Plan of Iguala
| Plan of Iguala | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Created | 24 February 1821 |
| Ratified | 24 August 1821[1] |
| Date effective | 25 August 1821 |
| Location | Iguala,Mexico |
| Signatories | Agustín de Iturbide,Vicente Guerrero |
| Purpose | Establish the form of Mexican independence |
ThePlan of Iguala,[2]also known as ThePlan of the Three Guarantees( "Plan Trigarante" ) orAct of Independence of North America,[3]was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of theMexican War of IndependencefromSpain.The Plan stated thatMexicowas to become aconstitutional monarchy,whose sole official religion would beRoman Catholicism,in which thePeninsularesandCreolesof Mexico would enjoy equal political and social rights.[4]It took its name from the city ofIgualain the modern-day state ofGuerrero.
The two main figures behind the Plan wereAgustín de Iturbide(who would becomeEmperor of Mexico) andVicente Guerrero,revolutionary rebel leader and laterPresident of Mexico.TheArmy of the Three Guaranteeswas formed by the unified forces Iturbide and Guerrero to defend the ideals of the Plan of Iguala. On 24 August 1821, Iturbide andSpanish ViceroyJuan O'Donojúsigned theTreaty of CórdobainCórdoba, Veracruz,ratifying the Plan of Iguala, and thus confirming Mexico's independence.
The Plan, a compromise, introduced new ideas and preserved others.[5]For example, it established a new army, but it preserved the constitutional right of all males to vote regardless of origin, race, or economic condition, which had been enshrined in the Constitution of 1812 and which was in force at the time of the Plan.[6]
Three Guarantees[edit]
The Plan of Iguala established three central principles for the nascent Mexican state: the primacy ofRoman Catholicism,the absolute politicalindependenceof Mexico, and fullsocial equalityfor all social and ethnic groups in the new country. These are the "Three Guarantees" by which the Plan is sometimes known, summarized as "Religion, Independence and Unity" ( "Religión, Independencia y Unión" ). The tricolor flag of the Army of Three Guarantees is a symbolic representation of the three guarantees, and is the color scheme for the post-independence red, green, and white Mexican flag.
The document explicitly includes all residents of Mexico's geographic territory among its citizens: the preamble refers to "Americans,under which term are included not only those born in America, but Europeans, Africans and Asians who reside in it, "and Article 12 states:" All the inhabitants of the Mexican Empire, without any other distinction besides merit and virtue, are suitable citizens to apply for any employment, "or" All the inhabitants of New Spain, without any distinction between Europeans, Africans, nor Indians, are citizens of this Monarchy with option to all employment depending on their merit and virtues, "depending on the copy.[7][8]
Aftermath[edit]
Although the Spanish Viceroy had ratified the Treaty of Córdoba, theSpanish Congressmeeting inMadridon 13 February 1822 repudiated the Treaty as "illegal, null, and void." The Mexican government, however, insisted upon O'Donojú's acceptance of the Plan as legally establishing the country's independence and sovereignty. Spain responded with a series ofefforts to reconquer Mexicoover the following decade. It eventually recognized Mexico's independence on 28 December 1836 by theSanta María–Calatrava Treaty,signed in Madrid by the Mexican Commissioner, Miguel Santa Maria, and the Spanish state minister, Jose Maria Calatrava.[9][10]
Following the fall ofIturbide's empire,the Mexican Congress abrogated both the Plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba as the basis for the government on 8 April 1823. Instead, a new constitutional convention was called which led to the adoption of the1824 Constitution of Mexicoon 4 October 1824.
See also[edit]
- Mexican War of Independence
- Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
- Plans in Mexican history
- History of democracy in Mexico
References[edit]
- ^Portillo, Luis."Plan de Iguala".Historia Universal.Retrieved31 October2014.
- ^"Plan de Iguala de 24 de Febrero de 1821"(PDF).cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx.RetrievedDec 22,2018.
- ^ARENAL Jaime Del, "la independencia de la entonces llamada América Septentrional", Instituto de México En España
- ^"La Revolución de Independencia", enHistoria General de México,Versión 2000, El Colegio de México, 2009, p. 519.
- ^Jaime E. Rodríguez O. (1993)."LA TRANSICIÓN DE COLONIA A NACIÓN: NUEVA ESPAÑA, 1820-1821".Historia Mexicana(in Spanish).XLIII(2). El Colegio de México, A.C.: 270–271.ISSN0185-0172.Retrieved5 May2022.
El Plan de Iguala ofrecía de esta manera un compromiso, una manera de conservar un gobierno constitucional representativo
- ^Alfredo Ávila Rueda (March 2012)."LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE CÁDIZ Y LA INDEPENDENCIA DE MÉXICO".Relatos e historias en México(in Spanish). No. 43. EDITORIAL RAÍCES, S.A. DE C.V.ISSN2007-0616.Retrieved5 May2022.
No importaba si se era indígena, mestizo o blanco, culto o analfabeta, rico o pobre, todos los que cumplieran los requisitos señalados por la Constitución podrían votar.
- ^McKeehan, Wallace L."Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Cordova".Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas. Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2009.Retrieved2 November2009.
- ^De Iturbide, Agustín(1821)."Plan de Iguala".Leaflets. 1821. From Woodson Research Center, Rice University, Americas Collection, 1811–1920, MS 518.hdl:1911/9226.Retrieved2 November2009.
- ^Orozco, Fernando; Orozco, Orozco Linares L. (1996)."Fechas históricas de México"(in Spanish).ISBN9789683802958.
- ^"Tratado Definitivo de Paz entre Mexico y España"(PDF)(in Spanish). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on Nov 19, 2021.
External links[edit]
- Plan de Iguala and other relevant documents(English & Spanish versions)
- "Plan for Independence of América Septentrional (Mexico)".World Digital Library.Archived fromthe originalon Oct 17, 2021.