edit]

Prominent platform planks include endingcorporate welfareand phasing outsupply managementover a number of years to allow farmers to adapt through compensation yet "save Canadians billions of dollars annually" through lower prices. Following the launch of the party, Bernier stated in a TV interview withBNN Bloombergthat the telecom industry deregulation, increasing airline competition, reducingtax bracketsand having a discussion about the privatization ofCanada Post,which were key components of his original 2017 Conservative leadership platform, are all areas that he has an interest in.[105]

Environment

[edit]

The party's platform states that "it is an undisputed fact that the world's climate has always changed and will continue to change"[106]but rejects thescientific consensus on climate change,which it calls "climate change alarmism".[107][108]The party plans to withdraw from theglobal warmingfight, withdraw from theParis Climate Accord,abolish subsidies forgreen technology,expand the oil and gas industries, scrap "the Liberal government'scarbon tax",but allow the private sector and the provinces to address climate issues, and" invest [in] mitigation strategies "if negative effects result from climate change.[104][108][109]The party's main focus would be on "implementing practical solutions to make Canada's air, water and soil cleaner".[108][110]

Foreign affairs

[edit]

The party platform says that foreign policies should be "focused on the security and prosperity of Canadians, not an ideological approach that compromises our interests". It supportsmultilateralism,non-interventionism,free trade,andhumanitarianism;however, it plans to not get involved in foreign conflicts, "unless we have a compelling strategic interest in doing so", to reduce Canada'sUnited Nations(UN) presence "to a minimum", withdraw from UN commitments the party sees as threatening "our sovereignty", to accept free trade agreements that protect Canada's economy "from the threat of potentially hostile foreign investors", and phase outdevelopment aid.[111][112]The party opposed Canadian military support for Ukraine during theRusso-Ukrainian Warand criticizedNATOexpansion in Eastern Europe.[113]

LGBT rights

[edit]

The party has come out against Bill C-16, which added gender identity and expression as prohibited grounds of discrimination under the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code, and expressed a desire to modify Bill C-6, which bansconversion therapy,to add an exemption for youth withgender dysphoria.[114]

The official party policy on gender ideology focuses on two areas: male-to-female transgender people intruding upon traditionally female spaces and "[radical activists who] teach children that their gender is determined by stereotypes and if they do not fit into the traditional male or female gender roles, encourage them to think they may have been born in the wrong body."[115]Their proposed measures to combat these issues are to make the medical transition of minors illegal and "protect women’s spaces – prisons, shelters, bathrooms, and changing rooms – from intrusion by biological men."[115]The PPC claims that "cultural Marxists and radical activists in the media, government, and schools have made every effort to normalize toxic transgender ideology".[116]

Egale Canada,a national charity that advocates for LGBT rights and inclusion issued a statement condemning the PPC’s policy announcement as "harmful, hateful, and dangerous".[117]The statement also calls on all Canadians to reject the PPC’s platform and support parties that respect and protectLGBT rights.

Health care

[edit]

The party's platform states "it is up to the provinces to implement reforms in line with the more efficient and less costly mixed universal systems of other developed countries. Throwing more federal money at the problem is not the right approach."[118]They plan to replace theCanada Health Transferwith a "transfer of tax points of equivalent value to the provinces and territories" by giving up thegoods and services tax(GST) revenue collected by the federal government while creating a temporary program "to compensate poorer provinces" disadvantaged by the replacement.[118]The party claims this would create the conditions for provincial and territorial governments to innovate,[119]while maintaining theCanada Health Act.[120]The party has shownvaccine hesitancy.Bernier and the PPC are opposed to vaccination mandates and support the lifting of pandemic restrictions.[19][121][122][123]

Immigration

[edit]

The party plansimmigration reform,such as limiting immigration to no more than 150,000 people per year, by removing the parents and grandparents class from thefamily reunificationprogram, focusing on economic immigration through the reform of the immigration point system, makingtemporary foreign workersnoncompetitive with "Canadian workers", and banningbirth tourism.[124][125][126]They intend that all immigrants would undergo in-person interviews with immigration officials to determine whether their values and ideas accord with Canadian "societal norms".[127][128]The party would declare the entire border a port of entry to make deportation easier, since new arrivals can be refused at ports of entry. They would buildborder fencesat popular ports of entry crossings for migrants, rely on private sponsorship instead of government support for funding new refugees, but prioritize those "belonging to persecuted groups barred from neighbouring countries" andsexual minorities.[129]

Multiculturalism

[edit]
See also:Multiculturalism in Canada

The party platform advocates for the cultural integration of immigrants, stating that it "enriches" Canadian society; in particular, the party criticized that the government "has pursued a policy of officialmulticulturalismthat encourages immigrants to keep the values and culture they left behind instead of integrating into Canadian society and adopting Canadian values and culture. "Some of the examples that they have listed as" distinct values of a contemporary Western civilization "are" equality between men and women "," separation of state and religion "," toleration and pluralism ". The party classified Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau's comments referring to Canada as "the first post-national state, with no core identity" as a "cult of diversity". It opposes theCanadian Multiculturalism Act,remarking that Canada's government should not help immigrants preserve their cultural heritage. The party intends to "repeal the Multiculturalism Act and eliminate all funding to promote multiculturalism."[130][131]

Veterans

[edit]

On the topic of veterans,[132]the party platform says that "The government of Canada has an obligation to honour the nation's sacred commitment to our military men and women and make sure our veterans receive the support they deserve." It also plans to "enshrine in legislation the country's obligations to our veterans in a Military Covenant", reinstate fair military disability pensions and reemphasize the legislative guarantee of the "benefit of doubt" standard in thePension Act,review theNew Veterans Charterto determine which policies and programs should be retained, simplify the system, and make it easier to navigate.[63]

Self-defence

[edit]

As part of Bernier's bid for the seat ofPortage—Lisgarin 2023, the PPC published its "self-defence policy", stating it would remove pepper spray from the list of prohibited weapons and make it legal to possess and carry it for self-defence.[133]

Electoral results

[edit]
Election Leader Seats +/− Votes % Rank Position
2019 Maxime Bernier
0 / 338
 Steady 294,092 1.6 Steady6th Extra-parliamentary
2021
0 / 338
 Steady 840,990 4.9 Steady6th Extra-parliamentary

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^@peoplespca (December 20, 2021)."Day Seven of the 12 Days of PPC Christmas! Today, we're celebrating the huge growth of our membership! @MaximeBernier"(Tweet).RetrievedDecember 20,2021– viaTwitter.
  2. ^abcde"Conservatives 'paying attention' to Bernier's new party, MP says".Toronto Star.September 14, 2018.
  3. ^abc"Maxime Bernier announces the People's Party of Canada".iPolitics.September 14, 2018.RetrievedNovember 13,2018.
  4. ^ab"Canada leaders' debate: tarnished Trudeau puts climate crisis at heart of election".The Guardian.October 8, 2019.The wildcard coming into the evening was Maxime Bernier, leader of the far-right populist party the People's party of Canada. Formed amid a feud between Bernier and the Conservative party, its platform is defined by restrictive immigration politics and climate change denial.
  5. ^abMeyer, Carl (October 7, 2019)."Jagmeet Singh accuses Maxime Bernier of inciting hatred".National Observer.RetrievedSeptember 28,2021.... Canada's first racialized federal party leader repeatedly squared off against the boss of the country's newest far-right party at the English-language election debate.
  6. ^abTubb, Ed (October 9, 2019)."Missed the French-language leaders' debate? Replay it here".Toronto Star.RetrievedOctober 14,2019.He [Trudeau] continued attacking Scheer on the economy in an at-times chaotic three-way debate segment with the Conservative leader and far-right People's Party of Canada leader Maxime Bernier.
  7. ^abBilefsky, Dan (October 15, 2019)."A 'Mad Max' Candidate Offers a Far-Right Jolt to the Canadian Election".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 16,2019.
  8. ^abcTurnbull, Sarah (October 21, 2019)."Maxime Bernier loses riding he's held since 2006 but says PPC still has future".CTV.RetrievedFebruary 22,2020.The party went into the campaign pledging to nominate a candidate for all 338 ridings, but secured 326 and only registered 315 by Elections Canada's nomination deadline.
  9. ^Smith, Charlie (October 21, 2019)."People's Party of Canada Leader Maxime Bernier loses Quebec riding of Beauce".Straight.Georgia Straight.RetrievedFebruary 22,2020.He added that his heart goes out to the 315 PPC candidates across the country.
  10. ^Raycraft, Richard (September 20, 2021)."People's Party makes vote gains but doesn't win a seat".CBC News.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.Last updated September 21, 2021.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  11. ^abcMoscrop, David (September 22, 2021)."Rise of People's Party is moment of reckoning for Canada".Global News.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  12. ^Lévesque, Catherine (May 12, 2023)."Bernier accuses Tories of veering left as he launches byelection campaign in Manitoba".National Post.RetrievedMarch 21,2024.
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  15. ^ab"What I learned at a People's Party of Canada rally".The Conversation.November 19, 2018.
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  18. ^"Immigration".People's Party of Canada.RetrievedAugust 14,2023.
  19. ^abcDebusmann, Bernd Jr. (September 1, 2021)."Canada election: 'Mad Max' and why his party is on the rise".BBC News.BBC.RetrievedSeptember 2,2021.
  20. ^abRakich, Nathaniel (September 20, 2021)."How Canada Got Here".FiveThirtyEight.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  21. ^"Maxime Bernier Says He Will Lead 'People's Party of Canada'".HuffPost.RetrievedOctober 10,2018.
  22. ^"Read the full text of Maxime Bernier's speech: 'Scheer keeps talking about his positive Conservative vision. But nobody knows what that is'".National Post.August 23, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 16,2018.
  23. ^"Maxime Bernier: Why my new political movement? Because Canada has been hijacked".National Post.August 31, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 14,2018.
  24. ^"Stephen Harper Calls Out Maxime Bernier As A Sore Loser".HuffPost.August 23, 2018.RetrievedOctober 18,2018.
  25. ^"Bernier's departure from Tories will make it harder to beat Trudeau: former PM".iPolitics.September 11, 2018.RetrievedOctober 18,2018.
  26. ^Crête, Mylène (August 24, 2018)."Maxime Bernier: 'J'aimerais bien être le Macron canadien'".La Presse(in Canadian French).RetrievedOctober 18,2018.
  27. ^ab"Maxime Bernier files to officially register the People's Party of Canada".CBC News.RetrievedOctober 18,2018.
  28. ^The People's Party of Canada,September 24, 2018,retrievedMarch 27,2019
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  30. ^Dickson, Janice; Rabson, Mia (August 24, 2018)."Bernier has enough support to go forward with new party, source says".CTVNews.
  31. ^"Maxime Bernier débauche des organisateurs conservateurs au Québec".Le Devoir(in French). October 3, 2018.RetrievedNovember 2,2018.
  32. ^"Libertarian Party considering a merger with Bernier's People's Party".CBC News.Libertarian leaderTim Moenhad offered to step aside for Bernier following the results of the 2017 Conservative leadership race and adopted Bernier's platform.
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  37. ^"Bernier using social media to rally supporters in his People's Network".iPolitics.September 13, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 20,2018.By asking his followers on Facebook and Twitter to join regional groups to form what he is calling The People's Network, Bernier is encouraging supporters to work together to start groups for their own regions.
  38. ^ab"L'Essentiel avec Esther Bégin: En voie d'être reconnu: le Parti populaire du Canada – 10 octobre 2018".CPAC(in French).RetrievedOctober 15,2018.Bernier explains that he is using social media to fundraise in which he argues that it gives him a lower net cost than either the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party and plans to hire an independent outside firm to investigate the candidates' backgrounds in addition to having a background check, which he argues that neither the Conservative Party or the Liberal Party do.
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  52. ^Mowat, Justin (October 23, 2019)."4 charged in protest outside People's Party event in Hamilton last month".CBC News.
  53. ^"Bernier looks to strike some popular chords during first East Coast stops".ctvnews.ca.January 17, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 25,2019.
  54. ^"Maxime Bernier says People's Party set up in all 338 ridings ahead of 2019 election".globalnews.ca.December 23, 2018.RetrievedDecember 25,2018.
  55. ^"Trudeau to call remaining byelections in January, to take place in February: feds".The Hill Times.November 21, 2018.RetrievedNovember 23,2018.For the February 25 by-elections, they announced candidates Laura-Lynn Tyler Thompson for Burnaby South. In subsequent weeks the party ran Robert Geurts for York-Simcoe on January 15 and Jamie Seale for Outremont Jennifer M. Clarke, the party candidate for Nanaimo—Ladysmith by-election was called for May 6, 2019.
  56. ^Pinkerton, Charlie (January 28, 2019)."Bernier officially into the fold of future candidate count, Conservatives still tops".iPolitics.RetrievedFebruary 11,2019.
  57. ^"Maxime Bernier obtient le feu vert d'Élections Canada"(in Canadian French). CBC/Radio-Canada. January 18, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 21,2019.
  58. ^Tasker, John Paul."Maxime Bernier's People's Party posts mixed-bag results after its first byelection test".February 26, 2019.RetrievedApril 5,2019.
  59. ^Harapyn, Larysa (February 21, 2019)."Maxime Bernier on the SNC-Lavalin scandal – and how he plans on winning the October election".National Post.RetrievedFebruary 25,2019.
  60. ^Pinkerton, Charlie (March 25, 2019)."People's Party opens online search for candidates – iPolitics".RetrievedMarch 25,2019.
  61. ^Maxime Bernier's People's Party of Canada won't 'do anything special' to attract diverse candidates,March 25, 2019,retrievedMarch 25,2019
  62. ^"Power Play: One-on-one with Bernier".ctvnews.ca.March 25, 2019.RetrievedMarch 27,2019.
  63. ^abPinkerton, Charlie (August 18, 2019)."People's Party is Bernier's 'long run' plan, regardless of election results".iPolitics.RetrievedAugust 19,2019.
  64. ^Meyer, Carl (October 7, 2019)."Jagmeet Singh accuses Maxime Bernier of inciting hatred".National Observer.RetrievedSeptember 28,2021.The People's Party has faced numerous controversies since Bernier, a former Conservative minister, quit his party in disgust in August 2018 to form a new one. For one, it fired the head of its St. Catharines riding association after he was alleged to have been tied to an American neo-Nazi group. Bernier has said 'racists and bigots are not welcome in our party.' On Monday, Bernier defended his past tweets about immigrants being in 'ghettos' and 'tribes,' saying 'we must have fewer immigrants in this country.'
  65. ^"Bernier's Party Encouraged Organizers To Court 'Radical Fringe Group' Votes".HuffPost.April 27, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 27,2021.
  66. ^"Mad at Max: Bernier's People's Party of Canada is revolting in British Columbia".Toronto Star.April 5, 2019.RetrievedApril 6,2019.
  67. ^Froese, Ian (July 18, 2019)."People's Party board in a Winnipeg riding quits over concerns about racism".CBC News.RetrievedOctober 3,2019.
  68. ^"We can't be a part of the party if this is the direction it's going. We're out. #ppc #elxn43 #canpolipic.twitter.com/BFaok7bIEX".July 16, 2019. Archived fromthe originalon July 28, 2019.
  69. ^abFroese, Ian (July 18, 2019)."People's Party board in a Winnipeg riding quits over concerns about racism".CBC News.RetrievedOctober 7,2019.
  70. ^"5 People's Party of Canada members resign in Winnipeg, accusing supporters of racism, anti-Semitism – Winnipeg".globalnews.ca.July 19, 2019.RetrievedAugust 16,2019.
  71. ^Russell, Andrew; Bell, Stewart (September 24, 2019)."Former neo-Nazi, Pegida Canada official among People's Party of Canada signatories".Global News.RetrievedSeptember 25,2019.
  72. ^"People's Party fails to gain a single seat in disappointing night for Maxime Bernier".The Globe and Mail.October 21, 2019.RetrievedOctober 24,2019.
  73. ^Berthiaume, Lee (October 23, 2019)."Upstart People's Party had little impact on election results: Analysis".CTV News.The Canadian Press.RetrievedOctober 23,2019.
  74. ^Grenier, Éric (February 24, 2020)."Dozens of People's Party riding associations deregistered".CBC News.RetrievedFebruary 24,2020.
  75. ^"Election Night Results - Electoral Districts".enr.elections.ca.
  76. ^Pinkertson, Charlie (November 23, 2020)."A dozen People's Party riding associations shut down".iPolitics.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  77. ^Dunham, Jackie (August 17, 2021)."'I won't change': Maxime Bernier confident about PPC's chances with same platform ".CTV News.RetrievedSeptember 6,2021.
  78. ^Gillies, Rob (September 21, 2021)."Trudeau's election bet fails, but Tory rival might lose job".AP News.Associated Press.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  79. ^Kustra, Tyler (September 21, 2021)."Why did Trudeau win the Canadian election by such a slim margin?".The Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  80. ^Emmanuel, Rachel (September 21, 2021)."The People's party cost the Conservatives some ridings".iPolitics.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  81. ^Connolly, Amanda; Akin, David (September 22, 2021)."Canada election: Did the PPC split the Conservative vote? Maybe – but it's not that simple".Global News.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  82. ^Nielsen, Kevin (January 24, 2022)."Hundreds gather in Waterloo Square for PPC rally to support truck protest".Global News.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
  83. ^ab"Official Voting Results".www.elections.ca.RetrievedJuly 20,2023.
  84. ^Harding, Lee (June 24, 2023)."PPC 'western lieutenant' enters Calgary Heritage by-election".Western Standard.RetrievedJuly 20,2023.
  85. ^Robins-Early, Nick (October 22, 2019)."Canada's Right-Wing Populist, Anti-Immigrant Party Got Crushed".HuffPost.RetrievedOctober 26,2019.
  86. ^Pittis, Don (September 17, 2018)."Is the People's Party of Canada liberal? It depends on the definition: Don Pittis".CBC News.RetrievedDecember 16,2018.
  87. ^"Maxime Bernier's new party stakes out classical liberal values: Don Pittis".CBC News.
  88. ^Dunham, Jackie (August 17, 2021)."'I won't change': Maxime Bernier confident about PPC's chances with same platform ".CTV News.
  89. ^Pinkterton, Charlie (September 14, 2018)."Maxime Bernier announces The People's Party of Canada".iPolitics News.RetrievedSeptember 14,2018.
  90. ^"Bernier faces a challenge keeping racists out of his new party, says Stockwell Day".CBC News.RetrievedSeptember 17,2018.
  91. ^"People's Party of Canada leader Maxime Bernier Visits Krystal Nation".SiriusXM.June 26, 2019. Archived fromthe originalon September 14, 2019.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  92. ^"Bernier team trying to keep up with unwanted content".CBC News.RetrievedSeptember 19,2018.
  93. ^"Candidate Questionnaire".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon September 9, 2019.RetrievedAugust 19,2019.
  94. ^Maxime Bernier says his new party offers 'smart populism',October 11, 2018,retrievedOctober 17,2018– via YouTube{{citation}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  95. ^"Le Parti populaire du Canada s'étend d'un océan à l'autre – L'Éclaireur Progrès".L'Éclaireur Progrès(in French). November 23, 2018.RetrievedNovember 23,2018.
  96. ^Bernier: Conservatives are 'morally and intellectually corrupt',retrievedSeptember 1,2019
  97. ^"Entrevue avec Maxime Bernier, Table ronde: La vie après une attaque sauvage de pitbull, l'espace",Zone Vidéo Télé-Québec(in Canadian French), October 3, 2018,retrievedNovember 13,2018
  98. ^"Bernier didn't tell anyone from the Conservative Party about his dramatic exit".CBC News.RetrievedOctober 18,2018.
  99. ^"Maxime Bernier taps into immigration controversy as he launches People's Party of Canada".RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  100. ^Smith, Marie-Danielle (November 1, 2018)."Maxime Bernier believes in climate change, but defends argument that CO2 is just 'food for plants'".National Post.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  101. ^"Platform".People's Party of Canada.
  102. ^Maxime Bernier: 'There is no climate change urgency in this country',retrievedAugust 25,2019
  103. ^"Bernier says abortion, gender identity not on People's Party of Canada platform".660 CityNews.RetrievedJanuary 10,2019.
  104. ^abConn, Heather (October 8, 2019)."People's Party of Canada".The Canadian Encyclopedia.RetrievedApril 18,2021.
  105. ^"Airlines, telecoms, Canada Post: Maxime Bernier unveils People's Party vision for Canada – BNN Bloomberg".BNN.September 14, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 15,2018.
  106. ^"Why Canadians won't see ads about climate change".August 21, 2019.RetrievedAugust 22,2019.
  107. ^"Chris Selley: Climate change fracas exposes ridiculous third-party spending rules".National Post.August 21, 2019.RetrievedAugust 23,2019.
  108. ^abc"Global Warming and Environment: Rejecting Alarmism and Focusing on Concrete Improvements".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon May 5, 2020.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  109. ^"Maxime Bernier: The Next Prime Minister of Canada? (Full Interview)".February 1, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 25,2019– via YouTube.
  110. ^"The People's Candidate: Anthony Furey's sit-down interview with Maxime Bernier".February 15, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 25,2019– via YouTube.
  111. ^Syed, Fatima (June 21, 2019)."Maxime Bernier recruits Renata Ford as he touts a plan that denies the climate crisis".National Observer.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  112. ^"Foreign Policy: Focusing on the Security and Prosperity of Canadians".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  113. ^"Le Canada" n'a pas d'affaires "à soutenir l'Ukraine, maintient Maxime Bernier".TVA Nouvelles.February 24, 2023.
  114. ^"Press release - A PPC government will fight radical gender ideology".People's Party of Canada.RetrievedFebruary 6,2024.
  115. ^ab"RADICAL GENDER IDEOLOGY: PROTECTING WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM HARM".People's Party of Canada.RetrievedMarch 6,2024.
  116. ^"Policy Announcement on Radical Gender Ideology".People's Party of Canada.RetrievedFebruary 6,2024.
  117. ^"'We're safe nowhere': New anti-trans policy announcement by Canada's PPC sparks fears ".Yahoo News.May 26, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 6,2024.
  118. ^ab"Health Care: Giving Provinces the Incentives to Deal with Wait Times and Rising Costs".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2019.RetrievedOctober 7,2019.
  119. ^"People's Party under Bernier to champion more privatized healthcare, unity over diversity".CTVNews.September 16, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 16,2018.
  120. ^"Health Care: Giving Provinces the Incentives to Deal with Wait Times and Rising Costs".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 1,2019.
  121. ^"PPC leader Maxime Bernier returns to Manitoba touting anti-vaccine passport message".Winnipeg CTV News.CTV News. September 6, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 22,2021.
  122. ^"Liberals, NDP getting it right on mandatory vaccinations".The Hamilton Spectator.September 14, 2021.ISSN1189-9417.RetrievedSeptember 22,2021.
  123. ^Emmanuel, Rachel (September 17, 2021)."PPC spells trouble for Conservatives in Ontario battlegrounds".iPolitics.RetrievedSeptember 22,2021.
  124. ^"Maxime Bernier launches the People's Party of Canada".CBC News. September 14, 2018.RetrievedSeptember 14,2018.
  125. ^Lum, Zi-Ann (July 24, 2019)."Bernier Proposes Building Fences To Block 'Irregular' Border Crossers".HuffPost.RetrievedJuly 25,2019.
  126. ^"Immigration: Reducing Overall Levels and Prioritizing Skilled Immigrants".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2020.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  127. ^Shivji, Salimah (July 24, 2019)."Maxime Bernier says his party would cap immigration levels at 150K".CBC News.RetrievedJuly 24,2019.
  128. ^Potter, Mitch (July 24, 2019)."Maxime Bernier vows to slash immigration and impose a values test on newcomers".Toronto Star.RetrievedJuly 25,2019.
  129. ^Dib, Lina (July 24, 2019)."Bernier promises to build border fences if elected PM".CTV News.RetrievedJuly 24,2019.
  130. ^"Canadian Identity: Ending Official Multiculturalism and Preserving Canadian Values and Culture".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon October 23, 2019.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  131. ^"People's Party wants to axe Multiculturalism Act, eliminate funding".Global News.RetrievedOctober 27,2019.
  132. ^"Veterans: Standing behind the men and women who sacrificed for our country".People's Party of Canada.Archived fromthe originalon October 24, 2020.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  133. ^"Self-Defence: Allowing Victims of Violent Crime to Defend Themselves".People's Party of Canada.RetrievedJuly 20,2023.
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