Peter Buell Porter

Peter Porter
12thUnited States Secretary of War
In office May 23, 1828 – March 9, 1829
President	John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson
Preceded by	James Barbour
Succeeded by	John Henry Eaton
11thSecretary of State of New York
In office February 16, 1815 – February 12, 1816
Governor	Daniel D. Tompkins
Preceded by	Jacob R. Van Rensselaer
Succeeded by	Robert L. Tillotson
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromNew York
In office March 4, 1815 – January 23, 1816
Preceded by	Nathaniel W. Howell
Succeeded by	Archibald S. Clarke
Constituency	21st district
In office March 4, 1809 – March 3, 1813
Preceded by	William Kirkpatrick
Succeeded by	Joel Thompson
Constituency	15th district
Personal details
Born	Peter Buell Porter (1773-08-14)August 14, 1773 Salisbury,Connecticut Colony,British America
Died	March 20, 1844(1844-03-20)(aged 70) Niagara Falls,New York,U.S.
Resting place	Oakwood Cemetery
Political party	Democratic-Republican(Before 1825) National Republican(1825–1834) Whig(1834–1844)
Spouse	Letitia Breckinridge
Children	2, includingPeter
Relatives	Augustus Porter(Brother)
Education	Yale University(BA) Litchfield Law School
Awards	Congressional Gold Medal
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States New York
Branch/service	New York State Militia
Years of service	1812–1815
Rank	Major General
Battles/wars	War of 1812: •Raid on Black Rock •Battle of Chippawa •Battle of Niagara •Siege of Fort Erie

Peter Buell Porter(August 14, 1773 – March 20, 1844) was anAmericanlawyer, soldier and politician who served asUnited States Secretary of Warfrom 1828 to 1829.

Early life

Porter was born on August 14, 1773, one of six children born to Dr.Joshua Porter(1730–1825) and Abigail Buell (1734–1797), who married in 1759 inLebanon, Connecticut.His siblings were: Joshua Porter (1760–1831), Abigail Porter (1763–1797), Eunice Porter (1766–1848),Augustus Porter(1769–1849), Sally Porter (1776–1820).His father, Dr. Joshua Porter, a 1754 graduate ofYale,fought in theRevolutionary Waras a colonel. He was at the head of his regiment in October 1777 whenJohn Burgoynesurrendered his 6,000 men after theBattles of Saratoga.After the war, he was elected to various official positions for forty-eight consecutive years.His maternal grandparents were Peter and Martha Buell (née Grant) ofCoventry, Connecticut.

He attended and graduated fromYale Collegein 1791, studied law inLitchfield, Connecticutwith JudgeTapping Reeve,who also taughtAaron BurrandJohn C. Calhoun.

Career

In 1793, Porter was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice inCanandaigua, New York.From 1797 to 1804, he was Clerk ofOntario County,and was a member of theNew York State Assembly(Ontario and Steuben Co.) in1802.In the fall of 1809, Porter moved toBlack Rock, New York,later part of Buffalo, and became a member of the firm ofPorter, Barton & Companywith his brother Augustus, which controlled transportation on theNiagara River.The companyportagedgoods by land fromLake ErietoLewistonon the Niagara River throughNiagara Falls,then shipped them east onLake Ontario.

United States Congress

In 1809, he was elected to theUnited States House of Representativesas aDemocratic-Republican.He served in the11thand12th United States Congresses,holding office from March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1813. During his service in Congress, he was a leading figure among Congressional "war hawks"and Chairman of the Committee that recommended preparation for war withGreat Britain,and was known as an early supporter ofJames Madison.Porter, along withHenry Clayand others, pressured Madison to end the discussion and take up arms against England, in what became known as theWar of 1812.

At the same time, from 1810 to 1816, he was a member of theErie Canal Commission,a commission on inland navigation established in 1810 by theNew York State Legislatureto survey a canal route from theHudson Riverto theGreat Lakes.Porter served on the Commission with fellow Democratic-Republicans,Simeon De WittandDeWitt Clinton.TheFederalistson the Committee wereGouverneur Morris,William North,Thomas Eddy,andStephen Van Rensselaer.In 1811, Porter and the Democratic-Republicans were joined byRobert R. LivingstonandRobert Fulton.Charles D. Cooperjoined in 1815.

War of 1812

Peter Buell Porter during the War of 1812, circa 1864

While in Congress, Porter, realizing the level of America’s unpreparedness for war, pushed for greater numbers of soldiers and supplies. When his efforts fell on deaf ears, he instead offered his experience in trade to the military. Beginning in May 1812, he was served as assistant quartermaster general in theNew York State Militia.As a brigadier general, he criticized GeneralAlexander Smyth’s abortive operations against BritishCanadain 1813 at theBattle of Frenchman's Creek,culminating in a bloodless duel between the two. The historian John R. Elting wrote of the duel, stating "Unfortunately, both missed."

Porter later raised and commanded a brigade of New York militia that incorporated aSix NationsIndian contingent and led his command with distinction. He brokered a deal withRed Jacket,who agreed to provide 500 troops under Porter's command.For his actions, he was presented agold medalunder joint resolution of Congress dated November 3, 1814 "for gallantry and good conduct" during theBattle of Chippewa,theBattle of Niagara,and theSiege of Fort Erie.

Ambush at Black Rock

A British raiding force of 240 troops including regulars and militia led by Lt. Col. Cecile Bishop attacked Black Rock, New York. The American militia numbering 150 men guarding the location fled. The British raiders spiked guns, burned structures, destroyed a schooner, and took many provisions. While this was going on, Peter B. Porter gathered at least 140 militiamen, a company of regulars, and at least 40 allied Seneca warriors. While the British raiding force was withdrawing back to their own lines. Porter’s force ambushed them. The 40 Seneca warriors who were concealed in a ravine rose above cover and gave the war-whoop while attacking the British by surprise while Porter’s other troops attacked from 3 different points. The British were caught off guard and confused by the sudden American attack. The British withdrew in confusion to their boats returning to their lines. The British suffered 3 killed, 24 wounded, and 17 captured. One of the British killed was Lt. Col. Cecile Bishop. The American ambushing force suffered only 3 killed and 6 wounded.

Ambush at South of Chippawa

Peter B. Porter was able to successfully negotiate an alliance withRed Jacketto assist the American armed forces in theBattle of Chippawa.Red Jacket conceived of a plan to maneuver his force of 300 Seneca warriors close enough to ambush the enemy force which consisted of British regulars, Canadian militia, and Mohawks. Peter B. Porter accompanied Red Jacket’s force with a force of his own numbering 250-300 men. Porter’s 250-300 man force consisted mostly of American militia and some U.S. regulars. Porter and Red Jacket headed with their combined force of 600 Senecas, militia, and regulars to ambush the British-allied force. Porter’s 600 man force moved stealthily into the woods, creeping off to the south. The Americans entered the natural cover of the massive forest to stay out of sight of the enemy. The Americans came close undetected to the enemy’s position. The Americans formed a formation of 3 arcs. Red Jacket’s Senecas were in the 2 front arcs while Porter’s men were in the third arc in the rear. Red Jacket’s Senecas all wore white-hankie hats so that Porter’s men could tell the difference between a British Mohawk Indian and a pro-American Seneca indian in the heat of battle. Once the Americans were in position enveloping the unsuspecting enemy. Each American aimed and leveled his gun at an enemy. The Americans sprang their ambush and opened heavy fire. The British-allied force was taken completely by surprise and many of them dropped dead. The Americans then charged in and engaged the enemy in close hand-to-hand combat. The Americans brutally killed many British, Canadian, and Mohawk as they were still so shocked and confused from the American ambush. The British and their allies retreated into the wilderness. Peter and his force pursued the enemy. However, the Americans ran into a fresh reserve of British regulars waiting in linear formation who fired a volley. Porter and his force retreated to safety as the British pursued them a short distance. After the battle of Chippawa ended between the main British army and the main American army, all British forces including the British main army withdrew temporarily. Porter and his men came back to their ambush site to police the scene to assess casualties of their force and of the enemy. There were at least 90 dead bodies of British, Canadian, and mohawks. There were only a dozen dead Americans on the field. The Senecas scalped all of the dead British, Canadian, and Mohawks. After that, Porter, Red Jacket, and their forces withdrew from the field.

Battle of Lundy’s Lane

Peter Porter took part in this battle. Porter reinforced Jacob Brown’s main position with his militia. Other American forces engaged the British in ferocious fighting. After a long battle, the Americans withdrew under Jacob Brown’s orders against Porter’s advice.

Hit-and-run sortie at Fort Erie

During the siege of Fort Erie, the British suffered heavy casualties after making costly infantry assaults on the American entrenched fort. The Americans who were deeply entrenched in their fort’s defenses suffered minor casualties. The American commander Jacob Brown then wanted to conduct hit-and-run sorties on the British to cause heavier casualties on the British, disable their artillery, and destroy the magazine supplies. Peter B. Porter was to conduct one sortie while James Miller was to lead the other. Peter B. Porter would lead a raiding sortie of militia and regulars while Miller would lead a raiding party of regulars. The American raiders would infiltrate British lines to conduct their mission. Porter secretly led his force traveling along a hidden road using the cover of the woods while Miller led his force secretly in a ravine. The American raiders struck by surprise and full ferocity. In the chaotic attack, the Americans destroyed 3 batteries of cannons, blew up the magazine, and inflicted heavy casualties on the British. Afterwards, all the American raiders withdrew back into the fort. The British suffered 115 killed, 178 wounded, and 316 missing. The American raiders led by Porter and Miller suffered 79 killed, 216 wounded, and 216 missing. Even though the American sorties completed their objectives, it was still costly in terms of casualties for the Americans. Some time later, the entire American force at fort erie would evacuate to Sackets Harbor.

End of the War

With the end of military operations, Porter went to Washington where he was given command of all American forces on theNiagara Frontierby President Madison. When news of apeace treatyarrived, he returned to civilian life and was declared a hero by his fellow citizens.

New York politics and return to Congress

From February 1815 to February 1816, he served asSecretary of State of New Yorkas aDemocratic-RepublicanunderNew York GovernorDaniel D. Tompkins.He was also elected to the14th United States Congress.Although his term in Congress began on March 4, 1815, the actual Session began only in December, and he took his seat on December 11, 1815. On January 23, 1816, he resigned, having been appointed a Commissioner under theTreaty of Ghent,which caused a controversy as to the constitutionality of sitting in Congress and holding this commissionership at the same time.

In 1817, his political friends ofTammany Hallprinted ballots with his name and distributed them among their followers to vote for Porter forGovernor of New Yorkat thespecial electionwhich was held after the resignation of GovernorDaniel D. Tompkins.DeWitt Clinton,the otherwise unopposed candidate, was fiercely hated by the Tammany organization, and Porter received about 1,300 votes although he was not really running for the office. Porter became a regent of theUniversity of the State of New Yorkin 1824, and served in that capacity until 1830.

He was again a member of the State Assembly (Erie Co.) in1828,but vacated his seat when he was appointed to the Cabinet.

Secretary of War

From May 16, 1828, to March 9, 1829, Porter served asU.S. Secretary of Warunder PresidentJohn Quincy Adams,and was an advocate for the removal of Eastern Indians beyond the Mississippi. He moved toNiagara Fallsin 1836 and was apresidential electoron theWhigticket in 1840.

Personal life

In 1818, Porter marriedLetitia Breckinridge(1786–1831), the daughter ofJohn Breckinridge(1760–1806),aU.S. Senatorfrom Kentucky from 1801 to 1805, andAttorney General of the United StatesunderJeffersonfrom 1805 to 1806.Her mother was Mary Hopkins Cabell, of theCabell political family.Letitia was widowed from her first marriage in 1804, to Alfred William Grayson, who had died in 1810. Grayson, a graduate ofCambridge University,was the son of SenatorWilliam Graysonof Virginia. Through her first marriage, she had a son,John Breckinridge Grayson(1806–1862).Together, Peter and Letitia had:

• Peter Augustus Porter(1827–1864), who marriedMary Cabell Breckenridge(1826–1854)
• Elizabeth Lewis Porter (1828–1876), who was rumored to have almost marriedMillard Fillmore,who later served asPresident of the United Statesfrom 1850 to 1853.

On March 20, 1844, General Porter died in Niagara Falls and was interred inOakwood Cemetery,along with brother Augustus.

Descendants

A paddle-steamer named theGeneral Porterwas launched in 1834.

His son, Peter A. Porter died in the bloody Battle of Cold Harbor during theAmerican Civil War.His grandson wasPeter Augustus Porter(1853–1925), aU.S. RepresentativefromNew Yorkand his nephews wereAugustus Seymour Porter,aUnited States Senator from Michigan,andPeter B. Porter, Jr.,an Assemblyman andSpeaker of the New York State Assembly.

Slave Ownership

In 1820, Porter and his wife Letitia signed an affidavit attesting to the ownership of five enslaved Africans. Their names were recorded as John Caldwell, born 1800; Richard Caldwell, born 1810; Lannia Caldwell, born 1803; Mildred Caldwell, born 1806; and Betsy Gatewood, born 1815. This affidavit appears in the Buffalo Town Proceedings,p. 93, in the collection of theBuffalo History Museum.

Legacy

Fort Porter,Porter AvenueinBuffalo,Porter Road inNiagara Falls,andPorter TownshipinNiagara Countyare all named in honor of Gen. Porter.Porter's letters and papers survive in the library collections of theBuffalo History Museum.

Porter Hall atBuffalo State Collegewas named after Gen. Porter in 1980 but changed to Bengal Hal in July 2020 due to Porter's slave ownership. Similarly, Porter Quadrangle within the Ellicott Complex at theUniversity at Buffalowas named after Porter in 1974 but his name was removed in August 2020 due to Porter's slave ownership.

In 1834, a paddle steamer named theGeneral Porterwas launched, onLake Erie. She sailed out ofBuffalo, New York,until 1838, when she was sold to theRoyal Navy,which renamed herHMSToronto.The Royal Navy employed her patrolling Lake Erie, theSt Clair River,and the upperNiagara River.

References

Notes

Further reading

• Stagg, J. C. A. "Between Black Rock and a hard place: Peter B. Porter's plan for an American invasion of Canada in 1812."Journal of the Early Republic19.3 (1999): 385-422.online
• Scheuer, Michael F. "Peter Buell Porter And The Development Of The Joint Commission Approach To Diplomacy In The North Atlantic Triangle."American Review of Canadian Studies12.1 (1982): 65-73.
• Mogavero, I. Frank. "Peter B Porter, citizen and statesman" (PhD. Diss. University of Ottawa, 1950)online.

• United States Congress."Peter Buell Porter (id: P000446)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• BiographyinSecretaries of War and Secretaries of the Armya publication of theUnited States Army Center of Military History
• Bernstein, Peter L,Wedding of the Waters,New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2005.
• Cornog, Evan,The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828,New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Koeppel, Gerard, "Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire", Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2009.
• Shaw, Ronald E,Erie Water West: A History of the Erie Canal, 1792-1854Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1990.