Plantar fascia
| Plantar fascia | |
|---|---|
 Muscles of the sole of the foot. First layer (closest to the skin on the sole of the foot). Plantar aponeurosis visible at top center. | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | aponeurosis plantaris |
| TA98 | A04.7.03.031 |
| TA2 | 2718 |
| FMA | 45171 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
Theplantar fasciaorplantar aponeurosis[1]is the thickconnective tissueaponeurosiswhich supports thearchon the bottom (plantarside) of thefoot.Recent studies suggest that the plantar fascia is actually anaponeurosisrather than true fascia.[citation needed]It runs from thetuberosityof thecalcaneus(heel bone) forward to the heads of themetatarsal bones(the bone between eachtoeand the bones of the mid-foot).
Anatomy
[edit]
LP, lateral part; CP, central part; MP, medial part; L, length; W, width.
The plantar fascia is the thick central portion of the fascia investing the plantar muscles. It extends between the medial process of the tuber calcanei[1]and the proximalphalangesof[citation needed]the toes. It provides some attachment to the flexor muscles of the toes.[1]
Distally, the plantar fascia becomes continuous with the fibrous sheaths enveloping the flexor tendons passing to the toes. At the anterior extremity of the sole - inferior to the heads of the metatarsal bones - the plantar aponeurosis forms thesuperficial transverse metatarsal ligament.[2]
Structure
[edit]The plantar fascia is made up of predominantly longitudinally orientedcollagenfibers. There are three distinct structural components: themedial component,thecentral component(plantar aponeurosis), and thelateral component(see diagram at right). The central component is the largest and most prominent.
Development
[edit]In younger people the plantar fascia is also intimately related to theAchilles tendon,with a continuous fascial connection between the two from the distal aspect of the Achilles to the origin of the plantar fascia at the calcaneal tubercle. However, the continuity of this connection decreases with age to a point that in the elderly there are few, if any, connecting fibers. There are also distinct attachments of the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus so the two do not directly contact each other. Nevertheless, there is an indirect relationship whereby if the toes aredorsiflexed,the plantar fascia tightens via thewindlassmechanism. If a tensile force is then generated in the Achilles tendon it will increase tensile strain in the plantar fascia. Clinically, this relationship has been used as a basis for treatment for plantar fasciitis, with stretches and night stretch splinting being applied to thegastrocnemius/soleus muscleunit.
Function
[edit]
The plantar fascia contributes to support of arch of the foot by acting as a tie-rod, where it undergoes tension when the foot bears weight. Onebiomechanicalmodel estimated it carries as much as 14% of the total load of the foot. In an experiment usingcadavers,it was found that failure of the plantar fascia averaged at loads of 1189 ± 244newtons[3](121 ± 24kgfor 267 ± 55lbf). Failure most often occurred at the proximal attachment to the calcaneus, which is consistent with the usual location ofsymptoms(i.e. in plantar fasciitis). Completeruptureor surgical release of the plantar fascia leads to a decrease in arch stiffness and a significant collapse of thelongitudinal arch of the foot.By modeling it was predicted such conditions would result in a 17% increase in vertical displacement and a 15% increase in horizontal elongation of the foot when it was loaded at 683 newtons (154 lbf).[4]Surgical release also significantly increases both stress in the plantarligamentsand plantar pressures under the metatarsal heads. Although most of the figures mentioned above are from eithercadaverstudies or investigations using models, they highlight the relatively large load the plantar fascia is subjected to while contributing to the structural integrity of the foot.
Gait
[edit]The plantar fascia also has an important role in dynamic function duringgait.It was found the plantar fascia continuously elongated during the contact phase of gait. It went through rapid elongation before and immediately after mid-stance, reaching a maximum of 9% to 12% elongation between mid-stance and toe-off.[5]During this phase the plantar fascia behaves like a spring, which may assist in conserving energy. In addition, the plantar fascia has a critical role in normal mechanical function of the foot, contributing to the "windlass mechanism". When the toes are dorsiflexed in the propulsive phase of gait, the plantar fascia becomes tense, resulting in elevation of the longitudinal arch and shortening of the foot (see 3A). One can liken this mechanism to a cable being wound around the drum of a windlass (see 3B); the plantar fascia being the cable, the metatarsal head the drum, and the handle, theproximal phalanx.
Clinical significance
[edit]Plantar fasciitis
[edit]- Plantar fasciitisis an often painful degenerative process of the plantar fascia.
- Calcaneal spur(heel spur) is a small calcified bone extension (osteophyte) located on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus or on the back of the heel at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. The condition is typically a response to plantar fasciitis over a period of time. It may also be related toankylosing spondylitis,typically in children.
Other
[edit]- Plantar fibromatosisis a relatively uncommon non-malignant thickening of the plantar fascia.
- Psoriatic arthritisis a type of inflammatory arthritis that may affect the plantar fascia.
- Plantar fascial rupture/tear is a relatively uncommon painful tearing of the plantar fascia. The tear can be full or partial.[6]
Additional images
[edit]-
The plantar fascia (also known as the plantar aponeurosis) is located superficially plantar side of the foot.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^abc"aponeurosis plantaris".TheFreeDictionary.com.Retrieved2023-06-10.
- ^Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2017).Essential Clinical Anatomy.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 769.ISBN978-1496347213.
- ^H. B. Kitaoka; Z. P. Luo; E. S. Growney; L. J. Berglund; K. N. An (October 1994). "Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis".Foot & Ankle International.15(10): 557–560.doi:10.1177/107110079401501007.PMID7834064.S2CID45264072.
- ^G. A. Arangio, C. Chen and W. Kim (June 1997). "Effect of cutting the plantar fascia on mechanical properties of the foot".Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research.339(339): 227–231.doi:10.1097/00003086-199706000-00031.PMID9186224.S2CID19194412.
- ^Amit Gefen (March 2003). "The in vivo elastic properties of the plantar fascia during the contact phase of walking".Foot & Ankle International.24(3): 238–244.doi:10.1177/107110070302400307.PMID12793487.S2CID2829705.
- ^"Plantar Fascial Tears".American Foot & Leg Specialists.2016-10-17.Retrieved2018-04-23.
External links
[edit]
- Plantar fasciaat theDuke University Health System's Orthopedics program
- soleoffootat The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (soleoffoot1)
- Heel Pain Symptoms. Plantar Fasciitis diagnosis and treatment | Patient;plantar fasciitis at Patient.info
