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Peter Galbraith

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Peter Galbraith
Member of theVermont Senate
from theWindham Countydistrict
In office
January 5, 2011 – January 7, 2015
Preceded byPeter Shumlin
Succeeded byBecca Balint
United States Ambassador to Croatia
In office
June 28, 1993 – January 3, 1998
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byWilliam Montgomery
Personal details
Born
Peter Woodard Galbraith

(1950-12-31)December 31, 1950(age 73)
Boston,Massachusetts,U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Sarah Peck Galbraith
Anne O'Leary(divorced)
Tone Bringa(divorced)
Children3
Parent
RelativesJames K. Galbraith(brother)
EducationHarvard University(BA)
St Catherine's College, Oxford(MA)
Georgetown University(JD)

Peter Woodard Galbraith(born December 31, 1950) is an American author, academic, commentator, politician, policy advisor, and former diplomat.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he helped uncoverSaddam Hussein'sgassing of the Kurds.[1]From 1993 to 1998, he served as the first U.S. Ambassador toCroatia,where he was co-mediator of the 1995Erdut Agreementthat ended theCroatian War of Independence.[2]He served inEast Timor's first transitional government, successfully negotiating theTimor Sea Treaty.[nb 1]As an author and commentator, Galbraith, a longtime advocate of theKurdish people,has argued forIraqto be "partitioned" into three parts, allowing forKurdistan independence.[5]Beginning in 2003, Galbraith acted as an advisor to theKurdistan Regional Governmentin northern Iraq, helping to influence the drafting process of theIraqi Constitutionin 2005; he was later criticized for failing to fully disclose financial interests relevant to this role.[6][7]In 2009, Galbraith was appointedUnited Nations' Deputy Special Representative forAfghanistan,where he contributed to exposing thefraudthat took place inthe 2009 presidential election in Afghanistanbefore being fired in a dispute over how to handle that fraud.[8]

Galbraith served as aDemocraticmember of theVermont SenateforWindham Countyfrom 2011 to 2015, and was a candidate forgovernor of Vermont in 2016.[9]He is Chair of the Board of Directors of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation,[10]the research arm of theCouncil for a Livable World.

Early life and education[edit]

Galbraith was born inBoston,Massachusetts,the son ofJohn Kenneth Galbraith,one of the leading economists of the 20th century, andCatherine Galbraith(née Catherine Merriam Atwater).[11]He is the brother of economistJames K. Galbraith.[12]Galbraith attended theCommonwealth School.He earned an A.B. degree fromHarvard College,an M.A. fromOxford University,and a J.D. fromGeorgetown University Law Center.[2]

Career[edit]

Academic career[edit]

Galbraith was an assistant professor of Social Studies atWindham CollegeinPutney, Vermont,from 1975 to 1978.[13]Later, he was professor of national security strategy at theNational War Collegein 1999 and between 2001 and 2003.[14]He is an Honorary Fellow at St Catherine's College. Oxford University. He has been a member of the Board of Trustees ofAmerican University of KurdistaninDuhoksince its establishment in 2014.[15]

U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[edit]

Galbraith worked as a staff member for theU.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relationsfrom 1979 to 1993.[16]As a staffer, he wrote several reports onIraqand took a special interest inthe Kurdish regions of Iraq.Galbraith contributed to the uncovering ofSaddam Hussein's systematic destruction of Kurdish villagesanduse of chemical weaponsafter visits in 1987 and 1988.[1][17][18]Galbraith wrote the "Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988," which would have imposed comprehensive sanctions on Iraq in response to the gassing of the Kurds.[19]The bill unanimously passed the Senate, and passed the House in a "watered-down" version, but was opposed by the Reagan Administration as "premature" and did not become law.[20][21]

During the1991 Iraqi Kurdish uprising,Galbraith visited rebel-held northern Iraq, and narrowly escaped capture by Saddam Hussein's forces as they retook the region.[22]His accounts were instrumental in recording and publicizing attacks on the Kurdish civilian population[22]and contributed to the decision to create aKurdish "safe haven"in northern Iraq.[23]In 1992, the Kurdish parties gave Galbraith 14 tons captured Iraqi secret police documents from northern Iraq detailing the atrocities committed against the Kurds. He was involved in airlifting the documents to the United States where he deposited them in the files of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee at the National Archives.[1]Galbraith's work inIraqi Kurdistanwas discussed inSamantha Power'sPulitzer-Prize-winningbookA Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide.[24]

Ambassador to Croatia[edit]

In 1993, PresidentBill Clintonappointed Galbraith as the firstUnited States ambassador to Croatia.[25]Galbraith was actively involved in the Croatia and Bosnia peace processes. He was one of three authors of the "Z-4 plan,"an attempt to negotiate a political solution to theCroatian War of Independence.[26]Galbraith and UN mediatorThorvald Stoltenbergwent on to lead negotiations which led to theErdut Agreementthat ended the war by providing for peaceful reintegration of Serb-held Eastern Slavonia into Croatia.[27]From 1996 to 1998, Galbraith served asde factoChairman of the international commission charged with monitoring implementation of the Erdut Agreement.[citation needed]Galbraith helped devise and implement the strategy that ended the 1993-94Muslim-Croat war,and participated in the negotiation of theWashington Agreementthat established theFederation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.[28][29][30]

During the war years, Ambassador Galbraith was responsible for U.S. humanitarian programs in the formerYugoslaviaand for U.S. relations with theUNPROFORpeacekeeping mission headquartered inZagreb.Galbraith diplomatic interventions facilitated the flow ofhumanitarian assistanceto Bosnia and secured the 1993 release of more than 5,000 prisoners of war held in inhumane conditions by Bosnian Croat forces.[31]Beginning in 1994, on instructions from then-President Clinton, Galbraith tacitly allowed weapons to be shipped intoBosniathroughCroatiain violation of a UNarms embargo;this policy generated controversy when made public, with aRepublican-ledHouse of Representativescommittee referring criminal charges against Galbraith, National Security Advisor Anthony Lake and other Clinton Administration officials to theJustice Department.[32][33][34][35][36]The Select Committee also investigated Galbraith's personal life, discovering that he had dated an American journalist while a bachelor in Zagreb.[37]

Galbraith was in Croatia's capital, Zagreb, whenSerbian forces rocketed the cityon May 2 - 3 1995. One of the missiles hit about a block from the U.S. Embassy in the center of Zagreb.[38]Soon after the attack, during his visit to children hospital in Zagreb, Galbraith said: "The children hospital has been attacked. The theater has been attacked. There are four hundred children that are in the basement of this hospital. They have been put at risk from an intentional attack on this city. The only word for it is: barbaric.".[39][40]

In 1995, whentens of thousands of Serb refugeeswere being attacked while fleeing toYugoslavia,Galbraith joined a convoy to protect the refugees, riding on a tractor to send a message of U.S. support and earning him criticism from localCroatianmedia and officials.[34][41]

East Timor[edit]

From January 2000 to August 2001, Galbraith was Director for Political, Constitutional and Electoral Affairs for theUnited Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor(UNTAET).[42]He also served as Cabinet Member for Political Affairs and Timor Sea in the First Transitional Government ofEast Timor.[43]In these roles, he designed the territory's first interim government and the process to write East Timor's permanent constitution.[citation needed]

During his tenure, Galbraith conducted successful negotiations withAustraliato produce a new treaty governing the exploitation of oil and gas in theTimor Sea.[nb 1]The resultingTimor Sea Treatygave East Timor the preponderance of control over the oil and gas resources and 90% of the petroleum, an "enormously favorable" share.[44]Under the previous Timor Gap Treaty—considered illegal by East Timor and the United Nations—IndonesiaandAustraliahad jointly controlled the resources and shared equally the revenues.[42]According toUnited States Ambassador to the United NationsSamantha Power,"Galbraith secured a deal by which the Timorese and the Australians would create a Joint Petroleum Development Area from which the Timorese would receive 90% of the revenue and the Australians 10%, a dramatic improvement over the unfair 50-50 split that predated UN negotiations. [...] The Galbraith-led negotiations would quadruple the oil available to East Timor for sale."[45]The negotiations are believed to be the first time the United Nations has a negotiated a bilateral treaty on behalf of a state.[46]

Galbraith also led the UNTAET/East Timor negotiating team during eighteen months of negotiations with Indonesia aimed at normalizing relations and resolving issues arising from the end of the Indonesian occupation.[citation needed]As a Cabinet member, he wrote the regulations that created East Timor's National Parks and Endangered Species Law.

Involvement in Iraq's constitutional process[edit]

From 2003 to 2005, Iraq was involved in a number of negotiations to draft an interim and then a permanent constitution. In that context, Galbraith advised both theKurdistan Democratic Party(KDP) and thePatriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK), the two main Kurdish parties of Iraq, particularly with a view to encouraging the emergence of a strongly decentralized state.[citation needed]Galbraith later wrote that he had urged Kurdish leaders to take a stronger position in negotiations, suggesting that "'The Constitution should state that the Constitution of Kurdistan, and laws made pursuant to the Constitution, is the supreme law of Kurdistan.'" Galbraith later wrote that his ideas on federalism "eventually became the basis of Kurdistan's proposals for an Iraq constitution".[47][better source needed]

Galbraith favors the independence – legal orde facto– of the northern region of Iraq known asIraqi Kurdistan.Galbraith argues that Iraq has broken into three parts (Kurd, Shiite Arab, and Sunni Arab), that there is no possibility of uniting the country, and that the U.S.'s "main error" in Iraq has been its attempt to maintain Iraq as a single entity.[47][better source needed]He has advocated for a three-part "partition" of Iraq to reflect this situation, writing, "Let's face it: partition is a better outcome than a Sunni-Shiite civil war."[5][48]Outside ofKurdistan,which favors its own independence, these ideas are considered offensive to thenationalist feelings of many Iraqis.[7]

Oil controversy[edit]

After leaving the U.S. government in 2003, Galbraith set up a consulting firm that provided negotiating and other services to governmental and corporate clients.[49]

In 2009, an investigation by the Norwegian newspaperDagens Næringslivfound that Galbraith had been given a large financial stake inDNO,aNorwegianoil company engaged in exploring oil reserves in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, in the spring of 2004.[50]As a result of the provisions Galbraith had helped the Kurds win in constitutional negotiations, which gave the Kurds control over Kurdish oil revenues, Galbraith's stake in DNO had increased greatly in value.[7]At the time of the negotiations, Galbraith had described himself as an unpaid advisor to the Kurds, making only vague references to business interests in the region.[7]

Iraqi officials expressed concern over these revelations, suggesting they may have compromised the constitutional drafting process.Feisal al-Istrabadi,one of the main authors of Iraq's provisional constitution after the Iraq War, said he was "speechless" that an oil company had been given what he described as "a representative in the room, drafting."[7]Abdul-Hadi al-Hassani, vice chairman of the Oil and Gas Committee in theIraqi Council of Representatives,said that Galbraith's "interference was not justified, illegal and not right, particularly because he is involved in a company where his financial interests have been merged with the political interest."[7]Reidar Visser, a research fellow at theNorwegian Institute of International Affairs,said it was "quite scandalous" that Galbraith had been receiving payment from an oil company while participating in high-level negotiation sessions.[51]

Galbraith responded that, because he had left the U.S. government at the time of the drafting of the constitution, he was acting as a private citizen, in a merely advisory role (not actually negotiating) with no ability to force any particular provision through.[51]He noted that he had supported Kurdish independence since long before receiving a stake in DNO, and also that the Kurdish officials who had requested his advice were aware of his financial involvement, concluding: "So, while I may have had interests, I see no conflict."[7][52]

In 2010, theNew York Timesreported that Galbraith and another investor were together paid between $55 million and $75 million for their stakes in DNO.[53]The director ofGalbraith's 2016 gubernatorial campaigndisputed these figures as too high.[54]

Deputy U.N. envoy to Afghanistan[edit]

Galbraith, considered a close ally ofRichard Holbrooke,the U.S. Special Representative to Afghanistan,[55]was announced as the nextUnited Nations' Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan on March 25, 2009[56]but abruptly left the country in mid September 2009 at the request of UN Special Representative to AfghanistanKai Eidefollowing a dispute over the handling of the reported fraud in the2009 Afghan presidential election[57]- and on September 30, the UN announced that he had been removed from his position by Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon.[8]

In response to his firing, Galbraith toldThe Times,"I was not prepared to be complicit in a cover-up or in an effort to downplay the fraud that took place. I felt we had to face squarely the fraud that took place. Kai downplayed the fraud.".[58][59]When Eide announced his own stepping down in December 2009, he did not do so voluntarily, according to Galbraith, though Eide has said it was a voluntary departure.[60]

In December 2009, Kai Eide andVijay Nambiaraccused Galbraith of proposing enlisting theWhite Housein a plan to force the Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, to resign, and to install a more Western-friendly figure as president of Afghanistan.[61]According to reports of the plan, which was never realized, the new government would be led by the former finance ministerAshraf Ghani,or by the former interior ministerAli Ahmad Jalali.Karzai's term expired May 21, 2009, and the Supreme Court, in a controversial decision, extended until voting on August 20, 2009. Galbraith flatly denied there was a plan to oust Karzai. He said he and his staff merely had internal discussions on what to do if a runoff for the presidency were delayed until May 2010 as a result of the fraud problems and other matters. Karzai's continuation in office a full year after the end of his term would have been unconstitutional and unacceptable to the Afghan opposition.[61]Galbraith explained that the internal discussions concerned avoiding a constitutional crisis, that any solution would have required the consent of both Karzai and the opposition, and the UN's involvement was consistent with its good offices role. He noted that Kai Eide, his chief accuser, proposed replacing Karzai with an interim government a month later in a meeting with foreign diplomats in Kabul.[citation needed]

The United Nations announced that Galbraith had initiated legal action against the United Nations over his dismissal. The United Nations has an internal justice system under which such challenges can be lodged.Martin Nesirky,spokesman for the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, said the reason Galbraith "was terminated was that the secretary general determined that such action would be in the interests of the organization".[62]

Humanitarian efforts[edit]

Reunification of Yazidi families[edit]

On March 3, 2021, Peter Galbraith successfully negotiated the reunion of children born to young Yazidi women who had been kidnapped by the Islamic State in 2014 and used as sex slaves (Sabbaya). After the last ISIS stronghold of Barghouz fell in 2019, the Yazidi women and children were moved to al Hol Camp along with the ISIS women and children. The Yazidi House, an Yazidi NGO, searched the camps for the Yazidi women. Once found, the Yazidi House took away the children born to ISIS men and sent the women back to Iraq. The children went to an orphanage in North east Syria. In spite being promised access to their children, the mothers had no contact with the children and were unable to get help from the UN or NGOs. Galbraith negotiated the reunion with the Kurdish authorities in both Iraq and Syria and escorted the mothers into Syria where they saw their children for the first time in two years. After Galbraith signed for the children, the mothers and children went to Iraqi Kurdistan where they await third country resettlement, Eventually Galbraith reunited 26 children with 17 mothers.[63]

Rescue of Amina Bradley[edit]

Galbraith organized the July 17, 2021 rescue of Amina Bradley, an American orphan who had been hidden by radical ISIS women in Roj Camp in Northeast Syria. Amina's mother, Ariel Bradley, had taken the child to Syria when she joined the Islamic State. Ariel Bradley, who grew up as an evangelical Christian in Chattanooga, Tennessee before converting to Islam, died in a coalition airstrike in 2018.[64]

Political career[edit]

Political commentator[edit]

Galbraith has contributed opinion columns in relation to issues including political developments inIraqandAfghanistan,for publications includingThe New York Times,The Washington Post,The Los Angeles Times,The Guardian,The IndependentandThe New York Review of Books.On Iraq, he has argued that "[c]ivil war and the breakup of Iraq are more likely outcomes [of the invasion of Iraq] than a successful transition to a pluralistic Western-style democracy".[65]He has also argued that theBush administration"has put the United States on the side of undemocratic Iraqis who are Iran's allies".[66]On the2009 Afghan Presidential Elections,he wrote in theNew York Timesthat "[if] the second round of Afghanistan's presidential elections [...] is a rerun of the fraud-stained first round, it will be catastrophic for that country and the allied military mission battling the Taliban and Al Qaeda."[67]After the election's second round was canceled, he wrote that "[t]he decision by the Independent Election Commission (IEC) to cancel the second round and declare the incumbent, Hamid Karzai, the victor concludes a process that undermined Afghanistan's nascent democracy."[68]

ConservativeNew York TimescolumnistDavid Brookscalled Galbraith the "smartest and most devastating" critic of PresidentGeorge W. Bush's policies in Iraq.[69]

AfterGalbraith's interests in Iraqi oilwere made public,The New York Timeswrote that "[l]ike other writers for the Op-Ed page, Mr. Galbraith signed a contract that obligated him to disclose his financial interests in the subjects of his articles. Had editors been aware of Mr. Galbraith’s financial stake, the Op-Ed page would have insisted on disclosure or not published his articles."[70]Meanwhile, theNew York Review of Bookswrote that "[w]e regret that we were not informed of Mr. Galbraith's financial involvements in business concerning Kurdish oil. If we had known about them, we would have wanted them to be disclosed when his articles were published."[71]In a response, Galbraith defended his involvement in the constitutional process as an informal advisor, but apologized for failing to better disclose his interests as a commentator.[52]

Vermont politics[edit]

Galbraith served as chairman of theVermont Democratic Partyfrom 1977 to 1979.[72]

In 1998, Galbraith briefly campaigned for the Democratic nomination for the seat in theUnited States House of RepresentativesfromMassachusettsthen held by retiring RepresentativeJoseph P. Kennedy IIand previously held byTip O'NeillandJohn F. Kennedy.[73][74][75]

In 2008, Galbraith toldVermont Public Radiohe was considering a run for the governorship ofVermont,[76]but later announced that he would not be running and endorsed formerHouseSpeakerGaye Symingtoninstead.[77]

He is a Senior Diplomatic Fellow, and Chair of the Board of Directors of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, the research arm of theCouncil for a Livable World.[78]

On November 2, 2010, Galbraith won election to theVermont State SenatefromWindham Countyas aDemocrat,and was reelected in 2012. in 2011, Galbraith initiated legislation to ban hydraulic fracturing ( "fracking" ), making Vermont the first state in the country to ban fracking.[79][80]In 2014, he introduced the legislation to finance Vermont's single payer health care plan, Act 48, a plan which eventually failed to pass.[81]

Among his Senate colleagues, he gained a reputation for speaking at length on the floor and introducing amendments to almost every bill, and he had a difficult time gaining political allies.[82]According to the Vermont Senate Journal, Galbraith proposed amendments aiming to raise theminimum wageto $12 per hour,[83]to ban corporate campaign contributions, to prevent wealthy persons from evading campaign finance limits, to delete a $5 million appropriation forIBM,to extend Vermont'sbottle billto non-carbonated beverages, to create a subsidized public option on the Vermont Health Connect exchange, to protect large tracts of roadless forest from development, and to return $21 million to ratepayers as a condition of theGMP-CVPSmerger.[citation needed]Galbraith's critics said he did not adapt well to the Vermont Senate's culture and described him as "abrasive," and "arrogant", but others in the Senate praised his intelligence, clear thinking, and nonconformism.[84]GovernorPeter Shumlindescribed him as "incredibly articulate, bright and capable."[72]Galbraith did not run for a third term in 2014, citing a desire to focus on his career in international diplomacy.[82]

Candidate for governor[edit]

Main article:Vermont gubernatorial election, 2016

Galbraith announced in March 2016 that he would be a candidate for the Democratic nomination forGovernor of Vermontin 2016.[9]Galbraith ran on an "unapologetically progressive" and "unconventional" platform which included raising theminimumwage, eventually to $15 per hour; establishinguniversal health careor universalprimary health care;and banningcampaign contributionsfrom corporations; putting a moratorium on new industrialwind turbines;and eliminating "special interest" tax breaks.[83][85]Galbraith supporteduniversal background checksfor gun sales in Vermont, and called for a ban onassault weapons.[86]

Galbraith came in third in the primary, behindMatt Dunneand the winnerSue Minter,whom Galbraith endorsed. Despite the outcome, he credited his campaign with introducing substantive policy debates, especially over single-payer health care, into the race.[87]

Personal life[edit]

Galbraith has one child with his first wife, Anne O'Leary, and two children with his second wife, Tone Bringa.[16][88]

Galbraith was a good friend of the twice-elected Prime Minister of PakistanBenazir Bhutto,dating back to their time together as students at Harvard and Oxford Universities; he was instrumental in securing Bhutto's release from prison in Pakistan for a medical treatment abroad during the military dictatorship of GeneralMuhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[49]

Galbraith speaksEnglish,German,Russian,French,Croatian,andDari.[84]

Writings[edit]

  • Galbraith, Peter (2006),The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End;Simon and Schuster.ISBN0-7432-9423-8
  • Galbraith, Peter W. (2008),Unintended Consequences: How War in Iraq Strengthened America's Enemies;Simon & Schuster.ISBN1-4165-6225-7

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abChesterman (2001) wrote that "The decision to have Galbraith lead the negotiations [...] was a tactical one."[3]Gunn (2008), on the contrary, wrote thatMari Alkatiriwas the "lead diplomat" in the negotiations, "seconded" by Galbraith.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcAllawi, A.A. (2008).The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace.Yale University Press. p. 477.ISBN978-0-300-13537-4.RetrievedJune 4,2016.Galbraith was not new to Iraqi Kurdish issues. He had played an important part in highlighting the 1988 Halabja and Anfal attacks, and the mass movement of Kurds into Iran and Turkey after the collapse of the March 1991 uprisings. [...] In 1992, Galbraith brought fourteen tons of captured Iraqi secret police documents out of northern Iraq that detailed atrocities against the Kurds.
  2. ^ab"Former U.S. Ambassadors to Croatia - Embassy of the United States".Zagreb, Croatia.June 28, 1993. Archived fromthe originalon June 17, 2016.RetrievedJune 1,2016.
  3. ^Chesterman, Simon (2001).East Timor in Transition: From Conflict Prevention to State-Building.International Peace Academy. p. 20.,quoted inMorrow, Jonathan; White, Rachel (2001). "The United Nations in Transitional East Timor: International Standards and the Reality of Governance".Australian Year Book of International Law.22:1.
  4. ^Gunn, G.C. (2010).Historical Dictionary of East Timor.Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. Scarecrow Press. p. 90.ISBN978-0-8108-7518-0.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  5. ^abTaylor, Adam (June 13, 2014)."People have talked about Iraq breaking up for years. Now it may actually happen".The Washington Post.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  6. ^Danilovich, A. (2016).Iraqi Federalism and the Kurds: Learning to Live Together.Federalism Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 125.ISBN978-1-317-11292-1.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  7. ^abcdefgGlanz, James; Gibbs, Walter (November 11, 2009)."U.S. Adviser to Kurds Stands to Reap Oil Profits".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 1,2016.
  8. ^abOppel, Richard A.; MacFarquhar, Neil (September 30, 2009)."After Clash Over Afghan Election, U.N. Fires a Diplomat".The New York Times.
  9. ^abLedbetter, Stewart (March 22, 2016)."Galbraith Enters Democratic Primary for Governor of Vermont".WPTZ-TV.Plattsburgh, NY.
  10. ^"Board".Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation.RetrievedSeptember 22,2016.
  11. ^U.S. State Department Diplomatic and Consular Service.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993. p. 25.
  12. ^Parker, R. (2015).John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics.Farrar, Straus and Giroux.ISBN978-1-4668-9375-7.RetrievedJune 1,2016.
  13. ^"Faculty and Staff Windham".College Alumni Association.
  14. ^BBC News (October 5, 2009)."Sacked UN man attacks mission".BBC.com.
  15. ^"Board of Trustees – The American University of Kurdistan".auk.edu.krd.
  16. ^ab"Senator Peter W. Galbraith".Vermont Legislature.November 2, 2010.RetrievedJune 1,2016.
  17. ^Entessar, N. (2010).Kurdish Politics in the Middle East.G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Lexington Books. p. 187.ISBN978-0-7391-4039-0.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  18. ^Hardi, C.; Grieco, P.M. (2012).Gendered Experiences of Genocide: Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq.Voices in Development Management. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 32.ISBN978-1-4094-9008-1.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  19. ^Galbraith, P.W. (2008).The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End.Simon & Schuster UK. p. 30.ISBN978-1-84739-612-9.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  20. ^Shareef, M. (2014).The United States, Iraq and the Kurds: Shock, Awe and Aftermath.Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy. Taylor & Francis. p. 23.ISBN978-1-317-96244-1.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  21. ^Zeidel, R.; Baram, A.; Rohde, A. (2010).Iraq Between Occupations: Perspectives from 1920 to the Present.Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 71.ISBN978-0-230-11549-1.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  22. ^abKlaus, I. (2007).Elvis is Titanic.Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 13.ISBN978-0-307-26778-8.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  23. ^Charountaki, M. (2010).The Kurds and US Foreign Policy: International Relations in the Middle East Since 1945.Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 168.ISBN978-1-136-90692-3.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  24. ^Secor, Laura (April 14, 2002)."Turning a Blind Eye".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  25. ^Power, S. (2013)."A Problem From Hell": America and the Age of Genocide.Human rights cases online. Basic Books. p. 283.ISBN978-0-465-05089-5.RetrievedJune 6,2016.
  26. ^Ahrens, G.H. (2007).Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia.Woodrow Wilson Center Press Series. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165.ISBN978-0-8018-8557-0.RetrievedJune 6,2016.
  27. ^Danspeckgruber, W.F. (2002).The Self-determination of Peoples: Community, Nation, and State in an Interdependent World.Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 88.ISBN978-1-55587-793-4.RetrievedJune 6,2016.
  28. ^Gow, J. (1997).Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War.Columbia University Press. p.262.ISBN978-0-231-10916-1.RetrievedJune 6,2016.
  29. ^Rogel, C. (2004).The Breakup of Yugoslavia and Its Aftermath.Greenwood Press Guides to Historic Events of the Twentieth Century. Greenwood Press. p.34.ISBN978-0-313-32357-7.RetrievedJune 6,2016.
  30. ^Greenberg, M.C.; Greenberg, M.; Barton, J.H.; McGuinness, M.E. (2000).Words Over War: Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict.Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict series. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 56.ISBN978-0-8476-9893-6.RetrievedJune 6,2016.
  31. ^ICTY: Cables released for the trial of Prlic, et al;Galbraith, P.W. (2008).Unintended Consequences: How War in Iraq Strengthened America's Enemies.Simon & Schuster. p.178.ISBN978-1-4165-6225-2.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  32. ^Hajdinjak, M. (2002).Smuggling in Southeast Europe: The Yugoslav Wars and the Development of Regional Criminal Networks in the Balkans.CSD reports. Center for the Study of Democracy. p. 11.ISBN978-954-477-099-0.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  33. ^Weiner, Tim; Bonner, Raymond (May 29, 1996)."Gun-Running in the Balkans: C.I.A. and Diplomats Collide".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  34. ^abBonner, Raymond (May 30, 1996)."Arms Case Taints a Diplomat's Future".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  35. ^U.S. Congress, Select Committee on Intelligence US Senate.U.S. Actions Regarding Iranian and Other Arms Transfers to the Bosnian Army, 1994–1995'’,November 1996
  36. ^Bromley, Mark.United Nations Arms Embargos: Their Impact on Arms Flows and Target Behaviour. Case Study: Former Yugoslavia 1991-1996Archived2016-08-06 at theWayback MachineStockholm International Peace Research Institute (2007).
  37. ^Lewis, Anthony (December 29, 1998)."Abroad at Home; With No Decency".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  38. ^WILKINSON, TRACY (May 3, 1995)."Serb Rockets Hit Zagreb, Sow Terror".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedMarch 3,2023.
  39. ^CROATIA: ZAGREB: US AMBASSADOR VISITS CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL,July 21, 2015,retrievedMarch 3,2023
  40. ^"Panic in Zagreb as rockets strike again".The Independent.May 3, 1995.RetrievedMarch 3,2023.
  41. ^Bonner, Raymond (August 13, 1995)."The Serbs' Caravan of Fear".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2012.
  42. ^abMercer, David (2004). "Dividing Up the Spoils: Australia, East Timor and the Timor Sea".Space and Polity.8(3): 289–308.doi:10.1080/1356257042000309625.S2CID144194565.
  43. ^"East Timor: Timor Sea accord initialled".United Nations.July 5, 2001.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  44. ^"Peter Galbraith's $100M Oil Patch".Forbes.November 18, 2009.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  45. ^Power, Samantha. (2010).Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to save the World.The Penguin Press. pp.334–336.ISBN978-1-59420-128-8.
  46. ^Galbraith, Peter (2003)."The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor: Building a Nation from the Ground Up".In Azimi, N.; Fuller, M.; Nakayama, H. (eds.).Post-conflict Reconstruction in Japan, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, East Timor and Afghanistan: Proceedings of an International Conference in Hiroshima, November 2002.Renouf Publishing Company Limited. p. 162.ISBN978-92-1-101057-2.RetrievedJune 7,2016.
  47. ^abGalbraith, Peter (2006).The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End.Simon and Schuster. pp.4,12, 160, 222, 224.ISBN978-0-7432-9423-2.
  48. ^Galbraith, Peter W. (October 23, 2007)."Make Walls, Not War".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  49. ^abWallace-Wells, Benjamin (October 31, 2010)."Diplomat Gone Rogue".New York Magazine.RetrievedMay 21,2016.
  50. ^Recknagel, Charles (June 2, 2016)."Kurdistan Scandal Threatens Former U.S. Diplomat Galbraith".RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.RetrievedJune 2,2016.
  51. ^abBrock, Melissa (November 12, 2009)."Adviser Sees No Conflict In Kurdish Oil Deals".NPR.RetrievedJune 2,2016.
  52. ^abGalbraith, Peter (January 14, 2010)."A Statement By Peter W. Galbraith".The New York Review of Books.57(1).RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  53. ^Glanz, James (October 6, 2010)."Ex-Diplomat Who Advised Kurds Gets Millions in Oil Deal".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 2,2016.
  54. ^Craven, Jasper (June 14, 2016)."Galbraith Wikipedia page continues to be battleground".VTDigger.RetrievedJuly 10,2016.
  55. ^Bone, James; Coghlan, Tom (March 17, 2009)."US strengthens diplomatic presence in Afghanistan".London: Times Online.RetrievedNovember 12,2009.
  56. ^Press Release (March 25, 2009)."Secretary-General Appoints Peter W. Galbraith Of United States As Deputy Special Representative For Afghanistan".Secretary-General Department of Public Information.
  57. ^Bone, James; Starkey, Jerone; Coghlan, Tom (September 15, 2009)."UN chief Peter Galbraith is removed in Afghanistan poll clash".London: Times Online.RetrievedNovember 12,2009.
  58. ^Bone, James (October 1, 2009)."Sacked envoy Peter Galbraith accuses UN of 'cover-up' on Afghan vote fraud".London: Times Online.RetrievedNovember 12,2009.
  59. ^Hockenberry, John; Headlee, Celeste Headlee (October 1, 2009)."Dismissed Afghan Envoy Speaks Out".Transcript of interview with Peter Galbraith.TheTakeAway.org. Archived fromthe originalon October 4, 2009.
  60. ^"Galbraith: Eide was fired"by Josh Rogin,Foreign Policy"The Cable," 2009-12-14, 3:41pm. Footnote expanded 2009-12-17.
  61. ^ab"U.S. envoy had plan to oust Afghan leader Karzai".The Seattle Times.December 16, 2009.RetrievedJuly 18,2017.
  62. ^Glanz, James (December 17, 2009)."Diplomat to Challenge Dismissal by U.N. After Afghan Vote".The New York Times.
  63. ^"Cast out: The Yazidi women reunited with their children born in Isis slavery".TheGuardian.com.March 12, 2021.
  64. ^"A Young American Girl Whose Mother Joined ISIS and Died Has Been Rescued, A Former US Diplomat Says".BuzzFeed News.August 2, 2021.
  65. ^"How to get out of Iraq?".New York Review of Books. May 13, 2004.
  66. ^"Is this a victory?".New York Review of Books. September 28, 2008.
  67. ^Galbraith, Peter W. (October 27, 2009)."Afghanistan Votes, the U.N. Dithers".The New York Times.RetrievedMay 22,2010.
  68. ^Galbraith, Peter (November 2, 2009)."Karzai was hellbent on victory. Afghans will pay the price".The Guardian.London.RetrievedMay 22,2010.
  69. ^Brooks, David (August 25, 2005)."Divided They Stand".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  70. ^New York Times (November 18, 2009)."Editor's Note".New York Times.
  71. ^New York Review of Books (November 18, 2009)."On Peter W. Galbraith".New York Review of Books.
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  73. ^"Peter Galbraith's smaller stage".The Economist. May 7, 1998.
  74. ^Warsh, David; Globe., The Boston (August 30, 1998)."Tensions Emerge As A Crowd Vies For A Famous House Seat".tribunedigital-chicagotribune.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  75. ^Crowley, Michael (May 7, 1998)."Talking Politics: A mystery candidate's foreign baggage".The Boston Phoenix.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  76. ^Curran, John (January 22, 2008)."Former Ambassador Testing the Waters for Gubernatorial Bid".Boston.com.Archived fromthe originalon September 4, 2009.RetrievedNovember 12,2009.
  77. ^"Galbraith Not Running for Governor".WCAX.com.May 13, 2008.RetrievedNovember 12,2009.
  78. ^"Board".Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation.
  79. ^Moats, Thatcher (November 30, 2011)."Lawmaker plans opposition to wind turbines, natural gas extraction".RutlandHerald.com.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  80. ^Peters, Olga (June 11, 2014)."Galbraith returns focus to international stage: The two-term State Senator will not seek re-election".The Commons.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  81. ^True, Morgan (January 17, 2014)."First concrete plan to pay for single-payer emerges from the Senate".VTDigger.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
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  85. ^Heintz, Paul (March 22, 2016)."Peter Galbraith Joins Race for Governor, Pledging to Shake It Up".Seven Days.RetrievedMay 21,2016.
  86. ^Goswami, Neal P. (June 13, 2016)."Galbraith calls for universal background checks, ban of" assault-style "weapons".Vermont Press Bureau.RetrievedJune 24,2016.
  87. ^Johnson, Mark; Hewitt, Elizabeth; Faher, Mike (August 9, 2016)."Minter cruises to Democratic nomination for governor".VTDigger.RetrievedAugust 10,2016.
  88. ^"Catherine Atwater Galbraith Papers, 1912-2008".Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.RetrievedJune 4,2016.

External links[edit]

Diplomatic posts
New office United States Ambassador to Croatia
1993–1998 		Succeeded by
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