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Pietro Parolin

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His Eminence

Pietro Parolin

OMRI
Cardinal Secretary of State
Cardinal Parolin in July 2021
Appointed15 October 2013
PredecessorTarcisio Bertone,SDB
Other post(s)Cardinal-Bishop of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela
Member of theCouncil of Cardinal Advisers
Orders
Ordination27 April 1980
by Arnoldo Onisto
Consecration12 September 2009
byBenedict XVI
Created cardinal22 February 2014
byFrancis
RankCardinal-Bishop
Personal details
Born(1955-01-17)17 January 1955(age 69)
Schiavon,Veneto,Italy
DenominationRoman Catholicism
Previous post(s)Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela(2009–2013)
Titular Archbishop ofAquipendium(2009–2014)
Alma materPontifical Gregorian University
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
MottoQuis nos separabit a caritate Christi?
(Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?)
Coat of armsPietro Parolin's coat of arms
Ordination history of
Pietro Parolin
History
Priestly ordination
Ordained byBishop Arnoldo Onisto
Date27 April 1980
Episcopal consecration
Principal consecratorPope Benedict XVI
Co-consecratorsTarcisio Bertone,SDB
William Joseph Levada
Date12 September 2009
Cardinalate
Elevated byPope Francis
Date22 February 2014
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Pietro Parolin as principal consecrator
Aldo Giordano14 December 2013
Hubertus van Megen17 May 2014
Marek Zalewski31 May 2014
Wojciech Załuski9 August 2014
Joël Mercier19 March 2015
Paolo Rocco Gualtieri30 May 2015
Piergiorgio Bertoldi2 June 2015
Alberto Ortega Martín10 October 2015
Pierantonio Pavanello20 February 2016
Paul Tighe27 February 2016
Gábor Pintér15 July 2016
Andrzej Józwowicz27 May 2017
Angelo Accattino25 November 2017
Dagoberto Campos Salas29 September 2018
Marco Mellino15 December 2018
Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis19 January 2019
Gianfranco Gallone19 March 2019
Tymon Tytus Chmielecki13 May 2019
Luís Miguel Muñoz Cárdaba25 July 2020
Ante Jozić16 September 2020
Giovanni Gaspari17 October 2020
Mark Miles25 April 2021
Fermín Emilio Sosa Rodríguez25 June 2021
Gilles Reithinger4 July 2021
Visvaldas Kulbokas14 August 2021
Dieudonné Datonou20 November 2021
Andrea Ripa26 February 2022
Javier Herrera Corona23 April 2022
Mambé Jean-Sylvain Emien7 May 2022
Luigi Roberto Cona2 December 2022
Alejandro Arellano Cedillo25 March 2023
Rolandas Makrickas15 April 2023
Diego Giovanni Ravelli3 June 2023
Gian Luca Perici15 July 2023
Germano Penemote12 August 2023
Styles of
Pietro Parolin
Reference styleHis Eminence
Spoken styleYour Eminence
Informal styleCardinal

Pietro ParolinOMRI(Italian:[ˈpjɛːtroparoˈlin],Venetian:[paɾoˈliŋ];born 17 January 1955) is an Italianprelateof theCatholic Church.Acardinalsince February 2014, he has served as the Vatican'sSecretary of Statesince October 2013 and a member of theCouncil of Cardinal Adviserssince July 2014. Before that, he worked in the diplomatic service of theHoly Seefor thirty years, where his assignments included terms in Nigeria, Mexico and Venezuela, as well as more than six years as Undersecretary of State for Relations with States.

He speaksnativeItalian,fluentEnglish and French, andnear-nativeSpanish.[1]

Early life[edit]

Parolin was born inSchiavon,Province of Vicenza,the son of a hardware store manager and an elementary school teacher. He has one sister and a brother. When he was ten years old, his father died in a car accident.[2]After he was ordained on 27 April 1980, he took up graduate studies incanon lawat thePontifical Gregorian Universityand indiplomacyat thePontifical Ecclesiastical Academy.He entered theHoly See's diplomatic service in 1986 at the age of 31.

He served for three years in the Nunciature of Nigeria where he became familiar with the problems in Christian-Muslim relations.

At theNunciature of Mexicofrom 1989 to 1992, he contributed to the final phase of the work begun by ArchbishopGirolamo Prigionewhich led to the legal recognition of the Catholic Church in 1992 and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Mexico after 130 years. These negotiations led to Mexico officially shedding the country's secular and anti-clerical imprint, which extended to itsConstitution.[2][3]

Working in Rome, he was country director forSpain,Andorra,Italy,andSan Marino.

Undersecretary of State for Relations with States[edit]

Parolin was Undersecretary of State for Relations with States from 30 November 2002 to 17 August 2009.

Parolin has also been at the forefront of Vatican efforts to approve and implement theNuclear Nonproliferation Treaty(NPT). Addressing theInternational Atomic Energy Agencyon 18 September 2006, at its headquarters inVienna,Parolin referred to this treaty as "the basis to pursuenuclear disarmamentand an important element for further development of nuclear energy applications for peaceful purposes. "He said:" Since this treaty is the only multilateral legal instrument currently available, intended to bring about a nuclear weapons-free world, it must not be allowed to be weakened. Humanity deserves no less than the full cooperation of all states in this important matter. "Concerning international negotiations with respect toIran's nuclear program,he said "that the present difficulties can and must be overcome through diplomatic channels, making use of all the means that diplomacy has at its disposal and considers necessary to eliminate all the elements which objectively impede mutual trust."[4]

In September 2007 at the opening of the UN he argued that, "We often hear in the halls of the United Nations of 'the responsibility to protect'. The Holy See believes that applies also in the context of climate change. States have a shared 'responsibility to protect' the world's climate through mitigation/adaptation, and above all a shared 'responsibility to protect' our planet and ensure that present and future generations be able to live in a healthy and safe environment."[5]

Parolin represented the Vatican in a variety of sensitive assignments, including trips to North Korea and Vietnam[6]as well as the 2007 Annapolis Conference on the Middle East convened by the Bush administration to revive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.[7]

As the Vatican's "deputy foreign minister" he dealt with all the sensitive dossiers on the Holy See's relations with Vietnam (he was partly responsible for paving the way to full diplomatic relations between the two) and the legal issues between the Vatican and Israel which remain unresolved. At the beginning of Pope Benedict's pontificate, direct contact was re-established with China.[2]

During his time as undersecretary Parolin scored some significant breakthroughs, such as cementing ties between the Holy See and Vietnam,[8]re-establishing direct contact with Beijing in 2005 and helping secure the liberation of 15 British navy personnel captured by Iranian forces in thePersian Gulfin April 2007.[9]

Nuncio[edit]

Monsignor Parolin during a mass in Caracas, July 2012

On 17 August 2009Pope Benedict XVIappointed ParolinTitular ArchbishopofAquipendiumandApostolic Nuncio to Venezuela.[10]He was consecrated a bishop on 12 September 2009 by Benedict XVI, withTarcisio Cardinal BertoneandWilliam Cardinal Levadaas co-consecrators. The Venezuela assignment was expected to be difficult, since conflicts between the State and theChurch in Venezuelawere on the rise as PresidentHugo Chávezattempted to advance his socialist revolution.[11]

Secretary of State[edit]

Obamameets Cardinal Parolin, 27 March 2014

On 31 August 2013,Pope Francisappointed ParolinSecretary of State,replacing CardinalTarcisio Bertone.Parolin took office on 15 October.[12][1]

Parolin became, at 58, the youngest Secretary of State since 1929, whenEugenio Cardinal Pacelli(later Pope Pius XII) was appointed to the position at the age of 53. He said: "The pope's initiatives have given the secretary of state an impetus and have also created a new diplomatic momentum." When asked if he would be spearheading a new diplomatic offensive for peace, he noted that it was a complicated question but said, "Yes, I hope that we can recoup" that drive. "We have this great advantage in respect to other churches, to other religions: We can count on an international institutional presence through diplomacy," he said.[13]

On 16 December, Parolin was named to a five-year renewable term as a member of theCongregation for Bishops.[14]On 19 February 2014 he was appointed a member of theCongregation for the Oriental Churches.[15]

Parolin became Francis’ first cardinal when he was madeCardinal-PriestofSanti Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angelaat a papal general consistory on 22 February 2014.[16]He attended meetings of theCouncil of Cardinal Adviserson a regular basis and in July 2014 became the council's ninth member.[17]

In 2014 Venezuela's PresidentNicolas Maduroinvited Cardinal Parolin to mediate talks between his government and opposition in hopes of stemming violence that has killed dozens in thenation's worst unrestin a decade. He asked that Parolin, a former nuncio to Venezuela, be named a "good faith witness" to a dialogue the parties had agreed upon after two months of protests. Venezuela's opposition coalition had indicated that current nuncio, Archbishop Aldo Giordano, would be attending the first formal talks. Henrique Capriles, the opposition's two-time presidential candidate who narrowly lost an election to Maduro the year before, confirmed he would take part in the discussions.[18]

In December 2014 Cardinal Parolin asked the U.S. to find an "adequate humanitarian solution" for prisoners held at theGuantanamo Bay detention camp,a reflection of Pope Francis' concern that prisoners be treated with dignity and not be subject to inhumane treatment. Parolin made the request during a Vatican meeting with U.S. Secretary of StateJohn Kerry.The Vatican said they discussed the U.S. commitment to closing the facility and that Parolin expressed the Holy See's desire that "favourable attention be paid to finding adequate humanitarian solutions for current inmates".[19]

The Holy See was credited with playing a major role in the reestablishment ofU.S.-Cuba relations.[20][21]Parolin moderated the October 2014 meeting between Cuban and U.S. officials as their negotiations neared an agreement.[22]In 2015, Cardinal Parolin was asked whether the normalisation ofCuba – U.S. relationspointed toward a new "golden age" of Vatican diplomacy. He said that "the president of the United States has already thanked the Pope for the support he has given to this important step" and said: "Holy See diplomacy is always there, to help to build bridges". Parolin also said the Holy See's diplomacy "is now more active…(not only) waiting, but also proposing (solutions for peace), since there are so many conflicts."[23]

Parolin called for an intervention in Libya to stop a possible alliance between the country's Islamic government and the Islamic State. Parolin spoke about the chaos there afterISIS beheaded 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians,describing the incident as "terrifying" and the situation "grave". He stressed the need for "a quick response". Parolin added that "any armed intervention must be carried forward under the framework of international law" and "under the umbrella of the United Nations".[24][25]

In May 2015, after the passage of theMarriage Equality Referendumin Ireland, which extended marriage rights to same-sex couples, Parolin said: "I was very saddened by this result. I don't think we can speak only about a defeat for Christian principles, but a defeat for humanity."[26][27]In June 2015, he visitedAbu Dhabito inaugurate Saint Paul's Church in Musaffah, the city's second Catholic parish.[28]

Cardinal Parolin has stressed the importance of continuity. He believes Pope Francis simply tries to guide the church to be the church of Christ and that he is not starting a revolution. He defends the importance of unchangeable dogmas and asserts the relevance of sacred tradition. He said celibacy is a discipline that could be changed but that it cannot simply be dismissed as outdated.[29]In a keynote speech at thePontifical Gregorian Universityin February 2016, Cardinal Parolin defended celibacy as a "gift" that must be received and nurtured with "joyful perseverance" and criticized the suggestion that the shortage of vocations be addressed by modifying the requirement of priestly celibacy.[30]

Parolin withPrime Minister of SpainMariano Rajoy,14 October 2016

In May 2016 Parolin visited Estonia to mark the 25th anniversary of the reintroduction of diplomatic relations between Estonia and the Holy See. He spoke at the University of Tartu on the precise meaning of their international relations.[31]

Parolin was appointed a member of theCongregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacramentsin October 2016.

Following the resignation of Marie Collins from thePontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors,Parolin said she quit because she wanted to "shake the tree" in the Vatican. Collins said some members of the Church's administration, theRoman Curia,have hindered and blocked the commission's efforts, naming theCongregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.Parolin called the lack of cooperation from some Vatican offices "shameful".[32]

Parolin told Italy'sLa Stampathe flow of migrants and refugees into Europe is testing "the spirit of solidarity and subsidiarity" of the European Union, and acknowledged the large number of people fleeing to the continent poses a security problem. "Terrorism certainly finds fertile ground in poverty, lack of jobs, and social marginalization", he said, adding that since World War II, Europe has tried to "free itself" from its cultural heritage and values, and this has created a vacuum in which young people cannot find the answers to their existential questions.[33]

In 2017, Parolin became the Vatican's first Secretary of State in 19 years to visitMoscow.[34]

Parolin shakes hands withPrime Minister of PolandMateusz Morawiecki,4 June 2018
Parolin shakes hands with US Secretary of StateMike Pompeo,2 October 2019

In a 2018 interview, CardinalJoseph Zensaid "Pope Francis does not know the real Communist Party in China, but Parolin should know. He was there [in the Secretariat of State] so many years, so he must know. He may be happy to encourage the pope to be optimistic about the negotiations... but that's dangerous. Pope Francis needs someone to calm him down from his enthusiasm." He added that "It seems the Secretary of State wants to have a solution anyway. He is so optimistic. That's dangerous. I told the pope that he [Parolin] has a poisoned mind. He is very sweet, but I have no trust in this person. He believes in diplomacy, not in our faith."[35][36]Parolin countered that "no personal point of view can be considered as an exclusive interpreter of what is good for Chinese Catholics" and said: "If someone is asked to make a sacrifice, small or great, it must be clear to everyone that this is not the price of a political exchange, but falls within the evangelical perspective of a greater good, the good of the Church of Christ."[37]

Parolin has been calledpapabile,a candidate to succeed Francis as pope.[38][39][40]

Pope Francis raised him to the rank of Cardinal Bishop effective 28 June 2018.[41]

In October 2018, Parolin said that Paul VI rejected a version ofHumane Vitaethat "was limited to a rigorous reaffirmation of doctrine to which Christians and all people were asked to adhere docilely and without reservation". Post-publication debates, Cardinal Parolin said, made it impossible for many people to see its accent on mercy.[42]

In 2019, Parolin defended the Holy See-China agreement on the appointment of bishops. "We signed this agreement to help advance religious freedom, to find normalization for the Catholic community there, and then for all other religions to have space and a role to play in society which is recognized," Parolin told journalists on 3 April.Steve Bannonsaid that he might lead a lawsuit to compel the Holy See to release the text of the deal under the terms of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.[43]

In 2015 Parolin wasex officioa member of the Commission of Cardinals of theInstitute for the Works of Religion.On 21 September 2020, at the end of its five-year mandate a new board makeup was announced, omitting the Secretary of State, thus Pope Francis did not confirm Parolin in the role.[44]On 15 October 2020, he confirmed Parolin's membership of the Council of Cardinals.[45]

Following theTalibanvictory in Afghanistan in August 2021, Pope Francis appointed him to engage in talks with the Taliban in order to discourage them from taking reprisal measures on civilians who worked with the coalition.[46]

A communiqué from Cardinal Parolin on the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,without naming Vladimir Putin, said that while the worst-case scenario was unfolding, "there is still time for goodwill, there is still room for negotiation, there is still room to exercise a wisdom that prevents partisan interests from prevailing, that protects the legitimate aspirations of all and spares the world the folly and horrors of war".[47]The previous dayPope Francishad urged politicians to make an exercise of conscience before God for their actions over Ukraine, and declared 2 March, Ash Wednesday, as an international day of fasting and prayer for peace.[48]

In May 2022, Cardinal Parolin stated that supplying weapons to Ukraine to help it defend itself is morally legitimate, "There is a right to armed defence in the case of aggression."[49]

In 2023, Cardinal Parolin said there was a need for dialogue with the German bishopsafter a recent vote in favour of blessing same-sex unions,insisting that the move does not align with official Catholic doctrine, "A local, particular church cannot make a decision like that which involves the discipline of the Universal Church. There must certainly be a discussion with Rome and the rest of the Churches in the world... to clarify what are the decisions to make," Parolin said.[50]

In July 2023, he visited Armenia and Azerbaijan to promote peace talks between the two states.[51]He participated in theGlobal Faith Leaders COP28 SummitinAbu Dhabion 6–7 November 2023,[52]and read the Pope's climate change statement atCOP28on his behalf, the Pope being unable to attend due to ill-health.[53]

On the 2024Israel–Hamas war,Cardinal Parolin stated Israel had a right to self-defence but this "must be proportional, and with 30,000 dead it certainly isn’t,”. The Israeli Embassy to the Holy See called his remarks, “a deplorable declaration.”[54]

Parolin has said both parties to a deal with Chinese authorities on episcopal appointments hope that it will be renewed for a third time when it expires in late 2024.[55]

Distinctions[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^abc"The talents of the priest and diplomat Fr. Pietro Parolin".Vatican Insider. 30 August 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2015.Retrieved31 August2013.
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Additional sources

External links[edit]

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Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Undersecretary for Relations with States
2002–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela
17 August 2009 – 15 October 2013 		Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Archbishop ofAquipendium
17 August 2009 – 22 February 2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of theInterdicasterial Commission on Particular Churches
15 October 2013 – present 		Incumbent
President of theInterdicasterial Commission for the Church in Eastern Europe
15 October 2013 – present
Protector of thePontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
15 October 2013 – present
Preceded by
titular church established
 Cardinal Priest of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela
22 February 2014 – 28 June 2018
Preceded by
Himself as Cardinal Priest
 Cardinal Bishop of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo e Torre Angela
28 June 2018 – present
Political offices
Preceded by Cardinal Secretary of State
15 October 2013 – present 		Incumbent
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