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Avondale, Chicago

Coordinates:41°56.4′N87°42.6′W/ 41.9400°N 87.7100°W/41.9400; -87.7100
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This article is about the neighborhood. For the park, seeAvondale Park (Chicago).
Avondale
Community area
Community Area 21 - Avondale
St. Hyacinth Basilica towers over the Avondale neighborhood.
St. Hyacinth Basilicatowers over the Avondale neighborhood.
Location within the city of Chicago
Location within the city of Chicago
Coordinates:41°56.4′N87°42.6′W/ 41.9400°N 87.7100°W/41.9400; -87.7100
CountryUnited States
StateIllinois
CountyCook
CityChicago
Neighborhoods
List
Area
• Total2.00 sq mi (5.18 km2)
Population
(2020)
• Total36,257
• Density18,000/sq mi (7,000/km2)
Demographics2018[1]
•White34.75%
• Black1.96%
• Hispanic57.12%
• Asian3.74%
• Other2.43%
Educational Attainment2018[1]
• High School Diploma or Higher78.44%
• Bachelor's Degree or Higher35.18%
Time zoneUTC-6(CST)
• Summer (DST)UTC-5(CDT)
ZIP Codes
60618
Median household income$60,000[1]
Source: U.S. Census, Record Information Services

Avondale(/ˈævəndeɪl/) is one ofChicago's 77 officially designatedcommunity areas.It is on the Northwest Side of the city. The northern border isAddison Streetfrom thenorth branch of the Chicago Riverin the east toPulaski Roadin the west. The neighborhood extends further west alongBelmont Avenueto theUnion Pacific/Northwest Line.Its southern border isDiversey Avenuefrom the Union Pacific/Northwest Line to the Chicago River.[2][3]

History

[edit]

The first European settler in Avondale was Abraham Harris who settled the area three years after its 1850 incorporation intoJefferson Township.[4]In 1869, Avondale was incorporated as a village. It has been speculated that developer and Pennsylvania native John Lewis Cochran named the village in honor of the miners and rescue workers who died in theAvondale coal mine fire.Atypical for the time, Avondale was racially integrated in the nineteenth century with twentyAfrican Americanfamilies moving to the area and building Avondale's first church in the 1880s.[2]Avondale, along with the rest of Jefferson Township, was annexed by the City of Chicago in 1889.

Factories and other industries sprang up around the start of the 20th century due to theChicago Riverand Avondale's dense network of transportation corridors that were built in the 1870s and improved after its annexation into Chicago including replacement ofcable carswithelectric powered streetcars.The resulting jobs in the area were responsible for drawing the initial wave of European immigrants.[5]

Avondale was the site of one of Chicago's "Seven Lost Wonders", theOlson Park and Waterfallcomplex atDiverseyandPulaski.[6]

Beginning in the 1980s,Latino settlementbegan in Avondale. A multiplicity of other diverse Eastern European ethnicities came to the area following theEnd of Communismin 1989, leading to Avondale's nickname as the neighborhood"Where Eastern Europe meets Latin America".

Starting in the mid-2000s, gentrification began to take hold in the Avondale area as it had in neighboringWicker Park,Logan SquareandBucktown.[7][8]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
193048,433—
194047,684−1.5%
195045,313−5.0%
196039,748−12.3%
197035,714−10.1%
198033,527−6.1%
199035,5796.1%
200043,08521.1%
201039,262−8.9%
202036,257−7.7%
[1]

Avondale has traditionally had a large Polish population, with patches of German, Scandinavian, and Italians settlement as well.[9]In recent years thisblue-collarneighborhood has witnessed an increase in its social diversity. The collapse of Communism inEastern Europewitnessed an influx ofEastern Europeanimmigrants such asCzechs,Slovaks,UkrainiansandBelarusians,particularly alongside Poles in the "Polish Village".[9]The emigration of peoples from theSoviet Blocin Avondale since then has grown to includeRussophonenationals fromCentral Asiaand evenMongolia.A strongFilipinocommunity is present in Avondale as well, which is home to Chicago's Filipino TV outlet.[10]Latinosettlement beginning in the 1980s led to an increase in Avondale's Hispanic population from 37.6% in 1990 to 62.0% in 2000, with increased numbers of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Central American immigrants.[11]Because ofgentrification,the last decade has seen a reversal of this trend, as the non-Hispanic white population has been expanding faster than the Hispanic population.[12]

Transportation

[edit]

Avondale is served by the'L'at two stations along theBlue Line.TheBelmontstation is on the northeastern edge next to theKennedy Expresswayat the intersection of Kimball Avenue andBelmont,less than three blocks away fromSt. Hyacinth'sformer mission of Our Lady of Lourdes; theAddisonstation is located in the median of the same expressway adjacent to the neighboringVilla District.

Avondale is also accessible by a number of bus routes run by theCTA.

Neighborhoods

[edit]

Polish Village

[edit]
Polish store onMilwaukee Avenue
Rahm Emanuelspeaking atSt. Hyacinth Basilica.
Wacławowois derived from the Polish name for the church ofSt. Wenceslaus.PhotographerRichard Nickelwas married here in 1950.

ThePolish VillageorJackowo[jat͡sˈkɔvɔ]andWacławowo[vat͡swaˈvɔvɔ],together make up one of Chicago's largest and most vibrantPolish Patches.Theneighborhoodsderive their Polish names from the two contiguous Polish Roman Catholic parishes-Saint Hyacinth's Basilica(Bazylika Św. Jacka) andSt. Wenceslaus Church(Kościół Świętego Wacława).[13]Milwaukee Avenueis the district's main commercial strip, which includes a number ofsausageshops,restaurants,andbakeries.In English the area is usually referred to as thePolish Village- the name featured on signs hung on street lamps over the district.Pulaski Avenue,named after thePolishRevolutionary Warhero, runs through the area.

The Polish communities of Jackowo and Wacławowo appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Polish settlement spread further northwest alongMilwaukee Avenue.The neighborhood experienced its heyday as the cultural nexus ofChicago'sPoloniaduring the 1980s and 1990s with the so-calledSolidarityand Post-Solidarity waves ofPolish migration to Chicago,including a number of politicalrefugees.[14]Until the recent installation of an automated system, on Sunday mornings the CTA driver would announce "Yats- koh- voh", signaling the stop for St. Hyacinth Basilica as Poles shuttled off the bus on their way to Mass.[15]Local landmarks and institutions increasingly became revitalized and renewed while taking on an increasingly ethnic hue by catering to these recent arrivals from Poland. The historicMilford Theatreserved as the centralPolish cinemaarts venue likeJefferson Park'sGateway Theatertoday, with locals giving it the nickname"Cinema Polski",[15]drawing evenstreet photographerVivian Maier.[16]

A distinct flowering ofPolish artsandculturetook place here in Avondale, an environment where Poles could finally freely express themselves without worrying about incurring the wrath of government censors orpolitical repression.The events and activities organized here byChicago's Polish communityplayed a key role in shaping the chain of events that eventually resulted in the collapse of theCommunist government in Poland,bringing down theIron Curtainthat had divided Europe since after World War II.[17]An expressive and now decaying mural in the McDonald's parking lot combining Polish patriotic and folkloric motifs byCaryl Yaskotitled"Razem",or together in Polish, was painted thanks in part to funds furnished by thePolish American Congressin 1975.[18]It now stands near the corners ofBelmontandPulaskiin mute testament to this bygone renaissance.[19]

Just to the north of Jackowo is Wacławowo and the parish ofSt. Wenceslaus,with its impressive church. Housing stock there primarily consists ofbricktwo-flats built in the first half of the 20th century prior toWorld War II,although there are a number ofbungalowspresent in the area neighboring theVilla Districtto the north.

Belmont Gardens

[edit]

Belmont Gardensspans theChicago Community Areasof Logan Square and Avondale like neighboring Kosciuszko Park, located within its northwest portion, where thePulaskiIndustrial Corridor abuts these residential areas. The boundaries of Belmont Gardens are generally held to bePulaski Roadto the East, theUnion Pacific/Northwestrail line to the West,Belmont Avenueto the North, andFullerton Avenueto the South.

Most of the land betweenFullerton AvenueandDiversey Avenueas well asKimball Avenueto theUnion Pacific/Northwestrail line was empty as late as the 1880s, mostly consisting of the rural "truck farms" that peppered much ofJefferson Township.This began to change with the annexation of this rustic hinterland to the city in 1889 in anticipation of theWorld's Columbian Expositionthat would focus the country's eyes on Chicago just a few years later in 1893.

Belmont Gardens's first urban development began thanks to Homer Pennock, who founded the industrial village of Pennock, Illinois. Centered on Wrightwood Avenue, which was originally laid out as "Pennock Boulevard", was planned to be a hefty industrial and residential district. The development was so renowned that the village was highlighted in a "History of Cook County, Illinois" authored by Weston Arthur Goodspeed and Daniel David Healy. Thwarted by circumstances as well as the decline of Homer Pennock's fortune, this district declined to the point that theChicago Tribunewrote about the neighborhood in an article titled"A Deserted Village in Chicago"in 1903. The original name of theHealy Metra Stationwas originally named after this now lost settlement.

While Homer Pennock'sindustrial suburbfailed, Chicago's rapid expansion transformed the area's farms into clusters of factories and homes. At the start of the 20th century as settlement was booming, Belmont Gardens and Avondale were at the Northwestern edge of theMilwaukee Avenue"Polish Corridor" - a contiguous stretch of Polish settlement which spanned this thoroughfare all the way fromPolonia Triangleat Milwaukee, Division and Ashland toIrving Park Road.

Belmont Gardens offered more than just a less congested setting for its new residents. Due to its proximity to rail along theChicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad,the area developed a plethora ofindustrythat still survives in the city's Pulaski Industrial Corridor. It was adjacent to his own factory that Mr. Walter E. Olson built what theChicago Tribuneput at the top of its list of the "Seven Lost Wonders of Chicago", theOlson Park and Waterfall Complex,a 22-acre garden and waterfall remembered by Chicagoans citywide as the place they fondly reminisce heading out to for family trips on the weekend. The ambitious project took 200 workers more than six months to fashion it out of 800 tons of stone and 800 yards of soil.

Latinosettlement in the neighborhood began in the 1980s. Today the area still retains itsblue collarfeel as much of surrounding Logan Square and Avondale undergo increased gentrification.

Kosciuszko Park

[edit]
This article is about the neighborhood. For the park, seeKosciuszko Park (Chicago).

Kosciuszko Parkspans theChicago Community AreasofLogan Squareand Avondale like neighboring Belmont Gardens, located within its northwest portion, where thePulaskiIndustrial Corridor abuts these residential areas. Colloquially known by locals as "Koz Park", or even the "Land of Koz",[13]the area is a prime example of a local identity born thanks to the green spaces created by Chicago's civic leaders of theProgressive Era.

The boundaries of Kosciuszko Park are generally held to beCentral Park Avenueto the East,Pulaski Roadto the West, George Street to the North, and Altgeld to the South.

Most of the land betweenFullerton AvenueandDiversey Avenueas well asKimball Avenueto Pulaski Road was empty as late as the 1880s, mostly consisting of the rural "truck farms" that peppered much ofJefferson Township.This began to change with the annexation of this rustic hinterland to the city in 1889 in anticipation of theWorld's Columbian Expositionthat would focus the country's eyes on Chicago just a few years later in 1893.

Kosciuszko Park's first urban development began thanks to Homer Pennock, who founded the industrial village of Pennock, Illinois. Centered on Wrightwood Avenue, which was originally laid out as "Pennock Boulevard", was planned to be a hefty industrial and residential district. The development was so renowned that the village was highlighted in a "History of Cook County, Illinois" authored by Weston Arthur Goodspeed and Daniel David Healy. Thwarted by circumstances as well as the decline of Homer Pennock's fortune, this district declined to the point that theChicago Tribunewrote about the neighborhood in an article titled "A Deserted Village in Chicago" in 1903.

While Homer Pennock's industrial suburb failed, Chicago's rapid expansion transformed the area's farms into clusters of factories and homes. At the start of the 20th century as settlement was booming, Kosciuszko Park and Avondale were at the Northwestern edge of theMilwaukee Avenue"Polish Corridor" - a contiguous stretch of Polish settlement which spanned this thoroughfare all the way fromPolonia Triangleat Milwaukee, Division and Ashland to Irving Park Road.

Kosciuszko Park offered more than just a less congested setting for its new residents. Due to its proximity to rail along theChicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad,the area developed a plethora of industry that still survives in the city's Pulaski Industrial Corridor.

Adjacent to Kosciuszko Park's border with Avondale proper near the intersection of George Street and Lawndale Avenue isSt. Hyacinth Basilica,which began in 1894 as a refuge for locals to tend to their spiritual needs. A local shrine, St. Hyacinth's features relics associated withPope John Paul II,as well as an icon with an ornate jeweled crown that was blessed by the late pontiff. Other institutions further enriched the institutional fabric of thePolish communityin the area. In 1897, the Polish Franciscan Sisters began building an expansive complex on Schubert and Hamlin Avenues with the construction of St. Joseph Home for the Aged and Crippled, a structure that would also serve as the motherhouse for the order. When it opened in 1898, it became the city's first and oldest Catholic nursing home. One of the industries the nuns took upon themselves to support these charitable activities was a church vestment workshop which opened in 1909 on the second floor. In 1928 the Franciscan Sisters further expanded the complex by building a new St. Joseph Home of Chicago, a structure that stood until recently at 2650 North Ridgeway. Designed by the distinguished firm of Slupkowski and Piontek who built many of the most prestigious commissions inChicago's Polish communitysuch as theArt Decoheadquarters of thePolish National Allianceand Holy Trinity High School among others, the brick structure was an imposing edifice. One of the building's highlights was a chapel with an altar that was dedicated to theBlack Madonna.The entire complex was sold to a developer who subsequently razed the entire complex, while the new "St. Joseph Village" opened in 2005 on the site of the former Madonna High School and now operates at 4021 W. Belmont Avenue. The park later became home to one of the two firstPolish languageSaturday schools in Chicago. While the school has since moved out of their small quarters at the park fieldhouse, the Tadeusz Kościuszko School of Polish Language continues to educate over 1,000 students to the present day, reminding all of its origins in Kosciuszko Park with its name.

It was the park of Kosciuszko Park however that weaved together the disparate subdivisions and people into one community. Dedicated in 1916, Kosciuszko Park owes its name to the Polish patriotTadeusz Kosciuszko.Best known as the designer and builder ofWest Point,Kosciuszko fought in theAmerican Revolutionand was awarded with U.S. citizenship and the rank of brigadier general as a reward. Kosciuszko was one of the original parks of the Northwest Park District which was established in 1911. One of the ambitious goals of the Northwest Park District that was in keeping with the spirit of theProgressive Movementpopular at the time was to provide one park for each of the ten square miles under its jurisdiction. Beginning in 1914, the district began to purchase land for what would eventually become Mozart, Kelyvn, and Kosciuszko Parks, and improvement on these three sites began almost immediately. For Kosciuszko, noted architect Albert A. Schwartz designed aTudor revival-style fieldhouse, expanded in 1936 to include an assembly hall, just two years after the 22 separate park districts were consolidated into theChicago Park District.The park complex expanded during the 1980s with the addition of a new natatorium at the corner of Diversey and Avers.

The green space afforded by the park quickly became the backdrop for community gatherings. Residents utilized the grounds at Kosciuszko Park for bonfires, festivals and neighborhood celebrations, and for a time, even an ice skating rink that would be set up every winter. Summertime brought the opportunity for outdoor festivities, peppered with sports and amateur shows featuring softball games, social dancing, a music appreciation hour, and the occasional visit by the city's "mobile zoo".

Today "The Land of Koz" is a diverse neighborhood, and becoming even more so asgentrificationadvances further northwest. New people are entering Kosciuszko Park and joining earlier residents whose roots trace back toLatin AmericaandPoland.Yet the park that lent the neighborhood its name still serves its residents, where through play, performance, and even the occasional outdoor film screening it functions as the venue where the community can come together.

Economy

[edit]

In 1937,Dad's Root Beerwas founded in Avondale by Ely Klapman and Barney Berns. The company operated a bottling plant in the community before the company moved operations. The factory has since been converted into condominiums.[20]

As of 2014, the top 5 employingindustry sectorsin Avondale are retail trade (20.9%), manufacturing (14.8%), utilities (12.4%), accommodation and food service (9.8%), and finance (7.4%). Over half of these workers come from outside ofChicagoand 45.5% come from outside of Avondale within the city. The top 5 employing industry sectors of community residents are accommodation and food service (11.5%), healthcare (11%), professional (10.1%), retail trade (9.6%), and administration (8.3%).[1]

Education

[edit]

Avondale residents are served byChicago Public Schools,which includes neighborhood and citywide options for students. There are also a number of private parochial schools run byRoman Catholiccongregations in the area.

Carl Von Linne School, 3221 N. Sacramento, on Sacramento between Belmont and School is a neighborhood school. The school features a comprehensive gifted program and a dual language program. There is an emphasis on fine arts including visual arts, ceramic, music, dance, digital arts, and culinary arts. The school has a "sprouting teens garden" on the east side of the building and a "kitchen community culinary garden" in the main playground.

TheUnited Neighborhood Organizationoperates the Carlos Fuentes School in Avondale.[21]

Public libraries

[edit]

TheChicago Public Libraryoperates no branches located in the Avondale community area. Although the branch in nearbyKosciuszko Parkwas one of the system's most utilized branches, it was closed by the 1950s. Branches are available nearby in adjacent neighborhoods, such as Logan Square, Irving Park, and Belmont Cragin.

Politics

[edit]

The Avondale community area has supported theDemocratic Partyin the past two presidential elections. In the2016 presidential election,Avondale cast 10,290 votes forHillary Clintonand cast 1,345 votes forDonald Trump(83.77% to 10.95%).[22]In the2012 presidential election,Avondale cast 7,940 votes forBarack Obamaand 1,415 votes forMitt Romney(82.43% to 14.69%).[23]

Parks

[edit]

Avondale was cited by theChicago Tribuneas being in the top tier of Chicago's "park poor" neighborhoods.[24]This situation was further aggravated whenAvondale Parkwas reduced to just over one acre in size during the building of theKennedy Expressway,taking over most of its green space, including the park's playfield, separate boys' and girls' playgrounds, a wading pool, a sand box and tennis courts while leaving the fieldhouse designed byClarence Hatzfeldintact.[25]

The substantial green spaces in the Avondale community area are Brands Park, followed byAvondale Park.Parks adjacent to Avondale such asKosciuszko Park,Athletic Field Park and Ken-Well Park are heavily utilized by residents as well. Additionally, there are playlots under the supervision of other parks such as Grape Playlot, Park-view Playlot, Nelson Playlot, Elston Playlot, and Sacramento Playlot, found within Avondale.

Culture

[edit]

Avondale has a number of strong and simultaneously diverse cultural centers.St. Hyacinth Basilicacontinues to be a strong cultural and civic institution forChicago's Polish Community.True to stereotype, the neighborhood "where Eastern Europe meets Latin America" is also home to the new second location of thePuerto Rican Arts Alliancein the formerfirehouseof Engine 91. TheHairpin Arts Centeris located in Avondale near its border with Logan Square at the gateway toChicago's Polish Village,serving all of the diverse communities who make their home in these neighborhoods.

Notable people

[edit]
  • Vivian Maier,photographer who achieved posthumous fame. A resident of various neighborhoods includingRogers Park,she took photos in Chicago's Polish Village.[26]
  • Lucy Parsons,labor organizer and founder ofIndustrial Workers of the World.She perished in a fire in Avondale in 1942.[27]
  • Carlos Ramirez-Rosa,member of the Chicago City Council representing the 35th Ward and the first openly gay, Latino alderman. He is a resident of Avondale.[28]
  • Louise Schaaf(1906-2020),supercentenariannotable for being, at the time of her death, the oldest person in Illinois and the oldest known person born in Germany. She resided near Belmont and California in Avondale until 1959 when she moved to theNorwood Parkneighborhood.[29]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcde"Community Demographic Snapshot: Avondale"(PDF).Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning.June 2020.RetrievedJuly 25,2020.
  2. ^abZangs, Mary (July 1, 2014).The Chicago 77: A Community Area Handbook.Stroud, Gloucestershire, England:The History Press.ISBN978-1626196124.
  3. ^"Community Area: Avondale"(PDF).City of Chicago. June 1, 2015.RetrievedJune 22,2017.
  4. ^Keating, Ann Durkin (2005)."Jefferson Township".The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago.Chicago Historical Society.RetrievedJune 22,2017.
  5. ^Solzman, David M. (2005)."Avondale".The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago.Chicago Historical Society.RetrievedJune 22,2017.
  6. ^Grossman, Ron."Chicago's Seven Lost Wonders".Chicago Tribune.
  7. ^Vivanco, Leonor (January 20, 2016)."Makin' a move: For great food and cheap rent, head to Avondale".Chicago Tribune.Chicago, Illinois.RetrievedJune 23,2017.
  8. ^Lekach, Sasha (August 23, 2015)."Chicago's hottest neighborhoods: These areas have seen their markets rise this summer".Chicago Tribune.Chicago, Illinois.RetrievedJune 23,2017.
  9. ^ab"Holiday in Avondale - Forgotten Chicago - History, Architecture, and Infrastructure".Forgottenchicago.com.Retrieved12 October2017.
  10. ^"VIA Times".VIA Times.Retrieved12 October2017.
  11. ^"chicagoareahousing.org".Chicagoareahousing.org.Retrieved12 October2017.
  12. ^"Estimates of Chicago Population Change Based on The 2000 Census And The American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (2005/2009)"(PDF).Robparal.com.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 October 2017.Retrieved12 October2017.
  13. ^ab"How Chicago's Neighborhoods Got Their Names".Mentalfloss.com.3 November 2015.Retrieved12 October2017.
  14. ^"chicago pol-mex fusion".Urbanarchives.wordpress.com.6 September 2007.Retrieved12 October2017.
  15. ^ab"Strona główna - Polishnews.com".Polishnews.com.Retrieved12 October2017.
  16. ^"Vivian Maier - Vivian Maier Photographer".Vivianmaier.com.Retrieved12 October2017.
  17. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-27.Retrieved2010-12-25.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^"Holiday in Avondale - Forgotten Chicago - History, Architecture, and Infrastructure".Forgottenchicago.com.Retrieved12 October2017.
  19. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2010-05-27.Retrieved2010-03-31.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^"September 18, 2014".Ask Geoffrey.September 18, 2014.WTTW.RetrievedJune 23,2017.
  21. ^"UNO Charter SchoolsArchived2012-04-30 at theWayback Machine."United Neighborhood Organization. Retrieved on June 16, 2012.
  22. ^Ali, Tanveer (November 9, 2016)."How Every Chicago Neighborhood Voted In The 2016 Presidential Election".DNAInfo.Archived fromthe originalon September 24, 2019.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.
  23. ^Ali, Tanveer (November 9, 2012)."How Every Chicago Neighborhood Voted In The 2012 Presidential Election".DNAInfo.Archived fromthe originalon February 3, 2019.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.
  24. ^"Cramped Chicago: Half of the city's 2.7 million people live in park-poor areas; lakefront's parkland disguises severe shortage in many inland neighborhoods".Chicago Tribune.9 October 2011.
  25. ^"Chicago Park District: Avondale Park".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-11-29.Retrieved2011-12-26.
  26. ^Kaplna, Jacob; Pogorzelski, Dan; Reid, Rob; Addlesperger, Elisha (July 21, 2014).Avondale and Chicago's Polish Village.Mount Pleasant, South Carolina:Arcadia Publishing.ISBN9781467111188.RetrievedJune 22,2017.
  27. ^International News Service(March 8, 1942)."Widow Of Anarchist Dies When Chicago Home Burns".St. Petersburg Times.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.Mrs. Lucy Parsons 80-year-old blind anarchist whose first hus band, Albert Parsons, died on the gallows as a result of the Haymarket riot,...
  28. ^Vivanco, Leonor (August 3, 2015)."Chicago's youngest alderman is a Millennial, backs LGBT agenda - and isn't hanging with Rahm".Chicago Tribune.Chicago, Illinois.RetrievedJune 22,2017.
  29. ^O'Donnell, Maureen (June 5, 2020)."Louise Schaaf, dead at 113, was Illinois' oldest resident, oldest known immigrant to the U.S."Chicago Sun-Times.RetrievedJune 5,2020.
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