Pharyngealization
| Pharyngealized | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ◌ˤ | |||
| IPA Number | 423 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ˤ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+02E4 | ||
| X-SAMPA | _?\ | ||
| |||
| Velarized or pharyngealized | |
|---|---|
| ◌̴ | |
| IPA Number | 428 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | ̴ |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0334 |
Pharyngealizationis asecondary articulationofconsonantsorvowelsby which thepharynxorepiglottisis constricted during the articulation of the sound.
IPA symbols
[edit]In theInternational Phonetic Alphabet,pharyngealization can be indicated by one of two methods:
- Atildeorswung dash(IPA Number 428) is written through the base letter (typographic overstrike). It is the older and more generic symbol. It indicatesvelarization,uvularizationor pharyngealization, as in[ᵶ],the guttural equivalent of[z].
- The symbol ⟨ˤ⟩ (IPA Number 423) – a superscript variant of⟨ʕ⟩,thevoiced pharyngeal approximant– is written after the base letter. It indicates specifically a pharyngealized consonant, as in[tˤ],a pharyngealized[t].
Computing codes
[edit]SinceUnicode1.1, there have been two similar superscript characters: IPA ⟨ˤ⟩ (U+02E4ˤMODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP) and Semiticist ⟨ˁ⟩ (U+02C1ˁMODIFIER LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP). U+02E4 is formally a superscript ⟨ʕ⟩ (U+0295ʕLATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE,= reversed glottal stop), and in the Unicode charts looks like a simple superscript ⟨ʕ⟩, though in some fonts it looks like a superscript reversed lower-case letterglottal stop⟨ɂ⟩. U+02C1 is a typographic alternative to⟨ʿ⟩(U+02BFʿMODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING); which is used to transliterate the Semitic consonantayinand which = reversed⟨ʾ⟩,which itself transliterates the glottal Semitic consonantsalephandhamza.In the Unicode charts U+02C1 looks like a reversed ⟨ˀ⟩ (U+02C0ˀMODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP), which is used in the IPA forglottalization.There is no parallel Unicode distinction for modifier glottal stop. The IPA Handbook[1]lists U+02E4 as the Unicode equivalent of IPA Number 423, the dedicated IPA symbol for pharyngealization.
The superimposed tilde is assigned Unicode character U+0334. This was originally intended to combine with other letters to represent pharyngealization. However, that usage is now deprecated (though still functional), and several precomposed letters have been adopted to replace it. These are the labial consonants ⟨ᵱ ᵬ ᵮ ᵯ⟩ and thecoronal consonants⟨ᵵ ᵭ ᵴ ᵶ ᵰ ᵲ ᵳ ɫ⟩.
| Character | ʕ | ˤ | ˁ | ʿ | ̴ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | Latin letter pharyngeal voiced fricative | modifier letter small reversed glottal stop | modifier letter reversed glottal stop | modifier letter left half ring | combining tilde overlay | |||||
| Character encoding | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
| 661 | 0295 | 740 | 02E4 | 705 | 02C1 | 703 | 02BF | 820 | 0334 | |
| Numeric character reference | ʕ | ʕ | ˤ | ˤ | ˁ | ˁ | ʿ | ʿ | ̴ | ̴ |
Usage
[edit]Ubykh,an extinctNorthwest Caucasian languagespoken inRussiaandTurkey,used pharyngealization in 14 pharyngealized consonants.Chilcotinhas pharyngealized consonants that trigger pharyngealization of vowels. Many languages (such asSalishan,Sahaptian) in the Plateau culture area of North America also have pharyngealization processes that are triggered by pharyngeal or pharyngealized consonants, which affect vowels.
TheTuu/ "Khoisan"languageTaa(or!Xóõ) has pharyngealized vowels that contrast phonemically with voiced, breathy and epiglottalized vowels.[2]That feature is represented in the orthography by a tilde under the respective pharyngealized vowel. InTuu languages,epiglottalized vowels are phonemic.
For many languages, pharyngealization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants.Dark ltends to be dental or denti-alveolar, but clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[3]
ArabicandSyriacuse secondaryuvularization,which is generally not distinguished from pharyngealization, for the "emphatic"coronal consonants.
Examples of pharyngealized consonants
[edit](Uvularized consonantsare not distinguished.)
Stops
[edit]- pharyngealizedvoiceless alveolar stop(inChechen,Berber,Arabic,Kurmanji,MizrahiandClassical Hebrew)
- pharyngealizedvoiced alveolar stop(inChechen,TamazightandArabic)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless bilabial stop[pˤ](inKurmanji,ChechenandUbykh)
- pharyngealizedvoiced bilabial stop[bˤ](inChechen,Ubykh,Siwa,Shihhi ArabicandIraqi Arabic,allophonic inAdygheandKabardian)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless uvular stop[qˤ](inUbykh,Tsakhur,andArchi)
- pharyngealizedvoiced uvular stop[ɢˤ](inTsakhur)
- pharyngealizedglottal stop[ʔˤ](inShihhi Arabic;allophonic inChechen)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless velar plosive[kˤ](inKurmanji)
- pharyngealizedvoiced velar plosive[ɡˤ](inSorani[4])
Fricatives
[edit]- pharyngealizedvoiceless alveolar sibilant(inChechen,Kurmanji,Arabic,Classical HebrewandNorthern Berber)
- pharyngealizedvoiced alveolar sibilant(inChechen,Berber,ArabicandKurmanji)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless postalveolar fricative[ʃˤ](inChechen)
- pharyngealizedvoiced postalveolar fricative[ʒˤ](inChechen)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless dental fricative[θˤ](as[θ̬ˤ],a variant pronunciation inMehri)
- pharyngealizedvoiced dental fricative(inArabic:ظ)
- pharyngealizedvoiced alveolar lateral fricative(inClassical Arabic)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless labiodental fricative[fˤ](inSorani[4])
- pharyngealizedvoiced labiodental fricative[vˤ](inUbykh)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless uvular fricative[χˤ](inUbykh,Tsakhur,ArchiandBzyb Abkhaz)
- pharyngealizedvoiced uvular fricative[ʁˤ](inUbykh,TsakhurandArchi)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless glottal fricative[hˤ](inTsakhur)
Affricates
[edit]- pharyngealizedvoiceless alveolar affricate[tsˤ](inChechen)
- pharyngealizedvoiced alveolar affricate[dzˤ](inChechen)
- pharyngealizedvoiceless postalveolar affricate[tʃˤ](inChechenandKurmanji)
- pharyngealizedvoiced postalveolar affricate[dʒˤ](inChechen)
Trills
[edit]- pharyngealizedvoiced alveolar trill[rˁ](inChechenandSiwa)
Nasals
[edit]- pharyngealizedbilabial nasal[mˤ](inChechen,Ubykh,Moroccan Darija,andIraqi Arabic)
- pharyngealizedalveolar nasal[nˤ](inChechen)
Approximants
[edit]- pharyngealizedlabialized velar approximant[wˤ](inShihhi Arabic,ChechenandUbykh)
- pharyngealizedalveolar lateral approximant[lˤ](inChechen,and Northern StandardDutch)
- pharyngealized labializedpostalveolar approximant(an/r/variant inAmerican English)
- pharyngealizedvelar approximant[ɹ̈ˤ],with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum (in some dialects of American English and Dutch)
Examples of pharyngealized vowels
[edit]- pharyngealizedopen-mid back rounded vowel[ɔˤ]in Northern StandardDutch
- pharyngealized vowels[ɪˤɜˤʊˤɛˤ~æˤɐˤ~aˤɔˤaˤ~ɑˤ]in theAir Tamajeq language
- pharyngealized vowels[iˤuˤoˤɑˤ]inEven
- pharyngealized vowels[iˤuˤeˤəˤoˤaˤ]inTsakhur
- pharyngealized vowels[iˤuˤɛˤɔˤɑˤ]inUdi
- pharyngealized vowels[ĩˤũˤãˤiˀˤuˀˤɛˀˤɔˀˤaˀˤ]inMambay (Mangbai)
- pharyngealized vowels[iˤuˤeˤoˤaˤ]inǃXóõ
See also
[edit]- Velarization
- Creaky voice(laryngealization)
- Pharyngeal consonant
- Epiglottal consonant
- Pharynx
Notes
[edit]- ^International Phonetic Association (1999:172–173)
- ^Ladefoged (2005:183)
- ^Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ^abAsadpour & Mohammadi (2014),p. 109.
References
[edit]- Ladefoged, Peter(2005).Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005). "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.35(1): 1–25.doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878.S2CID14140079.
- International Phonetic Association,ed. (1999).Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet.Cambridge University Press.