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Guangxi

Coordinates:23°36′N108°18′E/ 23.6°N 108.3°E/23.6; 108.3
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For other uses, seeGuangxi (disambiguation).

Guangxi
Quảng tây
Kwangsi
Autonomous region
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region
Chinese transcription(s)
•PinyinGuǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
•JyutpingGwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1
•AbbreviationQuế(Guì;Gwai3)
Zhuang transcription(s)
•Standard ZhuangGvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih
•AbbreviationGvei
Clockwise from the top:
Location of Guangxi within China
Location of Guangxi within China
CountryChina
Named for
  • Quảngguǎng– 'wide'
  • Tâyxī– 'west'
  • lit. 'western expanse'
Capital(and largest city)Nanning
Divisions14prefectures,109counties,1396townships
Government
• TypeAutonomous region
• BodyGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional People's Congress
•CCP SecretaryLiu Ning
• Congress ChairmanLiu Ning
• Government ChairmanLan Tianli
•CPPCCChairmanSun Dawei
Area
• Total237,600 km2(91,700 sq mi)
• Rank9th
Highest elevation
(Kitten Mountain)
2,141 m (7,024 ft)
Population
(2020)[1]
• Total50,126,804
• Rank11th
• Density210/km2(550/sq mi)
• Rank20th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition
• Languages and dialectsZhuang,Yue languages(mainlyCantonese),Southwestern Mandarin,Pinghua
ISO 3166 codeCN-GX
GDP(2023)[2]CN¥2,720 billion (19th)
US$386 billion
GDP per capitaCN¥ 54,005 (29th)
US$ 7,664
GDP per growthIncrease4.1%
HDI(2019)Increase0.728[3]
high·25th
Website(in Chinese)Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Guangxi
Guangxi insimplified(top) andtraditional(bottom) characters
Chinese name
Simplified ChineseQuảng tây
Traditional ChineseQuảng tây
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxīⓘ
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Simplified ChineseQuảng tây tráng tộc tự trị khu
Traditional ChineseQuảng tây tráng tộc tự trị khu[4]
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetQuảng Tây
Chữ HánQuảng tây
Chữ NômKhu tự trị dân tộc tráng quảng tây
Zhuang name
ZhuangGvangjsih
1957 orthographyGvaŋзsiƅ
SawndipQuảng tây bố đồng tự trị khu

Guangxi,[a]officially theGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region[b],is anautonomous regionof thePeople's Republic of China,located inSouth Chinaand borderingVietnam(Hà Giang,Cao Bằng,Lạng Sơn,andQuảng Ninh Provinces) and theGulf of Tonkin.Formerly aprovince,Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital isNanning.[5]

Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south ofChina,has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much ofChinese history.The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was givenprovincial level statusduring theYuan dynasty,but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is "Quế"(Hanyu pinyin:Guì;Zhuang:Gvei), which comes from the name of the city ofGuilin,the provincial capital during both theMing dynastyand theQing dynasty.

Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities afterYunnan,in particular, theZhuang people,who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such asPinghua,Zhuang,Kam,Cantonese,Hakka,andMinare spoken alongsideMandarin Chinese.[6]

Name[edit]

"Guǎng"(simplified Chinese:Quảng;traditional Chinese:Quảng) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226.[7]Guangxi and neighboringGuangdongliterally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are calledLiangguang(Liangkwang;traditional Chinese:Lưỡng quảng;simplified Chinese:Lưỡng quảng;pinyin:liǎng guǎng;Cantonese Yale:léuhng gwóng;lit.'Two Expanses',Vietnamese:Lưỡng Quảng). During theSong dynasty,the Two Guangs were formally separated asGuǎngnán Xīlù(Quảng nam tây lộ;Quảng nam tây lộ;'vast south west region') andGuǎngnán Dōnglù(Quảng nam đông lộ;Quảng nam đông lộ;'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated asGuǎngxī Lù(Quảng tây lộ;Quảng tây lộ) andGuǎngdōng Lù(Quảng đông lộ;Quảng đông lộ).

Guangxi was also previously spelled asKwangsiinpostalandWade–Gilesromanizations. The spelling of the province was replaced by the pinyin spelling ofGuangxiin 1958 and is been widely used internationally after 1986.[citation needed]The official name was also known asKwangsi Chuang Autonomous Regionin a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s.[8]

History[edit]

Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as theBaiyue( "Hundred Yue",Vietnamese:Bách Việt), the region first became part of China during theQin dynasty.In 214 BC, theHan ChinesegeneralZhao Tuo(Vietnamese:Triệu Đà) claimed most of southern China forQin Shi Huangbefore the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom atPanyuknown asNanyue( "Southern Yue" ). Alternatively submissive to and independent ofHan dynastycontrol, Southern Yue expanded colonization andsinicizationunder its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue" (Hòa tập bách việt) untilits collapse in 111 BCduring thesouthward expansion of the Han dynasty.[9]

The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province (Quảng châu) of theEastern Wu,which controlled southeastern China during theThree Kingdomsperiod.Guilinformed one of its commanderies.[citation needed]

Under theTang dynasty,the Zhuang moved to supportPiluoge's kingdom ofNanzhaoinYunnan,which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning.[citation needed]

After the collapse of the Southern Zhao,Liu Yanestablished theSouthern Han(Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modernGuangdong). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by theSong dynastyin 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to the Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ( "West Southern Expanse" )Circuit.Harassed by both Song and theJiaozhiin modernVietnam,the Zhuang leaderNong Zhigaoled a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song generalDi Qingreturned Guangxi to China.[citation needed]

TheYuan dynastyestablished control over Yunnan during its conquest of theDali Kingdomin 1253 and eliminated theSouthern Songfollowing theBattle of Yamenin 1279. Rather than rulingLingnanas a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ( "Western Expanse" ) as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading theMing dynastyto employ the different local groups against one another. At theBattle of Big Rattan Gorgebetween the Zhuang and theYaoin 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported.[citation needed]

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerfulCen(Sầm) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized astusior local rulers by the Chinese emperors.

TheQing dynastyleft the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. AYaorevolt in 1831 was followed by theJintian Uprising,the beginning of theTaiping Rebellion,in January 1851 and theDa Cheng Rebellionin April 1854. The execution of St.Auguste Chapdelaineby local officials in Guangxi provoked theSecond Opium Warin 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. AlthoughLouis Brière de l'Islewas unable to invade its depot atLongzhou,theGuangxi Armysaw a great deal of action in the 1884Sino-French War.Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at theBattle of Zhennan Pass(modernFriendship Pass) on 23 March 1885.[citation needed]

Following theWuchang Uprising,Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor,Shen Bingdan,initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by a mutiny commanded by GeneralLu Rongting.General Lu'sOld Guangxi cliqueoverranHunanandGuangdongas well and helped lead theNational Protection WaragainstYuan Shikai's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made hisSelf-Government Armycohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding withSun Yat-senled to defeat in the 1920 and 1921Guangdong–Guangxi War.After a brief occupation byChen Jiongming's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years[10]untilLi Zongren'sGuangxi Pacification Armyestablished theNew Guangxi cliquedominated by Li,Huang Shaohong,andBai Chongxi.[citation needed]

Successful action in Hunan againstWu Peifuled to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsedTang Jiyao'srevoltand joined theNorthern Expeditionestablishing control over other warlords by theRepublic of China.His was one of the fewKuomintangunits free from seriousChinese Communist Party(CCP) influence and was therefore employed byChiang Kai-shekfor theShanghai massacre of 1927.Within the People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for theBaise Uprising,a failed CCP revolt led byChen ZhaoliandDeng Xiaopingin 1929.[citation needed]

In 1937, theGuangxi Women's Battalionwas founded as a response toSoong Mei-ling's appeal for women to support theSino-Japanese War.[11][12]Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students,[13]to 500,[14]to 800.[11]

Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during theChinese Civil War,but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding.[citation needed]

In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline (Qinzhou,Lianzhou (nowHepu County),FangchenggangandBeihai) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965.[citation needed]

TheGuangxi Massacre,during theCultural Revolution,involved the killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968.[15][16]

While some development ofheavy industryoccurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination.[citation needed]Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi.[citation needed]

Geography[edit]

Map of southern China

Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered byYunnanto the west,Guizhouto the north,Hunanto the northeast, andGuangdongto the east and southeast.[17][18]It is also bordered byVietnamin the southwest and theGulf of Tonkinin the south.[17][18]Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" (simplified Chinese:Quảng;traditional Chinese:Quảng;pinyin:Guǎng) being used in both names.[17]

Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous.[17][18]The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of theYunnan-Guizhou Plateau,[17]theJiuwan Mountainsand theFenghuang Mountainsboth run through the north,[17]theNanling Mountainsform the region's north-east border,[citation needed]and theYuecheng[17]andHaiyang Mountainsboth branch from the Nanling Mountains.[citation needed]Also in the north are theDuyao Mountains.[citation needed]TheDuyang Mountainsrun through the west of Guangxi.[17]Near the center of the region are theDa YaoandDa Ming Mountains.[citation needed]On the southeastern border are theYunkai Mountains.[citation needed]Guangxi's highest point isKitten Mountain,in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft).[18]

Karst landforms,[19]characterized by steep mountains and large caverns,[17]are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area.[18]

Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water: theQin Riverand theNanliu Riverboth flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the largerXiang Riverin neighbouring Hunan province, and theXi Riversystem flows southeast through the autonomous region into theSouth China Sea.[17]

Xi River systemschematic
(italics indicates rivers outside Guangxi)
He River(Hạ giang) Xi River
Li River Gui River(Quế giang)[17]
Beipan River Hongshui River[17] Qian River[17] Xun River[17]
Nanpan River
Rong River Liu River[17]
Long River
You River[17] Yong River Yu River[17]
Zuo River[17]

Along the border with Vietnam there is theBan Gioc–Detian waterfall(pinyin:Dé Tiān Pùbù), which separates the two countries.

About one-quarter of Guangxi's area is forested.[17]

Human geography[edit]

Major cities in Guangxi includeNanning,Liuzhou,Guilin,andBeihai.Notable towns includeLongmen[zh],Sanjiang,andYangshuo.[clarification needed]TheXi Riversystem provides waterways which connect to thePearl River Delta.Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on theGulf of TonkinincludeBeihai,Qinzhou,andFangchenggang.To connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi, Chinese government started to constructPinglu Canal.[20]

Climate[edit]

Guangxi has asubtropicalclimate.[18]Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October.[17]Winters are mild, and snow is rare.[17]The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F),[18]with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F),[17]and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F).[17]

Due to frequent rain-bearingmonsoonwinds, average annual precipitation is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones.[17]The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October.[citation needed]Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August.[17]Microburstscan also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September.[17]This is caused bytyphoonsblowing from theSouth China Sea.[17]

Image gallery[edit]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Main articles:List of administrative divisions of GuangxiandList of township-level divisions of Guangxi

Guangxi is divided into fourteenprefecture-level divisions:allprefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Guangxi
Division code[21] Division Area in km2[22] Population 2020[23] Seat Divisions[24]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
450000 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 236,700.00 50,126,804 Nanningcity 41 48 12 10
450100 Nanningcity 22,099.31 8,741,584 Qingxiu District 7 4 1
450200 Liuzhoucity 18,596.64 4,157,934 Liubei District 5 3 2
450300 Guilincity 27,667.28 4,931,137 Lingui District 6 8 2 1
450400 Wuzhoucity 12,572.44 2,820,977 Changzhou District 3 3 1
450500 Beihaicity 3,988.67 1,853,227 Haicheng District 3 1
450600 Fangchenggangcity 6,181.19 1,046,068 Gangkou District 2 1 1
450700 Qinzhoucity 10,820.85 3,302,238 Qinnan District 2 2
450800 Guigangcity 10,605.44 4,316,262 Gangbei District 3 1 1
450900 Yulincity 12,828.11 5,796,766 Yuzhou District 2 4 1
451000 Baisecity 36,203.85 3,571,505 Youjiang District 2 7 1 2
451100 Hezhoucity 11,771.54 2,007,858 Babu District 2 2 1
451200 Hechicity 33,487.65 3,417,945 Yizhou District 2 4 5
451300 Laibincity 13,391.59 2,074,611 Xingbin District 1 3 1 1
451400 Chongzuocity 17,345.47 2,088,692 Jiangzhou District 1 5 1

These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111county-level divisions(41districts,10county-level cities,48counties,and 12autonomous counties). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million.[25]

Urban areas[edit]

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[26] 2010 Urban area[27] 2020 City proper
1 Nanning 4,939,523 2,660,833[c] 8,741,584
2 Liuzhou 2,204,841 1,410,712[d] 4,157,934
3 Guilin 1,361,244 844,290[e] 4,931,137
4 Guigang 921,440 658,887 4,316,262
5 Yulin 877,561 547,924 5,796,766
6 Qinzhou 771,052 489,139 3,302,238
7 Beihai 673,483 463,388 1,853,227
8 Wuzhou 665,910 424,734[f] 2,820,977
9 Guiping 652,210 508,212 see Guigang
10 Beiliu 573,761 652,853 see Yulin
11 Hezhou 560,686 379,889[g] 2,007,858
12 Laibin 531,511 315,875 2,074,611
13 Baise 513,983 185,497[h] 3,571,505
14 Hechi 504,030 197,858[i] 3,417,945
15 Fangchenggang 416,752 278,955 1,046,068
16 Cenxi 397,639 337,052 see Wuzhou
17 Pingguo 277,500 [j] see Baise
18 Chongzuo 265,077 113,539 2,088,692
19 Dongxing 155,538 92,267 see Fangchenggang
20 Jingxi 150,456 [k] see Baise
21 Lipu 146,753 [l] see Guilin
22 Heshan 48,873 66,118 see Laibin
— Yizhou see Hechi 155,365[i] see Hechi
  1. ^/ɡwɑːŋˈʃiː/,gwahng-SHEE;[kwàŋ.ɕí]ⓘ;alternately romanizedasKwangsiorKwanghsi;Chinese:Quảng tây;Zhuang:Gvangjsih
  2. ^Formerly spelled as theKwangsi Chuang Autonomous Regionin the Western Bloc from 1958–1989.
  3. ^New district established after 2010 census:Wuming (Wuming County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^New district established after 2010 census:Liujiang (Liujiang County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^New district established after 2010 census:Lingui (Lingui County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^New district established after 2010 census:Longxuby splitting from parts ofCangwu County.The new district areas from Cangwu County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^New district established after 2010 census:Pingguiby splitting from parts ofZhongshan Countyand parts of Babu. The new district areas from Zhongshan County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^New district established after 2010 census:Tianyang (Tianyang County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. ^abNew district established after 2010 census:Yizhou (Yizhou CLC).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  10. ^Pingguo County is currently known as Pingguo CLC after 2010 census.
  11. ^Jingxi County is currently known as Jingxi CLC after 2010 census.
  12. ^Lipu County is currently known as Lipu CLC after 2010 census.

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[28]7,879,000—
1928[29]13,648,000+73.2%
1936–37[30]13,385,000−1.9%
1947[31]14,636,000+9.3%
1954[32]19,560,822+33.6%
1964[33]20,845,017+6.6%
1982[34]36,420,960+74.7%
1990[35]42,245,765+16.0%
2000[36]43,854,538+3.8%
2010[37] 46,026,629+5.0%
2020[38] 50,126,804+8.9%

Ethnic groups[edit]

TheHan Chineseare the largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions.[18]Of these, the main subgroups are those that speakYueandSouthwestern Mandarinvarieties ofChinese.Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively.Pinghuais spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions inLuchuan County,Bobai Countyand in some areas bordering Vietnam.

Guangxi has over 16 millionZhuangs,the largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found inNanning,Liuzhou,Chongzuo,Baise,Hechi,andLaibin.[18]The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in thecounty-level cityofJingxi,with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population is 99.7% Zhuang.[18]

The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenousYao,Miao,Kam,Mulam,Maonan,Hui,Gin,Yi,SuiandGelaopeoples.[18]Otherethnic minoritiesin Guangxi include theManchu,Mongol,Korean,Tibetan,Hlai,andTujiapeople.[18]

Ethnic makeup of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (2020 Seventh National Census)[39]
Ethnicity Han Chinese Zhuang Yao Miao Dong Mulao Maonan Hui Bouyei Gin Other nationalities
Population 31,318,824 15,721,956 1,683,038 578,122 362,580 180,185 73,199 35,347 31,303 29,326 112,924
Percentage (%) 62.48 31.36 3.36 1.15 0.72 0.36 0.15 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.23
Proportion of minority population (%) － 83.59 8.95 3.07 1.93 0.96 0.39 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.60

Religion[edit]

Religion in Guangxi[40][note 1]

Chinese ancestral religion(40.48%)
Christianity(0.26%)
Other religions or not religious people[note 2](59.26%)

The predominant religions in Guangxi among theHan ChineseareChinese folk religions,Taoist traditionsandChinese Buddhism.The largeZhuangpopulation mostly practices theZhuang folk religioncentered around the worship of their ancestral godBuluotuo( bố lạc đà ). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved inancestor veneration,while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian.[40]

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved inworship of nature deities,Buddhism,Confucianism,Taoism,folk religious sects.TheYao,another numerous ethnic group inhabiting the province, mostly practices a form ofindigenised and conservative Taoism.

Wenmiao(Temple of the God of Culture,Confucius) inGongcheng.
Shrine of Zhou Wei in Gongcheng.
Wumiao(Temple of the God of War,Guandi) in Gongcheng.

Today, there are 21mosquesin Guangxi[41]This may include:

Politics[edit]

Further information:Nationalist Government
Further information:List of current Chinese provincial leaders

Economy[edit]

View ofNanning,the capital and economic center of Guangxi.

Important crops in Guangxi includerice,maizeandsweet potatoes.Cash crops includesugar cane,peanuts,tobacco,andkenaf.

85 percent of the world'sstar aniseis grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in the antiviraloseltamivir.[43]

Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of alltinandmanganesedeposits in China.[44]

Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center.General Motorshave a manufacturing base here in a joint venture asSAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand the region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below).[44]

In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin,Guangdong.Guangxi's 2017nominal GDPwas about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Itsper capita GDPwas 38,102 yuan (US$5,770).[45]

Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provincial-level regions, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient provincial-level region in China, helping to further boost its green image.[46]

Economic and technological development zones[edit]

A commercial street inGuilin
  • Beihai Silver Beach National Tourist Holiday Resort
  • Beihai Export Processing Zone

Approved by the State Council, Beihai Export Processing Zone (BHEPZ) was established in March 2003. Total planned area is 1.454 square kilometres (0.561 sq mi). The first phase of the developed area is 1.135 square kilometres (0.438 sq mi). It was verified and accepted by the Customs General Administration and eight ministries of the state, on 26 December 2003. It is the Export Processing Zone nearest to ASEAN in China and also the only one bordering the sea in western China. It is situated next to Beihai Port.[47]

  • Dongxing Border Economic Cooperation Area
  • Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Guilin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in May 1988. In 1991, it was approved as a national-level industrial zone. It has an area of 12.07 square kilometres (4.66 sq mi). Encouraged industries include electronic information, biomedical, new materials, and environmental protection.[48]

  • Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area

Established in 1992, Nanning Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved to be a national-level zone in May 2001. Its total planned area of 10.796 square kilometres (4.168 sq mi). It is located in the south of Nanning. It has become the new developing zone with fine chemical engineering, auto parts, aluminum processing, biological medicine and other industries.[49]

  • Nanning National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1988 and was approved as a national-level industrial zone in 1992. The zone has a planned area of 43.7 square kilometres (16.9 sq mi), and it encourages industries that do electronic information, bioengineering and pharmaceutical, mechanical and electrical integration, and the new materials industry.[50]

  • Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone

In 1992, Pinxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone was established. It has a total area of 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi). It focuses on the development of hardware mechanical and electrical products, daily-use chemical processing, services, and the international logistics-based storage and information industry.[51]

  • Yongning Economic Development Zone

Investment[edit]

Seventy-one Taiwanese ventures started up in Guangxi in 2007, with contracts bringing up to US$149 million of investment, while gross exports surpassed US$1 billion. There are a total of 1182 Taiwan ventures in Guangxi, and by the end of 2006, they have brought a total of US$4.27 billion of investment into the autonomous region. During the first half of 2007, 43 projects worthy of RMB2.6 billion (US$342 million) have already been contracted between Guangxi and Taiwan investors. Cooperation between Guangxi and Taiwan companies mainly relates to manufacturing, high-tech electronic industries, agriculture, energy resources, and tourism.[citation needed]

Power[edit]

Guangxi Power Grid invested 180 million yuan in 2007 in projects to bring power to areas that still lacked access toelectricity.The areas affected includeNanning,Hechi,BoseandGuigang.Around 125,000 people have gained access to electricity. The money has been used to build or alter 738 10-kilovolt distribution units with a total length of wire reaching 1,831.8 kilometers.[citation needed]

Due to a lack of investment in construction in thepower gridnet in rural areas, more than 400 villages in Guangxi Province were not included in the projects. Around 500,000 cannot participate in the policy known as "The Same Grid, the Same Price". Guangxi Power Grid will invest 4.6 billion yuan in improving the power grid during the 11th Five Year Plan.[citation needed]

Guangxi Power Grid invested 2.5 billion yuan in building an electric power system in the first half of 2007. Of the total investment, 2.3 billion yuan has been put into the project of the main power grid. So far, four new transformer substations in Guangxi are in various stages of completion. Wenfu substation went into operation in the city of Hechi in January 2007, and since then it has become a major hub of the electrical power system of the surrounding three counties. When the Cangwu substation was completed, it doubled the local transformer capacity. In June 2007, the new substation in Chongzuo passed its operation tests. And in the same month, Qiulong commenced production too. This shall support the power supply system ofQiulongCity, as well as the northern part of the Guangxi region, and facilitate the nationwide project to transmit power from west to east.[citation needed]

Beibu Gulf Economic Zone[edit]

See also:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim

In late February 2008, the central government approved China's first international and regional economic cooperation zone in Guangxi. The construction of theBeibu Gulf Economic Zonebegan in 2006. With the approval, the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone will be formally incorporated into national development strategies.[citation needed]

The Beibu Gulf Economic Zone covers six coastal cities along theBeibu Gulf.It integrates the cities ofNanning,the region's capital,Beihai,Qinzhou,Fangchenggang,ChongzuoandYulin.The state will adopt policies and measures to support mechanism innovation, rational industry layout, and infrastructure construction in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone.[citation needed]

Guangxi has pledged a 100 billion yuan (US$14 billion) investment over the next five years[when?]for building and repairing 2,500 km (1,600 mi) railways to form a network hub in the area. Beibu Gulf Zone will serve as thelogisticsbase, business base, processing and manufacturing base, and information exchange center for China-ASEANcooperation. Beibu Gulf Zone promises broad prospects for further development and its growth potential is rapidly released. But the shortage of talent and professionals inpetrochemicals,ironandsteel,electricity,finance,tourism,port planning,logistics andmarineindustries are bottlenecks.[citation needed]

The regional government is also working on speeding up key cooperation projects includingtransportation,the marine industry, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy development, cross-border tourism, and environmental protection. Beibu Gulf has already attracted several major projects such as Qinzhouoil refineryprojects andStora Enso,aFortune 500forest products company based inFinland.In January 2008 trade import and export in the Beibu Gulf zone exceeded US$1.3 billion, a record high.[citation needed]

Bauxite reserves[edit]

In September 2007, China'sMinistry of Commercesaid that it has found 120 million tons of newbauxitereserves in Guangxi. The ministry said that the new reserves, which are located inChongzhouin the southern region ofYoujiang,have very high-quality bauxite, a raw material for makingaluminum.Currently, the proven reserves of bauxite in Guangxi are about 1 billion tons, making the province one of the country's biggest bauxite sources.

Transport[edit]

Rail[edit]

TheGuizhou–Guangxi Railwaynear the Layi Station inNandan County,Hechi.

TheHunan–Guangxi Railway (Xianggui Line),which bisects the autonomous region diagonally fromQuanzhouin the northeast on the border withHunantoPingxiangin the southwest on the border withVietnam,passes through Guangxi's three principal cities,Nanning,LiuzhouandGuilin.Most other railways in Guangxi are connected to the Xianggui Line.

From Nanning, theNanning–Kunming Railwayheads west throughBaisetoKunming,Yunnanand the Nanning–Fangchenggang Railway runs south toQinzhou,FangchenggangandBeihaion the coast. From Liuzhou, theGuizhou–Guangxi Railwayextends northwestward throughHechitoGuizhouand theJiaozuo–Liuzhou Railwayruns due north toHunan,and eventuallyHubeiandHenanincentral China.FromLitang Townshipon the Xianggui Line between Nanning and Liuzhou, theLitang–Qinzhou Railwayruns south toQinzhouon the coast and theLitang–Zhanjiang Railway (Lizhan Line)extends southeastward throughGuigangandYulintoZhanjiang,Guangdong.

TheLuoyang–Zhanjiang Railway (Luozhan Line),which intersects with the Xianggui Line on the Hunan side of the border atYongzhou,runs south throughHezhouandWuzhouin eastern Guangxi and joins the Lizhan Line at Yulin. AtCenxi,a branch of the Luozhan Line heads east toMaoming,Guangdong, forming a second rail outlet from Guangxi to Guangdong.

Roads[edit]

Aviation[edit]

Guangxi has 7 airports in different cities: Nanning, Guilin, Beihai, Liuzhou, Wuzhou, Baise, and Hechi.

Culture[edit]

Main articles:Lingnan cultureandZhuang customs and culture
Pagodas inGuilin.

"Guangxi" and neighbouringGuangdongliterally mean "Western Expanse" and "Eastern Expanse". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Expanses" (simplified Chinese:Lưỡng quảng;traditional Chinese:Lưỡng quảng;pinyin:Liǎngguǎng).

Its culture and language are reflected in this. Though now associated with theZhuangethnic minority, Guangxi's culture traditionally has had a close connection with Cantonese. Cantonese culture and language followed the Xi River valley from Guangdong and are still predominant in the eastern half of Guangxi today. Outside of this area, there is a huge variety of ethnicities and language groups represented.

Guangxi is known for its ethnolinguistic diversity. In the capital ofNanning,for example, three varieties of Chinese are spoken locally:Southwestern Mandarin,Yue(specificallyCantonese), andPinghua,in addition to variousZhuang languagesand others.[citation needed]

Cuisine[edit]

Main article:Guangxi cuisine

Guangxi cuisine is known asChinese:Quế thái;pinyin:guìcàihowever it is not as affluent as its more known neighbours likeSichuan,HunanorGuangdong.Much of Guangxi's local cuisine is centered around the cuisine of its ethnic minorities. This includes the more well knownLuosifen soup,Chinese:Quế lâm mễ phấn;pinyin:guìlín mǐfěnand a variety of pickled dishes.

Tourism[edit]

Cormorant fishermanon theLi RiverinYangshuo County

The major tourist attraction of Guangxi isGuilin,a city famed across China and the world for its spectacular setting by theLi Jiang(Li River) amongkarstpeaks. It also used to be the capital of Guangxi andJingjiang Princes' City,the old princes' residence, is open to the public. South of Guilin down the river is the town ofYangshuo,which has become a favourite destination for foreign tourists.

The variety of visible cultures in Guangxi, such as theZhuangandDong,are also a draw for tourists. The northern part of the region, borderingGuizhou,is home to theLongsheng Rice Terraces,some of the steepest in the world. Nearby isSanjiang Dong Autonomous County.

Many Chinese tourists visiting Nanning also visitBan Gioc–Detian Fallson the China-Vietnam border.

Education[edit]

See also:List of universities and colleges in Guangxi

Sister regions[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[40]to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised intolineage "churches"andancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^This may include:

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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