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Phalaenopsis

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Phalaenopsis
Phalaenopsis philippinensis
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Vandeae
Subtribe: Aeridinae
Genus: Phalaenopsis
Blume[1]
Type species
Phalaenopsis amabilis
Blume(1825)
Species

About 70; seeList ofPhalaenopsisspecies

Synonyms[1]

Phalaenopsis(/ˌfælɪˈnɒpsɪs/), also known asmoth orchids,[2]is agenusof about seventy species of plants in thefamilyOrchidaceae.Orchids in this genus aremonopodialepiphytesorlithophyteswith long, coarse roots, short, leafy stems and long-lasting, flat flowers arranged in a flowering stem that often branches near the end. Orchids in this genus are native to India, Taiwan, China, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia with the majority in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Description[edit]

Orchids in the genusPhalaenopsisare monopodial epiphytic, sometimes lithophyticherbswith long, coarse roots withpneumatodes[3][4]and short leafy stems hidden by overlapping leaf bases. The leaves are usually arranged in two rows, relatively large and leathery, oblong to elliptic and sometimes succulent. A few to many, small to large, long-lasting, flat, often fragrant flowers are arranged on erect to hangingracemesorpanicles.Thesepalsandpetalsare free from and spread widely apart from each other. Thelateralsepals are usually larger than thedorsalsepal and the petals much wider than the sepals. Thelabellumis joined stiffly to thecolumnand has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and more or less parallel to each other and the middle lobe sometimes has a pair of appendages or antennae.[2][5][6][7]

Specialized root structures, so calledpneumatodes,which allow for gaseous exchange of the photosynthetic roots ofPhalaenopsis philippinensis

Taxonomy and naming[edit]

The genusPhalaenopsiswas first formally described in 1825 byCarl Ludwig Blumeand the description was published inBijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.[1][8]The namePhalaenopsisis derived from theAncient Greekwordφαλαινα(phalaina) meaning 'a kind of moth'[9]: 535 with thesuffix-opsismeaning 'having the appearance of' or 'like'.[9]: 483 [10]

The genus name is abbreviatedPhal.horticulturally.[11]

Infrageneric structure[edit]

The large monophyletic genus "Phalaenopsis" is divided into several sub-units. They are either regarded as subgenera or as sections. Not all of them are monophyletic.
The subgenusPolychilosis monophyletic and it is divided into two subclades. The subgenusPhalaenopsisis paraphyletic under its current definition. Likewise the evidence shows that the subgeneraAphyllaeandParishianae,as currently defined, are not monophyletic. The position of the monotypic subgenusProboscidioides,which only consists ofPhalaenopsis lowii,suggests a close relationship with the subgenusAphyllae.[12]

The followingphylogenetic treeis a simplified tree to show the general placement of the main infrageneric groups. It is meant to give an overview, despite the contended monophyly of some of the respective groups.[13][14][15][16]

Phalaenopsis
subgen.Phalaenopsis

Polychilos

Phalaenopsis

subgen.Parishianae

Aphyllae

Parishianae

subgen.Hygrochilus

subgen.Ornithochilus

2 pollinia clade
4 pollinia clade

Ornithochilus[edit]

The former genusOrnithochiluswas merged withPhalaenopsisand is considered by some to be a subgenus. Its members have distinctly 4-lobed, fringed labella with a short, curved spur situated near the middle of the lip as opposed to the base.Ornithochilusformerly had three known species, native toChina,theHimalayasandSoutheast Asia:[17][18]

Hygrochilus[edit]

The former generaSedireaandHygrochiluswere incorporated intoPhalaenopsissubgen.Hygrochilus.The interspecific relationships within the subgenusHygrochilusare poorly understood and are a source of confusion. The type species of the subgenus isPhalaenopsis hygrochila.[14]The species of this subgenus are morphologically distinct from the other subgenera, due to their four pollinia and spurred flowers, as well as their unusually long stems.

Species list[edit]

SeeList ofPhalaenopsisspecies

Intergeneric hybrids[edit]

SeeList ofPhalaenopsisspecies

PinkPhalaenopsiscultivar
Greenish-yellow cultivar
Unknown "big lip" cultivar

Distribution[edit]

Species ofPhalaenopsisare found from India to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia and from Indonesia to the Philippines and New Guinea. There is a single species,Phalaenopsis rosenstromii,endemictoQueensland,Australia.[19]The greatest diversity ofPhalaenopsisoccurs in Indonesia and the Philippines.

Conservation[edit]

Many species are highly threatened. For instancePhalaenopsis lindeniiis categorized as endangered,[20]Phalaenopsis violaceais categorized as vulnerable[21]andPhalaenopsis micholitziiis categorized as critically endangered.[22]Some species, likePhalaenopsis javanica,are even believed to be extinct in the wild.[23][24]

Pollination and reproduction[edit]

Pollination ofPhalaenopsis pulcherrimathrough bees, specificallyAmegilla nigritar,has been recorded in China.[25]This species employs a deceptive pollination strategy. The orchid does not provide rewards to pollinators. It benefits from blooming in the same period as rewarding species.Amegillais the most important pollinator, but diurnal insects – such as four species of bees, two species of butterflies, one species of moth and two other unidentified insects – have also been observed to interact with the flowers.[26]

Unlike most other angiosperms, the development of theovulesis triggered bypollination.Therefore a temporal mismatch of male and femalegametesexists (i.e. the male structures are ready but the female structures have not yet been fully developed). In orchids,fertilisationoccurs within days or months after the pollination event. After pollination occurs, thestigmatic cavityis often closed through swelling of thecolumn.As a result, thepolliniaare completely enclosed. The pollen germinates after enclosure and tubes are produced. InPhalaenopsis aphrodite,pollen tubes entered the ovary within 3 days after pollination. Within 15 days, pollen tubes evenly spread throughout theplacentalcavities. Within 60 days after the pollination event, 30.6% of the tips of the pollen tubes started to enter the micropyles (i.e. entry points) of the ovules. Finally, 65 to 70 days after the pollination event, fertilisation occurred.[27]

Phalaenopsisare unique in that in some species of the subgenusPolychilos,the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals usually will undergosenescence(i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. However, in manyPhalaenopsisspecies, such asP. violacea,the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination, thus escapingprogrammed cell death.In producingchloroplasts,they turn green, become fleshy, and start to photosynthesize, as leaves do.[28]

Phytochemistry[edit]

Floral fragrance has been analysed for several species. The fragrance ofPhalaenopsis bellinahas been shown to be composed of about 79 compounds, primarily of theterpenoidclass. It was most intense in the morning.[29]

InPhalaenopsis,phenylpropanoidenzymes are enhanced in the process of plantacclimatisationat different levels ofphotosyntheticphoton flux.[30]

Use in horticulture[edit]

Phalaenopsis bellinaexhibiting typical post pollination changes of the subgenusPolychilos,in which petals and sepals become photosynthetic

Phalaenopsis,abbreviatedPhalin thehorticultural trade,[31]are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants, owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids inVictoriancollections. Since the advent of thetetraploidhybridPhalaenopsisDoris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their commercial production has become an industry.

If very healthy, aPhalaenopsisplant may have up to ten or more leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, the flowers may last two to three months after which a phalaenopsis orchid will need to conserve energy for further leaf, bud, and root development.[32]

In nature,Phalaenopsisspecies are typically fond of warm temperatures, thriving in temperatures around 20 to 35°C(68–95 °F), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C or 59–86 °F); at temperatures below 18 °C (64.4 °F) overwatering causes root rot and the plants will also drop their leaves if they experience temperatures below 60 °F for extended periods.Phalaenopsisprefer moderate humidity (60–70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000lux.However, Phalaenopsis orchids can adapt to the lower humidity found in most homes. They are also typically hardier than other species of orchids, and this makes them particularly popular among first-time orchid growers.[33]

The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the basal leaf tissue. Over approximately three months the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds that will bloom.

It previously was believed that flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over two to four consecutive weeks, usually in the fall, and a day-time drop in temperature to below 29 °C (84 °F). Using twoPhalaenopsisclones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below 27 °C (81 °F), with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding 29 °C (84 °F). The long-held belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation inPhalaenopsiswas shown to be false. Rather, lower daytime temperatures influence flowering, while night time temperatures do not appear to have any effect.[34]

The effect of fertilizer source and medium composition on vegetative growth and mineral nutrition has been studied.[35]

Award of Garden Merit[edit]

Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica

In cultivation in the United Kingdom, the following have been awarded theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit:

References[edit]

  1. ^abc"Phalaenopsis".World Checklist of Selected Plant Families(WCSP).Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ^abJones, David L. (2006).A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories.Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 440.ISBN978-1877069123.
  3. ^Lý gia tuệ, & lý 哖. (1991). Đài loan hồ điệp lan căn hòa diệp đích hình thái dữ giải phẩu đích đặc tính. Trung quốc viên nghệ, 37(4), 237-248.
  4. ^Chomicki, Guillaume; Bidel, Luc P. R.; Ming, Feng; Coiro, Mario; Zhang, Xuan; Wang, Yaofeng; Baissac, Yves; Jay‐Allemand, Christian; Renner, Susanne S. (2015)."The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV‐B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during theCenozoic".New Phytologist.205(3): 1330–1341.doi:10.1111/nph.13106.PMID25345817.
  5. ^Chen, Xinqi; Wood, Jeffrey James."Phalaenopsis".Flora of China.Retrieved26 December2018.
  6. ^Jones D.L.; et al. (2006)."Phalaenopsis".Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids.Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO).Retrieved6 March2021.
  7. ^"GenusPhalaenopsis".Orchids of New Guinea.Retrieved26 December2018.
  8. ^Blume, Carl Ludwig (1825).Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië (Part 7).Batavia. p. 294.Retrieved26 December2018.
  9. ^abBrown, Roland Wilbur(1956).The Composition of Scientific Words.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  10. ^Coombes, Allen J. (1994).Dictionary of Plant Names.London: Hamlyn Books.ISBN978-0-600-58187-1.p. 140
  11. ^"Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007"(PDF).Royal Horticultural Society.
  12. ^Tsai, C. C.; Chiang, Y. C.; Huang, S. C.; Chen, C. H.; Chou, C. H. (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Blume (Orchidaceae) on the basis of plastid and nuclear DNA".Plant Systematics and Evolution.288(1–2): 77–98.doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0314-1.S2CID29984034.
  13. ^Deng, HUA; Zhang, GUO-Qiang; Liu, Zhong-Jian; Wang, YAN (2015). "A new species and a new combination of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Aeridinae): Evidence from morphological and DNA analysis".Phytotaxa.238(3): 243.doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.238.3.3.
  14. ^abLi, Ming-HE; Gruss, Olaf; Liu, Zhong-Jian (2016). "Nomenclature changes in Phalaenopsis subgen. Hygrochilus (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Vandeae) based on DNA evidence".Phytotaxa.275:55.doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.6.
  15. ^Tsai, C. C.; Chou, C. H. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis taxa: an updated review".Orchid Science and Biotechnology.1(2): 44–50.
  16. ^Tsai, C. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and evolutionary trends of the genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PHD dissertation.
  17. ^Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  18. ^Flora of China v 25 p 448, vũ thần lan chúc yu chun lan shu,Ornithochilus(Wallich ex Lindley) Bentham & J. D. Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 478, 581. 1883.
  19. ^"Factsheet -Phalaenopsis rosenstromii".www.anbg.gov.au.Retrieved10 April2022.
  20. ^"Phalaenopsis lindenii".International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Retrieved4 March2022.
  21. ^"Phalaenopsis violacea".International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Retrieved4 March2022.
  22. ^"Phalaenopsis micholitzii".International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Retrieved4 March2022.
  23. ^Garvita, R. V.; Handini, E. (2011). "Pengaruh penambahan berbagai kadar pisang dan ubi jalar pada pertumbuhan kultur tiga jenis phalaenopsis".Buletin Kebun Raya.14(2): 9–18.
  24. ^Adie, M. Muchlish; Krisnawati, Ayda (1970)."Identification of soybean genotypes adaptive and productive to acid soil agro-ecosystem".Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity.17(2).doi:10.13057/biodiv/d170217.
  25. ^Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; Spaans, Marlies; Smets, Erik; Welten, Monique; Gravendeel, Barbara (2020)."Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species".Evodevo.11:16.doi:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z.PMC7418404.PMID32793330.
  26. ^Xiaohua, Jin; Dezhu, Li; Zongxin, Ren; Xiaoguo, Xiang (2012)."A generalized deceptive pollination system of Doritis pulcherrima (Aeridinae: Orchidaceae) with non-reconfigured pollinaria".BMC Plant Biology.12:67.doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-67.PMC3388949.PMID22571550.
  27. ^Chen, Jhun-Chen; Fang, Su-Chiung (2016)."The long pollen tube journey and in vitro pollen germination of Phalaenopsis orchids".Plant Reproduction.29(1–2): 179–188.doi:10.1007/s00497-016-0280-z.PMC4909812.PMID27016359.
  28. ^Wouter G. van Doorn (October 2005). "Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return".Trends in Plant Science.10(10): 478–483.doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003.PMID16153879.
  29. ^Mus, Ahmad Asnawi; Gansau, Jualang Azlan; Kumar, Vijay Subbiah; Rusdi, Nor Azizun."The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid ('Phalaenopsis bellina') at different timing and flowering stages".Plant Omics.13(2): 78–85.
  30. ^Ali, Mohammad Babar; Khatun, Serida; Hahn, Eun-Joo; Paek, Kee-Yoeup (2006). "Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux".Plant Growth Regulation.49(2–3): 137–146.doi:10.1007/s10725-006-9003-z.S2CID26821483.
  31. ^Stockton, Josh (20 January 2013)."Complete Care Guide to Phalaenopsis Orchid Care".Orchids Plus.Retrieved19 September2020.
  32. ^"How to Care for Orchids: A Comprehensive Organic Guide".
  33. ^Growing Conditions for Phalaenopsis Orchids, Accessed 11/11/2012Archived2013-01-14 at theWayback Machine
  34. ^Blanchard, Matthew G; Runkle, Erik S (2006)."Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids".Journal of Experimental Botany.57(15): 4043–4050.doi:10.1093/jxb/erl176.PMID17075080.
  35. ^Wang, Yin-Tung; Konow, Elise A. (2002)."Fertilizer Source and Medium Composition Affect Vegetative Growth and Mineral Nutrition of a Hybrid Moth Orchid".Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.127(3): 442–447.doi:10.21273/JASHS.127.3.442.Retrieved29 April2020.
  36. ^"PhalaenopsisBrother Pico Sweetheart gx ".RHS.Retrieved18 January2021.
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  38. ^"PhalaenopsisYellow Lightning gx ".RHS.Retrieved18 January2021.
  • Seon Kim; Clifford W. Morden; Yoneo Sagawa & Jae -Young Kim (2003). "The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species".Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan.
  • Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis; Edition Ulmer,ISBN3-8001-6551-1(in German)
  • Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph;ISBN0-88192-494-6
  • Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species.Orchids Magazine73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004
  • Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991.Orchids: Care and Cultivation.London: Cassel Publishers Ltd.
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External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalaenopsis&oldid=1227137460"