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Sardine

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This article is about the fish. For use in food, seeSardines as food.For other uses, seeSardine (disambiguation).
"Pilchard" redirects here. For other meanings, seePilchard (disambiguation).

Sardines
Sardines are smallepipelagic fishthat sometimesmigratealong the coast inlarge schools.They are an importantforage fishfor larger forms of marine life.
Global commercial capture of sardines in tonnes reported by theFAO1950–2009[1]

Sardineandpilchardarecommon namesfor various species of small,oilyforage fishin theherringsuborderClupeoidei.[2]The term 'sardine' was first used in English during the early 15th century; a somewhat dubious etymology says it comes from theItalianisland ofSardinia,around which sardines were once supposedly abundant.[3][4][5]

The terms 'sardine' and 'pilchard' are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. TheUnited Kingdom'sSea Fish Industry Authority,for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards.[6]One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than 15 cm (6 in) are sardines, and larger fish are pilchards.[7]

TheFAO/WHOCodex standard forcanned sardinescites 21 species that may be classed as sardines.[8]FishBase,a database of information about fish, calls at least six species pilchards, over a dozen just sardines, and many more with the two basic names qualified by various adjectives.

Etymology

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The word 'sardine' first appeared in English in the 15th century, aloanwordfrom Frenchsardine,derived fromLatinsardina,fromAncient Greekσαρδίνη(sardínē) orσαρδῖνος(sardĩnos),[9]possibly from the GreekΣαρδώ(Sardō) 'Sardinia'.Athenaiosquotes a fragmentary passage fromAristotlementioning the fishσαρδῖνος(sardĩnos), referring to the sardine or pilchard.[10]However, Sardinia is over 1000 km from Athens, so it seems "hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle."[11]

The flesh of some sardines or pilchards is a reddish-brown colour similar to some varieties of redsardonyxor sardine stone; this word derives fromσαρδῖον(sardĩon) with a root meaning 'red' and possibly cognate withSardis,the capital of ancientLydia(now westernTurkey) where it was obtained. However, the name may refer to the reddish-pink colour of the gemstonesard(or carnelian) known to the ancients.[12][13]

The phrase "packed like sardines" (in atin) is recorded from 1911.[11]The phrase "packed up like sardines" appears inThe Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instructionfrom 1841,[14]and is a translation of "encaissés comme des sardines", which appears inLa Femme, le mari, et l'amantfrom 1829.[15]Other early appearances of the idiom are "packed together... like sardines in a tin-box" (1845),[16]and "packed... like sardines in a can" (1854).[17]

Genera

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This article is part of a series on
Commercial fish
Large predatory
Forage
Demersal
Mixed

Sardines occur in several genera.

Although they are not true sardines,spratsare sometimes marketed as sardines. For example, theeuropean sprat,Sprattus sprattus,is sometimes marketed as the 'brisling sardine'.

Species

[edit]
Commercially significant species
Genus Common name Scientific name Max. length Typ. length Max. mass Max. age
years 		Trophic
level 		Fish-
Base 		FAO ITIS IUCN
status
cm in cm in g oz
Sardina European pilchard Sardina pilchardus(Walbaum, 1792) 27.5 10.8 20.0 7.9 15 3.05 [18] [19] [20] Least Concern
[21]
Sardinops South American pilchard Sardinops sagax(Jenyns, 1842) 39.5 15.6 20.0 7.9 490 17 25 2.43 [22] [23] [24] Least Concern
[25]
Japanese pilchard[note 1] Sardinops melanostictus(Schlegel, 1846) [27] [28] [29]
Californian pilchard[note 1] Sardinops caeruleus(Girard, 1854) [30] [31] [32]
southern African pilchard[note 1] Sardinops ocellatus(Pappe, 1854) [33] [34] [35]
Sardinella Bali sardinella Sardinella lemuru(Bleeker, 1853) 23 9.1 20 7.9 [36] [37] [38] Near Threatened
[39]
Brazilian sardinella Sardinella brasiliensis(Steindachner, 1879) 3.10 [40] [41] [42] Data Deficient
[43]
Japanese sardinella Sardinella zunasi(Bleeker, 1854) 3.12 [44] [45] [46] Least Concern
[47]
Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps(Valenciennes, 1847) 2.41 [48] [49] [50] Least Concern
[51]
Goldstripe sardinella Sardinella gibbosa(Bleeker, 1849) 2.85 [52] [53] [54] Least Concern
[55]
Round sardinella Sardinella aurita(Valenciennes, 1847) 3.40 [56] [57] [58] Least Concern
[59]
Madeiran sardinella Sardinella maderensis(Lowe, 1839) 3.20 [60] [61] [62] Vulnerable
[63]
Marquesan sardinella Sardinella marquesensis(Berry & Whitehead, 1968) 16 6.3 10 3.9 2.90 [64] Least Concern
Dussumieria Rainbow sardine Dussumieria acuta(Valenciennes, 1847) 20 7.9 3.40 [65] [66] [67] Least Concern
[68]
  1. ^abcThere are four distinctstocksin the genusSardinops,widely separated by geography. The FAO treats these stocks as separate species, while FishBase treats them as one species,Sardinops sagax.[26]

Feeding

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Sardines feed almost exclusively onzooplankton,(lit. "animal plankton" ), and congregate wherever this is abundant.

Fisheries

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Global capture of sardines in tonnes reported by theFAO
Sardines of the genusSardinops,1950–2010[1]
Sardines not of the genusSardinops,1950–2010[1]

Typically, sardines are caught withencircling nets,particularlypurse seines.Many modifications of encircling nets are used, includingtrapsorfishing weirs.The latter are stationary enclosures composed of stakes into which schools of sardines are diverted as they swim along the coast. The fish are caught mainly at night, when they approach the surface to feed onplankton.After harvesting, the fish are submerged inbrinewhile they are transported to shore.

Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction intofish mealor oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture ofpaint,varnish,andlinoleum.

Food and nutrition

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Main article:Sardines as food
Pacific sardines canned in tomato sauce, drained solids with bone
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy774 kJ (185 kcal)
0.54 g
10.4 g
20.9 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
4%
0.044 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
18%
0.233 mg
Niacin (B3)
26%
4.2 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
15%
0.73 mg
Vitamin B6
7%
0.123 mg
Folate (B9)
6%
24 μg
Vitamin B12
375%
9 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
18%
240 mg
Iron
13%
2.3 mg
Magnesium
8%
34 mg
Manganese
9%
0.206 mg
Phosphorus
29%
366 mg
Potassium
11%
341 mg
Sodium
18%
414 mg
Zinc
13%
1.4 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water66.9 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[69]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[70]

Sardines are commonly consumed by humans as a source ofprotein,omega-3 fatty acids,andmicronutrients.[71]Sardines may be grilled, pickled, smoked, or preserved in cans.

Canned sardines are 67% water, 21% protein, 10%fat,and contain negligiblecarbohydrates(table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), canned sardines supply 185caloriesoffood energyand are a rich source (20% or more of theDaily Value,DV) ofvitamin B12(375% DV),phosphorus(29% DV), andniacin(26% DV) (table). Sardines are a moderate source (10-19% DV) of theB vitamins,riboflavinandpantothenic acid,and severaldietary minerals,includingcalciumandsodium(18% DV each) (table). A 100 g serving of canned sardines supplies about 7 g combined ofmonounsaturatedandpolyunsaturated fatty acids(USDA source in table).

Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are low in contaminants, such asmercury,relative toother fishcommonly eaten by humans,[71][72]and have a relatively low impact in production ofgreenhouse gases.[71]

History

[edit]

History of sardine fishing in the UK

[edit]

Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry inCornwall,Englandfrom around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into decline. Catches varied from year to year, and in 1871, the catch was 47,000hogsheads,while in 1877, only 9,477 hogsheads. A hogshead contained 2,300 to 4,000 pilchards, and when filled with pressed pilchards, weighed 476 lbs. The pilchards were mostly exported toRoman Catholiccountries such asItalyandSpain,where they are known asfermades.The chief market for the oil wasBristol,where it was used on machinery.[73]

Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as 'Cornish sardines', and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines haveProtected Geographical Status.[74]The industry has featured in numerous works of art, particularly byStanhope Forbesand otherNewlyn Schoolartists.

The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to Catholic Europe:

Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent
And add just six months to the term of hisLent
And tell all his vassals from Rome to thePoles,
There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls![75]

History of sardine fishing in the United States

[edit]

In the United States, the sardinecanningindustry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The canneries inMonterey Bay,in what was known asCannery RowinMonterey County, California(whereJohn Steinbeck'snovel of the same namewas set), failed in the mid-1950s. The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant inProspect Harbor,Maine,closed its doors on 15 April 2010 after 135 years in operation.[76]

In April 2015 thePacific Fishery Management Councilvoted to directNOAAFisheries Service to halt the current commercial season inOregon,WashingtonandCalifornia,because of a dramatic collapse in Pacific sardine stocks. The ban affected about 100 fishing boats with sardine permits, although far fewer were actively fishing at the time. The season normally would end 30 June.[77]The ban was expected to last for more than a year, and was still in place as of May 2019.[78]

[edit]

The manner in which sardines can be packed in a can has led to the popular English language saying "packed like sardines", which is used metaphorically to describe situations where people or objects are crowded closely together.[79]

'Sardines' is also the name of achildren's game,where one person hides and each successive person who finds the hidden one packs into the same space until only one is left out, who becomes the next one to hide.[80]

Among the residents of theMediterraneancity ofMarseille,the local tendency to exaggerate is linked to afolk tale about a sardinethat supposedly blocked the city's port in the 18th century. It was actually blocked by a ship called theSartine.

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^abc"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – FI fact sheet search".fao.org.Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2009.Retrieved10 August2018.
  2. ^"What's an oily fish?".Food Standards Agency. 24 June 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2010.
  3. ^"Sardine | Origin and meaning of sardine by Online Etymology Dictionary".etymonline.com.Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2011.Retrieved10 August2018.
  4. ^"Sardine".The Good Food Glossary.BBC Worldwide. 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2008.Retrieved1 November2009.
  5. ^"Sarda, Sardina".Dizionario Etimologico Online.
  6. ^"FAQs".Seafish. Archived fromthe originalon 22 July 2011.Retrieved22 February2010.
  7. ^Stummer, Robin (17 August 2003)."Who are you calling pilchard? It's 'Cornish sardine' to you..."The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 12 September 2010.Retrieved1 November2009.
  8. ^"Codex standard for canned sardines and sardine-type products codex stan 94 –1981 REV. 1–1995"(PDF).Codex Alimentarius.FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. pp. 1–7.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 March 2007.Retrieved18 January2007.
  9. ^"sardine".Wiktionary.Retrieved28 March2018.
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  11. ^ab"sardine (n.)".Online Etymology Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 21 April 2019.Retrieved28 March2018.
  12. ^This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:"Sard".Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). 1911.
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  14. ^"The Cottage Bonnet".The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction: Containing Original Papers(1075): 155. 4 September 1841.
  15. ^de Kock, Paul(1879) [1829].La femme, le mari, et l'amant(in French). Sceaux, Paris: Imprimerie de Charaire et fils. p. 1.
  16. ^Lippard, George (1849) [1845].The Quaker City, Or, The Monks of Monk-Hall: A Romance of Philadelphia Life, Mystery, and Crime.Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers. p. 222.
  17. ^Canot, Théodore(September 1854).Mayer, Brantz(ed.)."Revelations of a slave trader; or Twenty years' adventures of Captain Canot".London: Richard Bentley. p. 61.,although this is a free rendering from the French original "...il fallut...les entassér commes des sardines." (Canot, Théodore (1860) [1854].Le capitaine Canot, ou vingt années de la vie d'un négrier(in French). Paris: Amyot. p. 88.) where 'entassér' can mean 'to cram together.
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Further reading

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[edit]
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