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Dissident

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(Redirected fromPolitical dissident)
For other uses, seeDissident (disambiguation).

Adissidentis a person who actively challenges an establishedpoliticalorreligious system,doctrine,belief,policy,orinstitution.[1]In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise ofauthoritariangovernments in countries such asFascist Italy,Nazi Germany,Imperial Japan,Francoist Spain,theSoviet Union(and laterRussia),Saudi Arabia,North Korea,Turkey,Iran,China,andTurkmenistan.[2]In theWestern world,there are historical examples of people who have been considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopherBaruch Spinoza.[3]Intotalitariancountries, dissidents are often incarcerated or executed without explicit political accusations, or due to infringements of the very same laws they are opposing, or because they are supportingcivil libertiessuch asfreedom of speech.

Eastern Bloc

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See also:Left Communism,Anti-Stalinist left,andAnti-Leninism
Václav Havel,playwright and former dissident. Leader of theVelvet Revolution,last president ofCzechoslovakiaand the first president of theCzech Republic.

The termdissidentwas used in theEastern Bloc,particularly in theSoviet Union,in the period followingJoseph Stalin's death until thefall of communism.It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of thecommunist party.Writers for the non-censored, non-conformistsamizdatliterature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with Eastern Bloc regimes began to self-identify as dissidents.[4]This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of the society.[5][6][7]In Hungary, the worddisszidenswas used in contemporary language for a person who had left for theWestwithout permission (i.e. a defector), by illegally crossing the border or travelling abroad with a passport, but not returning and (sometimes) applying forasylumabroad. Such persons' citizenship was usually revoked, and their left behind property (if there was any to their name) would revert to the state.

Soviet

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Moscow Helsinki Groupmembers Yuliya Vishnevskaya,Lyudmila Alexeyeva,Dina Kaminskaya,Kronid LyubarskyinMunich,1978
Main article:Soviet dissidents
See also:Anti-Sovietism,Anti-Soviet agitation,andAnti-Soviet partisans

Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features in the embodiment ofSoviet ideologyand who were willing to speak out against them.[8]The termdissidentwas used in theSoviet Unionin the period followingJoseph Stalin's death until thefall of communism.[4]It was used to refer to small groups ofmarginalizedintellectuals whose modest challenges to theSoviet regimemet protection and encouragement from correspondents.[9]Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime.[10]As dissenters began self-identifying asdissidents,the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.[5][6][7]

Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible and, with rare exceptions, of little consequence.[11]Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and of human rights. Over time, the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist abuses.[12]

Soviet dissidents who criticized the state faced possible legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code[13]and faced the choice ofexile,themental hospital,orpenal servitude.[14]Anti-Sovietpolitical behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, or even writing books – was defined as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g., violation of Articles 70 or 190-1), a symptom (e.g., "delusion of reformism" ), and a diagnosis (e.g., "sluggish schizophrenia").[15]

Myanmar

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Aung San Suu Kyiis a famous Myanmar dissident who also won the Nobel Peace Prize.[16]

Ireland

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See also:Dissident republican

The termdissidenthas become the primary term to describeIrish republicanswho politically continue to opposeGood Friday Agreement of 1998and reject the outcome of thereferendumson it. These political parties also have paramilitary wings which espouse violent methods to achieve aUnited Ireland.

Irish republican dissident groups include theIrish Republican Socialist Party(founded in 1974 – its currently-inactive paramilitary wing is theIrish National Liberation Army),Republican Sinn Féin(founded in 1986 – its paramilitary wing is theContinuity IRA), and the32 County Sovereignty Movement(founded in 1997 – its paramilitary wing is theReal IRA). In 2006 theÓglaigh na hÉireannemerged, which is a splinter group of the Continuity IRA.[17]

United Kingdom

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Mark Smith was a mid-level British diplomat, who resigned as a counter-terrorism official at the British embassy in Dublin.[18]He was protesting against the sale of British weapons to Israel and said that "the state of Israel is perpetrating war crimes in plain sight".

United States of America

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Stacy Gilbert, who served in the State Department’s Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration resigned in protest because of a report that she contributed to was falsified by the Biden administration.[19]She said that the report falsely stated that Israel was not blocking humanitarian aid to Gaza.

Technology

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Dissidents and activists were among the earliest adopters ofencryptedcommunications technology such asTorand thedark web,turning to the technology as ways to resist totalitarian regimes, avoid censorship and control and protect privacy.[20][21][22]

Tor was widely used by protestors against theMubarak regimein Egypt in 2011. Tor allowed Egyptian dissidents to communicate anonymously and securely, while sharing sensitive information. Also,Syrian rebelswidely used Tor in order to share with the world all of the horrors that they witnessed in their country.[23]Moreover, anti-government dissidents in Lebanon, Mauritania, as well as other nations affected by theArab Spring,widely used Tor in order to stay safe while exchanging their ideas and agendas.[24]

Middle East

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Saudi Arabian dissident journalistJamal Khashoggi(left) at a 2018 Project on Middle East Democracy forum in Washington, D.C.

Saudi Arabia

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Jamal Khashoggiwas aSaudi Americandissident and journalist. He was murdered inside the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul by agents of the Saudi government, allegedly at the behest ofCrown PrinceMohammed bin Salman.[25]

Various other human rights activists from Saudi Arabia have been either silenced or punished. This also happens if the individual lives outside the country. If a dissident is not a Saudi citizen, they will probably facedeportation.

The Fact Finding Panel (FFP), an independent jury of British parliamentary members and international attorneys, was tasked with reviewing the detention of former Crown Prince of Saudi ArabiaMohammed bin NayefandPrince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz.In mid-December 2020, the panel published a report stating its findings, which claimed that the collective detention ofpolitical prisonersby the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a violation of the country's international legal obligations, as the authorities are holding the detainees without charge and not allowing them a chance to challenge their imprisonment. The imprisonment has also risked the safety of the detainees by posing fatal risks to their health by keeping them behind bars without providing proper medical aid amid the ongoingCOVID-19 pandemic.[26]

Bahrain

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Another monarchy of theMiddle East,Bahrain,is known for violating the rights of peaceful critics of the government, including political activists andhuman rights defenders.A report released byAmnesty Internationalin 2017 revealed that the country opted for several repressive tactics, including arbitrary detention, torture and harassment between June 2016 and June 2017 to crush the dissidents. Severalhuman rightsorganizations and international leaders have consistently denounced Bahrain's poor human rights records.[27][28]

TheHuman Rights WatchWorld Report 2021also highlighted that Bahrain continued its repressive actions against the dissidents, including acts against online activities, peaceful critics and opposition activists.[29]In January 2021, forty cross-partyMPsof theUKwrote a letter to the vice-chancellor of an educational institution, theUniversity of Huddersfield,stating that it was at risk of “indirect implication in human rights abuse”. The university was running a master's course, MSc in security science, for the officers of Bahrain's Royal Academy of Policing, the building which was also being used for torturing dissidents.[30]

In April 2021, theEuropean Parliamentadopted a resolution on Bahrain, especially concerning the cases of detained dissidentsNabeel Rajab,Abdulhadi al-KhawajaandIbrahim Sharif.With 48 votes in favor, the MEPs condemned Bahrain for itshuman rights violationsand called for an immediate release of all thepolitical activists,prisoners in conscience,human rights defenders,journalistsand peaceful protesters. The European Parliament also demanded that the Bahraini government take all necessary measures to respect the law and make sure that its actions remain in full compliance with the international standards of human rights.[31]

In March 2023, Bahrain hosted a meeting of the Inter-Parliamentary Union. However, on 8 March 2023, officials cancelled the entry visas issued to theHRWofficials on 30 January 2023 to attend the 146th Congress of the IPU. Bahraini authorities have imposed restrictions on expression, association and assembly in violation of the country's international human rights obligations.[32]

On 31 March 2023, three men, Jalal Al-Kassab, Redha Rajab and Mohammed Rajab, were sentenced to prison for a year and faced a fine in Bahrain. They were prosecuted under a law criminalizing the "ridicule" of all books recognized as religious in Bahrain, including theQuranand theBible.The men were members of a Bahraini religious and cultural society that promotes open discussion of Islamic issues. Human rights groups claimed that they were indicted for exercising hisfreedom of expression.[33]

Iran

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Iranian dissidents are composed of scattered groups that reject thecurrent governmentand by extension theprevious regime,instead seeking the establishment ofdemocraticinstitutions.[34]A partnership council called Mahsa had formed betweenReza Pahlaviand other opposition groups in support of thefuture of Iran’s democracy movement[fa]in 2022.[35]The government in 2023 charged 107 exiled Mujahideen with treason.[36]Dissidents have formedIran Human Rights.Despite theMykonos restaurant assassinations,the Government of theFederal Republic of Germanyactively silences exiled Iranian dissidents.[37]Even so, in 2023, the Woman Life Freedom Movement won theSakharov Prize[38]and imprisoned anti-regime journalistNarges Mohammadiwas awarded theNobel Peace Prize.[39]TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Irancondemned the decision.[40][41]

UAE

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The UAE has been accused of imprisoning critics. Like many other Middle Eastern countries, it does not allow criticism of the government. Many Emirati dissidents have been languishing in jail, some of them for a decade.[42]

Egypt

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A March 2023 report byHRWstated that Egyptian authorities systematically refused to issue or renew ID cards for dozens of foreign dissidents, journalists and human rights activists over the past few years. The denial was possibly intended to pressure them to return to near-certain persecution in Egypt. By arbitrarily denying citizens valid passports and other overseas identification documents, Egyptian authorities violated both the constitution and international human rights law.[43]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Definition of" Dissident "".Merriam-Webster.16 February 2024.
  2. ^"the definition of dissident".www.dictionary.com.
  3. ^Curley, Edwin (31 March 2020).A Spinoza Reader: The Ethics and Other Works.Princeton University Press. p. xii.ISBN978-0-691-20928-9.
  4. ^abChronicle of Current Events (samizdat)Archived2011-03-16 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
  5. ^abUniversal Declaration of Human RightsArchivedDecember 8, 2014, at theWayback MachineGeneral Assembly resolution 217 A (III),United Nations,10 December 1948
  6. ^abProclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968),United Nations,May 1968
  7. ^abCONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975Archived2011-05-31 at theWayback Machine
  8. ^Carlisle, Rodney; Golson, Geoffrey (2008).The Reagan era from the Iran crisis to Kosovo.ABC-CLIO. p. 88.ISBN978-1851098859.
  9. ^Smith, Stephen (2014).The Oxford handbook of the history of communism.OUP Oxford. p. 379.ISBN978-0199602056.
  10. ^Taras, Raymond, ed. (2015) [1992].The road to disillusion: from critical Marxism to post-communism in Eastern Europe(2 ed.). Routledge. p. 62.ISBN978-1317454793.
  11. ^Barber, John (October 1997). "Opposition in Russia".Government and Opposition.32(4): 598–613.doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x.S2CID145793949.
  12. ^Rosenthal, Abe (2 June 1989)."Soviet dissenters used to die for speaking out".The Dispatch.p. 5.
  13. ^Stone, Alan (1985).Law, psychiatry, and morality: essays and analysis.American Psychiatric Pub. pp.5.ISBN978-0880482097.
  14. ^Singer, Daniel (2 January 1998)."Socialism and the Soviet Bloc".The Nation.Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2018.Retrieved11 June2020.
  15. ^"Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry".Schizophrenia Bulletin.15(4 Suppl): 1–219. 1989.doi:10.1093/schbul/15.suppl_1.1.PMID2638045.
  16. ^Hlaing, Kyaw Yin (2010)."Daw Aung San Suu Kyi: A Burmese Dissident Democrat".Burma or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity.pp. 119–154.doi:10.1142/9789814313650_0005.ISBN978-981-4313-64-3.
  17. ^"Who are the dissidents?".BBC News.10 March 2009.Retrieved13 October2009.
  18. ^Stacey, Kiran (19 August 2024)."Israel perpetrating war crimes in plain sight in Gaza, says ex-UK diplomat".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2024.Retrieved26 August2024.
  19. ^Psaledakis, Daphne; Pamuk, Humeyra (30 May 2024)."US State Department official resigns, says US report on Gaza inaccurate".Reuters.Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2024.Retrieved26 August2024.
  20. ^Bartlett, Jamie (June 2015),How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream,TEDGlobalLondon
  21. ^Hern, Alex (23 August 2017)."The dilemma of the dark web: protecting neo-Nazis and dissidents alike".The Guardian.
  22. ^David Kushner (22 October 2015)."The Darknet: Is the Government Destroying 'the Wild West of the Internet?'".Rolling Stone.
  23. ^Moore, Daniel; Rid, Thomas (2016). "Cryptopolitik and the Darknet".Survival.58(1): 7–38.doi:10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085.
  24. ^Croke, Paul (15 July 2015)."Dark Net: Secret basement of the Internet".Baltimore Post-Examiner.Retrieved20 December2017.
  25. ^"CIA concludes Saudi crown prince ordered Jamal Khashoggi's assassination".pbs.org.17 November 2018.
  26. ^"Face Finding Report into the Detention of Saudi Arabia Royals: Former Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Nayef and Prince Ahmed bin Abdul-Aziz"(PDF).Bindmans.Retrieved17 December2020.
  27. ^"Bahrain: A year of brutal government repression to crush dissent".Amnesty International.7 September 2017.Retrieved7 September2017.
  28. ^"'No one can protect you': Bahrain's year of crushing dissent "(PDF).Amnesty International.Retrieved7 September2017.
  29. ^"Bahrain: No Improvement in Rights Record".Human Rights Watch.13 January 2021.Retrieved13 January2021.
  30. ^"Huddersfield University's Bahrain degree 'providing torture hub with legitimacy'".The Guardian.5 February 2021.Retrieved5 February2021.
  31. ^"Resolution on Bahrain, in particular the cases of Nabeel Rajab, Abdulhadi al-Khawaja and Ibrahim Sharif".European Parliament.Retrieved26 April2021.
  32. ^"Bahrain Revokes Human Rights Watch Visas".HRW.10 March 2023.Retrieved10 March2023.
  33. ^"Bahrain jails men over YouTube discussion of Islam".BBC.Retrieved27 March2023.
  34. ^Sherrill, Clifton (2011). "After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader?".Orbis.55(4): 631–47.doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002.
  35. ^نگاهی به منشور همبستگی و سازماندهی برای آزادی (مهسا).Khayan London(in Persian). 13 March 2023.
  36. ^"تشکیل پروندهای سنگین برای ۱۰۷ نفر از اعضای ارشد منافقین".Etemad Online(in Persian).
  37. ^"German Government Silences Iranian Dissidents, Says Masih Alinejad".Iran International.1 December 2023.Retrieved1 December2023.
  38. ^"EU honors Iran protest icon Amini with Sakharov Prize – DW – 12/12/2023".Deutsche Welle.
  39. ^"Nobel winner Mohammadi to go on new hunger strike as peace prize is awarded".France24.9 December 2023.
  40. ^"Spokesman Raps Political Move to Award Nobel Peace Prize to Iranian Convict – Politics news".Tasnim News Agency.Tehran: tasnimnews.com. Tasnim News. 7 October 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 7 October 2023.Retrieved7 October2023.
  41. ^"Nå blir det klart hvem som får Nobels fredspris 2023"[Now it becomes clear who will receive the Nobel Peace Prize 2023].www.aftenposten.no(in Norwegian Bokmål). 6 October 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2023.Retrieved6 October2023.
  42. ^"UAE 94 dissidents unjustly imprisoned for nine years".Amnesty International.2 July 2021.
  43. ^"Egypt: Dissidents Abroad Denied Identity Documents".Human Rights Watch.13 March 2023.Retrieved13 March2023.
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Look updissidentin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^"On Dissidence".chomsky.info.Retrieved7 December2022.
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