Petro Doroshenko
Petro Doroshenko | |
|---|---|
| Петро Дорошенко | |
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| 4thHetman of Zaporizhian Host | |
| In office 10 October 1665 – 19 September 1676 | |
| Preceded by | Pavlo Teteria |
| Succeeded by | title surrendered toIvan Samoylovych |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1627 Chyhyryn,Kiev Voivodeship,Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
| Died | 19 November 1698 (aged 70–71) Volokolamsk,Tsardom of Russia |
| Nationality | Ruthenian(Ukrainian) |
| Spouse | Efrosinia Yanenko-Khmelnytsky |
| Signature |  |
Petro Dorofiyovich Doroshenko[a](Ukrainian:Петро Дорофійович Дорошенко;1627–1698) was aCossackpolitical and military leader,HetmanofRight-bank Ukraine(1665–1672) and aRussianvoivode.
Background and early career
[edit]Petro Doroshenko | |
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| Coat of arms |  |
| Noble family | Doroshenko family |
Petro Doroshenko was born inChyhyryninto a noble Cossack family with a strong tradition ofleadership.His father, aRegistered Cossack,held the rank of colonel, and his grandfatherMykhailoheld thebulava(c. 1623to 1628) as hetman of the Registered Cossack Army.[1]
Though it is not known where Doroshenko studied, there is no doubt that he received an excellent education. Doroshenko became fluent in Latin and Polish and had a broad knowledge of history. In 1648 Doroshenko joined the forces ofBohdan Khmelnytskyin the 1648-1657uprisingagainst thePolishdomination ofUkraine.In the earlier stages of the uprising Doroshenko carried out both military and diplomatic roles. He primarily served in theChyhyryn regiment,where he held the rank of artillery secretary, eventually being appointed colonel of thePryluky regimentin 1657. When Khmelnytsky died in 1657 Doroshenko supported the election of General Chancellor (Ukrainian:Генеральний писар,romanized:Heneralny pysar)Ivan Vyhovskyas Khmelnytsky's successor. Between 1657 and 1658 he helped Hetman Vyhovsky (in office: 1657-1659) to suppress the pro-Russian uprising ofIakiv BarabashandMartyn Pushkar,a bloody fratricidal conflict which resulted in some 50,000 deaths.
TheZaporizhian HetmanPavlo Teteria(in office: 1663-1665) promoted Doroshenko to the rank of his chief (general)yesaulin 1663. Doroshenko became the leader of the Cossackstarshyna(senior officers) and of the elements within the ecclesiastical authorities who opposed the 1654Pereiaslav Agreementbetween the Cossacks and theTsardom of Russia.Supported byCrimean Tatarsand byOttoman Turkeyin 1665, Doroshenko crushed the pro-Russian Cossack bands and eventually became Hetman of Ukraine (Right-bank Ukraine) on 10 October 1665.
Hetman
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Hetmancy and Treaty of Andrusovo
[edit]Poland withdrew from theright-bank Ukrainedue to numerous peasant and cossack uprisings, whose rebels sought to secure their liberties with military support from countries other than Poland and Moscow. They found it in the realm of theOttoman Empire,theCrimean Khanate.In the beginning the first Hetman recognized by Crimea was Sotnyk (captain) Stepan Opara from the Medvedesky company. However, that same summer of 1665 he was replaced by Doroshenko. In order to strengthen his new position, Doroshenko introduced reforms in hope of winning the respect of the rank and file Cossacks. Doroshenko would often organize general councils where he would listen to the lower classes' opinions.[2]And in order to rid himself of the dependence on the starshyna (senior officers), the hetman created theSerdiuk regimentswhich consisted of 20,000 mercenary infantry units who took orders only from him.[1]When his hetmancy began, Doroshenko, like all Right-bank hetmans, followed a pro-Polish line, but he quickly changed this policy upon hearing the signing of the 1667Treaty of Andrusovo.The treaty officially divided Ukraine between Russia and Poland, with Russia gaining sovereignty overLeft-bank Ukraineand Poland acquiring Right-bank Ukraine. Once the news reached Doroshenko, he reportedly suffered a seizure upon learning of Ukraine's partitioning.[2]Doroshenko quickly deserted his pro-Polish position and decided to seek aid from theOttoman Empire.
War with Poland and Turkish alliance
[edit]In the fall of 1667 Doroshenko, with support ofCrimean Tatars,defeated thePolish forcesat theBattle of Podhajce. [1] After the battle, Doroshenko's opposition, led by the Kosh OtamanIvan Sirkoand Tatars stopped his further advance against Poles.[1]With the Right-Bank seemingly secured, Doroshenko and his men crossed intoLeft-bank Ukraineand supported an uprising ofIvan Briukhovetskyagainst Russia.[1]
Following Briukhovetsky's execution, Doroshenko was proclaimed thehetmanof all Ukraine[1]on 18 June [O.S.8 June] 1668.[1]As Doroshenko was reaching his zenith of power after successfully reuniting Ukraine, his numerous enemies united against him. The new Polish offensive forced him to return to theRight-bank Ukraine,appointingDemian Mnohohrishnyacting hetmanof the Left-bank. Doroshenko managed to secure the release from Polish captivity of theMetropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia—Yosyf Tukalsky-Neliubovych— who moved his seat toChyhyryn.[1]
In January 1668 the Council of Officers (Seniors) inChyhyrynexpressed its support for Doroshenko's intentions to ally with theOttoman Empire.[1]In autumn of 1668 the Cossack delegation was sent toConstantinoplewith a proposal for military alliance between the Cossack state and theOttoman Empire.[1]The alliance was approved again at the 1669 KorsunCossack Council(General Military Council) on 10–12 March.[1]The alliance was eventually proclaimed bysultanMehmed IVon 1 May 1669, Doroshenko receiving a title ofSanjak-bey.[1]
Separatism of Mnohohrishny, Sukhoviy and Khanenko
[edit]At the same time in the fall of 1668 Demian Mnohohrishny pledged his allegiance to Russia and on 13 March 1669 his election was confirmed.[1]Also in the fall of 1668 some Zaporizhian Cossacks who opposed Doroshenko elected new hetman the Zaporizhian Sich chancellorPetro Sukhoviywho also secured support ofCrimean Tatars.[3]Sukhoviy challenged Doroshenko, but he was defeated at the battle of Olkhivets[3]by the troops of Petro Doroshenko andIvan Sirko.[3]In summer of 1669 Sukhoviy along with Tatars attacked Doroshenko, but the Ottomans requested for Crimean Tatars to withdraw their support for Sukhoviy.[3]In June 1669 Sukhoviy was deposed and he supported the election of theUman RegimentColonelMykhailo Khanenko.[3]Eventually Sukhoviy escaped toCrimeaafter Khanenko was defeated by Doroshenko at the battle of Stebliv on 29 October 1669.[3]
In 1670 inOstrohthrough the local commission, Doroshenko unsuccessfully tried to revive the principles 1658Treaty of Hadiachin negotiations with Poland.[1]Meanwhile, Khanenko's envoys managed to conclude a treaty with the Poles inOstrohon 2 September 1670.[2][4]Soon after the Poles recognized his hetmancy, Khanenko andJan Sobieskilaunched a massive invasion onto the Right-bank.
War campaign against Poland and Russia
[edit]In 1672, with a force of 12,000 he aided the 100,000 strongOttoman Armywhich invadedPoland,defeating the Polish army at the battle of Chertvenivka[1]and laidsiege to Kamenets(it had been captured[1]and sacked) as well asLviv.The war ended with the capture of Podolia and the signing of thePeace of Buchach.[5]According to the terms of the treaty, thePodolia voivodeshipwas turned into an Ottoman province. And theBratslav Voivodeshipand the southern portion of theKiev Voivodshipwere to be recognized as Cossack territory administered by Doroshenko under a Turkish protectorate.[6]But the war left consequences for Doroshenko, devastating his country. The vast Ukrainian territory was laid waste, cities were burned down, and hundreds of people were taken into captivity by the Crimean Tatars.[7]
Meanwhile, in summer of 1672, Demian Mnohohrishny was replaced byIvan Samoylovychat the 1672 Cossack general council nearKonotop,Cossack Grove. As the Right-bank faced devastation by the Turkish power, Doroshenko began to lose the respect of his previously loyal civilians because of his collaboration with the "hatedinfidels."Although the alliance did perform an integral part in his successes, the rest of the population suffered at the hands of the Turks.[citation needed]As his forces were weakened from the ongoing wars, Doroshenko was forced to rely increasingly on the Ottomans. This was very unpopular with the majority of deeplyOrthodox ChristianCossacks.[citation needed]As the Turks were considered the hatedinfidelsof Europe.[6]On the 1674 Council of Officers in Pereyaslav (17 March) Samoylovych was proclaimed the Hetman of all Ukraine.[1]However the title was not in force until Doroshenko would abdicate.[8]In the summer of 1674 Samoylovych, along with the RussianGrigory Romodanovskylaunched an expedition against Doroshenko and besiegedChyhyryn.[1]At that timeMykhailo Khanenkosurrendered his title of hetman to Samoylovych in exchange for some land estates.[4]The Grand VizierKara Mustafamanaged to lift the siege and drive the Russian forces beyondthe Dnieper.[1]
However, already in the fall of 1675 at the Cossack council[9]inChyhyrynDoroshenko abdicated and pledged his allegiance to Russia, withIvan Sirkowitnessing it.[1]However, the Russian government demanded him to abdicate again, on the territory ofLeft-bank Ukraine,[1]and it should be witnessed by Samoylovych and Romodanovsky, the request of which Doroshenko refused.[9]In the fall of 1676 Samoylovych crossedthe Dnieperwith an army of 30,000 men and once again besieged Chyhyryn.[9]After several hours of battle Doroshenko asked his 2,000 Serdiuk garrison to lay down their arms as he had decided to abdicate, which he did on 19 September 1676.[1]
Doroshenko was arrested and brought toMoscowwhere he was kept in honorary exile,[6]never to return to Ukraine.[2]
Service for Russia
[edit]Voivode of Vyatka
[edit]
In 1676 Petro Doroshenko asked new Russian TsarFeodor IIIto forgive him and promised his loyalty. In 1679 he was appointed voyevoda (governor-duke) ofVyatkain central Russia, and after a few years was granted an estate ofYaropolchainVolokolamskUyezd.[1]Petro Doroshenko died in 1698 nearVolokolamsk.To this day he remains a controversial figure inUkrainian history.Some consider him a national hero who wanted an independent Ukraine, while to others he was a power-hungry Cossack Hetman who offered Ukraine to a Muslim Sultan in exchange for hereditary overlordship of his native land.
Descendants
[edit]Among his descendants areNatalia Pushkina,Maria Nirod,andDmytro Doroshenko.Natalia would marry the poetAlexander Pushkin,and have a daughter named also Natalia, who was named theCountess of Merenbergfollowing her marriage to her husband, a Nassau prince. Their descendants subsequently married into, amongst others, theRomanovdynasty and the Westminster and Milford-Haven noble families of Great Britain. Dmytro on the other hand was a prominent Ukrainian political figure during theRussian Revolutionand a leading Ukrainian emigre historian during the inter-war period.
In 2013, with the support of the museum "Muzei Hetmanstva" the "Hetman Petro Doroshenko fund" was created. The Fund carries out research activity about the Hetmans of Ukraine: Myhailo and Petro Doroshenko, shares the information about them, researches genealogy of Doroshenko.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwPetro Doroshenkoat the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^abcdOrest Subtelny.Ukraine a History.University of Toronto Press,1988.
- ^abcdefPetro Sukhoviyat theEncyclopedia of Ukraine.
- ^abMykhailo Khanenkoat theEncyclopedia of Ukraine.
- ^"Buchach Peace Treaty".Encyclopedia of Ukraine.Retrieved2 January2009.
- ^abcPaul Robert MagocsiA History of Ukraine.Toronto:University of Toronto Press.ISBN0-8020-0830-5
- ^"A statist during the period of the Ruin".Ihor SIUNDIUKOV, The Day.Retrieved2 January2009.
- ^Ivan Samoylovychat theEncyclopedia of Ukraine.
- ^abcPetro Doroshenkoat the Ukrainians in the World portal.
External links
[edit]
- Brockhaus-Efron entry on Rulex(in Russian)
- Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraineentry
- Song about Hetman of Ukraine Petro Doroshenko
- Official site of the museum Getmanstva(in Ukrainian)
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