Pistacia atlantica
| Pistacia atlantica | |
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Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | Pistacia |
| Species: | P. atlantica
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| Binomial name | |
| Pistacia atlantica | |
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| Distribution | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Pistacia atlanticais a species ofpistachio treeknown by theEnglishcommon nameKurdish bīnka/banê, Mt. Atlas mastic tree,Atlas pistachio,Atlantic pistacio,Atlantic terebinth andCyprus turpentine tree.
P. atlanticahas three subspecies or varieties which have been described asatlantica,cabulica,andmutica.According tomolecular phylogeneticstudies,P. atlanticasubsp.kurdicais actually a separate species,Pistacia eurycarpa.[3][4]
Names
[edit]In Kurdish it is called Wan, Wanataq andbana.[5]InTamazight,it is known as Tijjeɣt. In the Canary Islands it is known as Almacigo, and in Arabic it is calledبطم(buṭmorbuṭum). In southernIran,inBandar-AbbasinHormozgān Province,it is calledkasoudangand inBushehrit is calledkolkhong.InTurkeyit is commonly known asmelengiç.In Kurdish the tree is called darwan or daraban, and the seed is called qezwan or jajig (قەزوان_جاجگ). In Pashto it is called Shanna. And in Balochi it is called Gowan.[citation needed]
Description
[edit]
Pistacia atlanticais adeciduoustree growing up to 7 m (23 ft) tall with branches spreading and growing erect to form a dense crown. The trunk is stout and covered in fissured bark. Old trees may have trunks measuring 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter; it may take 200 years for a tree to reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in) wide.[5]The leaves are pinnate, each with seven to 9 lance-shaped leaflets.
The leaves and branches often havegallswhen the tree is infested with gall-producing species ofaphids,includingPemphigus utricularis,[6]Slavum wertheimae,andForda riccobonii.[7]
The tree isdioeciouswith male and female trees producing different types of flowers. Both types are small and greenish and fall away quickly.Monoeciousandhermaphroditetrees have been seen, but are unusual.[8]The oblong, fleshy, oily fruit borne by the female tree is 6 to 8 mm (0.24 to 0.31 in) long and pink in color, ripening to blue. The tree grows slowly, and can reach 1000 years old. It has broken bark with ashen gray color. Older branches have the same design, fractured and ash color, which gives the tree a grizzled look. The leaves are oval, almost sessile, shining above, and dark green, with seven to 9 leaflets, imparipinnate withpetiolesa little winged, flowers in racemes lax, the male and female on different trees.[citation needed]
The flowers areunisexual,small, discreet green, thick as pea fruit, then changing to reddish blue.[9] In colder areas the leaves in May check and fall in November. Though dioecious, in some communities males dominate the female specimens in number. It grows inoakwoodlands and oaksclerophyllus.The fruits ripen from July to October, starting to bear fruit at the age of eight to 10 years, with abundant fruit after two to three years.[citation needed]
Distribution
[edit]It is native to a section ofEurasiafromNorth Africato theIranian Plateau,where it was once common.[6]Because other trees were rare, it was the only good source ofwoodand wasoverharvested,reducing its current distribution.[6]It is a common tree in mountain forests in Iran,[6]and it is "characteristic" of the landscape in parts ofAlgeriaoutside theSahara.[10]
Thealmacigois a tree that extends from the North Africa and found in thermophilous forests, up to 600 m altitude. It is one of the few deciduous species native to the Canary archipelago. It is native of Eurasia, theIranian Plateau,to northern Africa.[6] Azerbaijan (Soltanbud forest)
Uses
[edit]
There are many uses for this plant. This wild pistachio is the most economically important tree in many parts of the Kurdish regions, including theZagros Mountains,where it ismanagedas a valuable forest tree.[5]Theresinand fruit oil were historically used for a variety ofmedicinal purposes.[6]The resin, known in Iran assaqez,is still an important commodity.[5]
Another important use is to combatsoil erosion.It strengthens the soil, and is used for reforestation of arid and steep slopes and againstlandslides.It is stronger thanPistacia terebinthus,where it is used as rootstock in Ukraine and the United States for growingPistacia vera,but resists frost better thanP. terebinthus.[citation needed]
The resin is used to manufacture alcohol andlacquer.Itsessential oilsare used in perfume industry. The leaves are rich intannins,up to 20% in the galls caused by anaphidparasite, used as the raw material fortanningin the leather industry. The sap is dried and used as incense, and its smoke releases a pleasant smell to the local environment for celebrations and religious ceremonies, as "incense".The tannins from the galls were used for.
Food
[edit]The pistachio fruits are a food source in the area, but the more commonly cultivated pistachio treeP. verais more valuable for food production.[5]The seeds, like pistachio, are edibleoil seeds,like nuts, and contain up to 60% fat. Candy made withP. atlanticain Turkish are calledtsukpi pistachio.Sometimes, the immature fruit is harvested and eaten withsour milk.The plant contains aresin,used as chewing gum in Kevan, Turkey, where it is calledkevoverubber tree.[citation needed]
The resin of the tree is called Cyprus turpentine or Cyprus balsam and used to make chewing gum inCyprus,[11]in the area ofPaphos.It is known as "Paphos Gum," or "Paphitiki Pissa" (Παφίτικη Πίσσα, Πίσσα Παφίτικη) inCypriot Greek.[12]It has been reported to have significantantimicrobialandantifungalactivity. Twenty-six compounds inhexaneextract were identified. The major compounds wereα-pinene57.06%,β-pinene9.83%, trans-pinocarveol2.95%, trans-Verbenol3.97%, α-Phellandren-8-ol 3.81%.[13]
It is used in a food inFars provinceinIran,named "OuBanneh" (اوبنه).
The raw fruits of the wild pistachio are not favored as food and are said to taste liketurpentine.[14]They are about 45% oil.[10]
Cultivation
[edit]Pistacia atlanticais planted as anornamentalshadebearinganddrought-tolerantlandscape tree ingardensandparks.[15]InCaliforniait is imported to use asrootstockfor cultivated pistachio trees (Pistacia vera).[16]Bothintroductionshave led to its escape and current status as an occasionalinvasive speciesin California.[17]
See also
[edit]
- Pistacia eurycarpa,used to beP. atlanticasubsp.kurdica
- Pistacia lentiscus,the true mastic tree
References
[edit]- ^Rankou, H.; M'SOU, S.; Ait Babahmad, R.A.; Ouhammou, A.; Alifriqui, M. & Martin, G. (2018)."Pistacia atlantica".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2018:e.T19365844A117264678.Retrieved28 May2022.
- ^"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".Retrieved21 November2014.
- ^Kafkas, S.; Perl-Treves, R. (2001-05-01)."Morphological and molecular phylogeny ofPistaciaspecies in Turkey ".Theoretical and Applied Genetics.102(6): 908–915.doi:10.1007/s001220000526.S2CID2967504.
- ^Kafkas, S. (2006-11-01). "Phylogenetic analysis of the genusPistaciaby AFLP markers ".Plant Systematics and Evolution.262(1): 113–124.Bibcode:2006PSyEv.262..113K.doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0460-7.JSTOR23655617.S2CID570340.
- ^abcdeAhmed, Hiwa M. (2017)."Traditional uses of Kurdish medicinal plantPistacia atlanticasubsp.kurdicaZohary in Ranya, Southern Kurdistan ".Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.64(6): 1473–1484.doi:10.1007/s10722-017-0522-4.S2CID254504017.
- ^abcdefPistacia atlanticaDesf.FAO Fact Sheet
- ^Martinez, J.-J. I. (2008)."Impact of a gall-inducing aphid onPistacia atlanticaDesf. trees ".Arthropod-Plant Interactions.2(3): 147–151.Bibcode:2008APInt...2..147M.doi:10.1007/s11829-008-9042-7.S2CID43684928.
- ^İsfendiyaroğlu, M.; Özeker, E. (2009)."Inflorescence features of a new exceptional monoeciousPistacia atlanticaDesf. (Anacardiaceae) population in the Barbaros Plain of İzmir/Turkey "(PDF).International Journal of Plant Production.3(3).doi:10.22069/IJPP.2012.656.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-22.
- ^Ozenda, P. (1991).Flore et Végétation du Sahara.París:CNRS.ISBN2-271-06230-6.
- ^abYousfi, M.; et al. (2002)."Fatty acids and sterols ofPistacia atlanticafruit oil "(PDF).Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.79(10): 1049–1050.doi:10.1007/s11746-002-0601-8.S2CID94601571.
- ^Lardos, Andreas; Prieto-Garcia, José; Heinrich, Michael (2011)."Resins and Gums in Historical Iatrosophia Texts from Cyprus – A Botanical and Medico-pharmacological Approach".Frontiers in Pharmacology.2:32.doi:10.3389/fphar.2011.00032.PMC3130153.PMID21772820.
- ^"Pafitiki Pissa – Pafos Gum." Cyprus Highlights.https://www.cyprushighlights.com/en/pafitiki-pissa-pafos-gum/,retrieved 2024-07-30.
- ^Amhamdi, Hassan; Aounti, Fatima; Wathelet, Jean-Paul; Elbachiri, Ali (2009)."Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil ofPistacia lentiscusL. From Eastern Morocco "(PDF).Records of Natural Products.3(2): 90–95.hdl:2268/16020.ISSN1307-6167.
- ^"Pistacia atlantica".PFAF Plant Database.Retrieved2023-08-12.
- ^University of Arizona CE.Pistacia atlantica
- ^Jepson Manual Treatment
- ^LA & San Gabriel River Council.Pistacia atlanticaArchived2011-09-02 at theWayback Machine