Jump to content

KwaZulu-Natal

Coordinates:29°S31°E/ 29°S 31°E/-29; 31
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromPolitics of KwaZulu-Natal)
This article is about a province of South Africa. For the former bantustan, seeKwaZulu.For the former province, seeNatal (province).For other uses, seeZululand (disambiguation).

KZN
iKwaZulu-Natali
Province
KwaZulu-Natal
Coat of arms of KZN
Coat of arms
Nickname:
The Garden Province
Mottoes:
  • Masisukume sakhe
  • ( "Let us rise and build" )
Map showing the location of KwaZulu-Natal in the south-eastern part of South Africa
Location of KwaZulu-Natal inSouth Africa
CountrySouth Africa
Province27 April 1994
CapitalPietermaritzburg
Largest cityDurban
Districts
List
Government
• TypeParliamentary system
•PremierThami Ntuli(IFP)
• LegislatureKwaZulu-Natal Legislature
Area
[1]: 9 
• Total94,361 km2(36,433 sq mi)
• Rank7th in South Africa
Highest elevation
3,451 m (11,322 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
(2022)[2]
• Total12,818,479
• Rank2nd in South Africa
• Density132/km2(340/sq mi)
• Rank2nd in South Africa
DemonymNatalian
Population groups (2022)
[2]
•Black84.8%
•IndianorAsian9.3%
•White4.1%
•Coloured1.5%
• Other0.3%
Languages (2022)
[2]
•Zulu80.0%
•English14.4%
•Xhosa3.1%
•Afrikaans1.0%
Time zoneUTC+2(SAST)
ISO 3166 codeZA-KZN
HDI(2019)0.706[3]
high·5th of 9
GDPUS$64.7 billion[4]
Websitewww.kznonline.gov.za
KwaZulu-Natal
ZuluiKwaZulu-Natali
XhosaiKwaZulu-Natala
AfrikaansKwaZoeloe-Natal
XitsongaKaZulu-Natali

KwaZulu-Natal(/kwɑːˌzuːluːnəˈtɑːl/,also referred to asKZN;nicknamed "the garden province" )[5]is aprovince of South Africathat was created in 1994 when the government merged theZulubantustanofKwaZulu( "Place of the Zulu" inZulu) andNatal Province.

It is located in the southeast of the country, with a long shoreline on theIndian Ocean.It shares borders with three other provinces and the countries ofMozambique,EswatiniandLesotho.Its capital isPietermaritzburg,and its largest city isDurban.It is the second-most populous province in South Africa, afterGauteng.

Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declaredUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites:theiSimangaliso Wetland Parkand theuKhahlamba Drakensberg Park.These areas are extremely scenic as well as important to the surrounding ecosystems.

During the 1830s and early 1840s, the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was established as theZulu Kingdom.The southern part was, briefly, theBoerNatalia Republicbefore the British took over control in 1843, renaming it as theColony of Natalin 1843. The Zulu Kingdom remained independent until 1879.

KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa's history, such asAlbert Luthuli,the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded theNobel Peace Prize(1960);Pixley ka Isaka Seme,the founder of theAfrican National Congress(ANC) and South Africa's first black lawyer;John Langalibalele Dube,the ANC's founding president;Harry Gwala,ANC member and anti-apartheid activist;Mac Maharaj,Grammy award-winning groupLadysmith Black Mambazo,Grammy award-winning DJBlack Coffee,ANC member, anti-apartheid activist andLittle Rivonia Trial defendant;Mangosuthu Buthelezi,the founder of theInkatha Freedom Party(IFP);Anton Lembede,the founding president of theANC Youth League;Jacob Zuma,the formerPresident of South Africa;Bhambatha,a 19th-century Zulu chief who became ananti-apartheidicon; andShaka Zulu.

Geography

[edit]
TheMngeni Rivervalley nearHowick Falls

At around 92,100 km2(35,600 sq mi) in area, KwaZulu-Natal is roughly the size of Portugal. It has three different geographic areas and is the eastern most province in the country. Thelowlandregion along the Indian Ocean coast is extremely narrow in the south, widening in the northern part of the province, while the centralNatal Midlandsconsists of an undulating hillyplateaurising toward the west. Two mountainous areas, the westernDrakensberg Mountainsand northernLebombo Mountainsform, respectively, a solidbasaltwall rising over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) beside Lesotho border and low parallel ranges of ancientgraniterunning southward from Eswatini. The area's largest river, theTugela,flows west to east across the center of the province.

The coastal regions typically havesubtropicalthickets and deeper ravines; steep slopes host someAfromontane Forest.The midlands have moist grasslands and isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north has a primarily moistsavannahabitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostlyalpinegrassland.

The province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. TheiSimangaliso Wetland Parkand theuKhahlamba Drakensberg Parkhave been declaredUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, arewetlandsof international importance formigratoryspecies and are designated asRamsar sites.South Africa signed the 1971Ramsar Conventionto try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats and numerous species.

The formerEastern Capeenclaveof the town ofUmzimkuluand its hinterland have been incorporated into KwaZulu-Natal following the 12th amendment of theConstitution of South Africa.The amendment also made other changes to the southern border of the province.

The northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude traverses the province from the coast atHibberdene(30°34′35″S30°34′35″E/ 30.57639°S 30.57639°E/-30.57639; 30.57639) to northeastLesotho.

The province became the first to include a portion of road that is made of partial plastic, the equivalent of nearly 40,000 recycled milk cartons.[6][7]

Climate

[edit]
Upland savannah near Pietermaritzburg
Mangrove forest at the Umgeni River estuary in Durban
Mangrove forest at the Umgeni River estuary in Durban

KwaZulu-Natal has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to diverse, complex topography. Generally, the coast issubtropicalwith inland regions becoming progressively colder.Durbanon the south coast has an annual rainfall of 1009 mm, with daytime maxima peaking from January to March at 28 °C (82 °F) with a minimum of 21 °C (70 °F), dropping to daytime highs from June to August of 23 °C (73 °F) with a minimum of 11 °C (52 °F).

The temperature drops towards the hinterland, withPietermaritzburgbeing similar in the summer, but much cooler in the winter.Ladysmithin the Tugela River Valley reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy winter snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand north coast has the warmest climate and highest humidity, supporting manysugar canefarms around Pongola.

Borders

[edit]

KwaZulu-Natal borders the following areas of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho:

Domestically, it borders the following provinces:

Administrative divisions

[edit]
A map of South Africa showing the districts of KwaZulu-Natal province
Population density in KwaZulu-Natal
  • <1 /km2
  • 1–3 /km2
  • 3–10 /km2
  • 10–30 /km2
  • 30–100 /km2
  • 100–300 /km2
  • 300–1000 /km2
  • 1000–3000 /km2
  • >3000 /km2
Dominant languages in KwaZulu-Natal
See also:Parks of KwaZulu-Natal,List of cities and towns in KwaZulu-Natal,andList of municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal

The KwaZulu-Natal Province is divided into onemetropolitan municipalityand tendistrict municipalities.The district municipalities are in turn divided into 44local municipalities.The local seat of each district municipality is given in parentheses:

In 2012, theIngonyama Trustowns 32% of the land in KwaZulu-Natal, in many municipalities. This amounts to about three million hectares, occupied by over 4 million people. The Zulu king is the chairman of the Trust.

Metropolitan municipalities

[edit]

District municipalities

[edit]

Coastline

[edit]
A beach on the North Coast

The coastline is dotted with small towns, many of which serve as seasonal recreational hubs. The climate of the coastal areas is humid and subtropical, comparable to southern Florida in the United States, but not quite as hot and rainy in the summer. As one moves further north up the coast towards the border of Mozambique, the climate becomes almost purely tropical. North of Durban is locally referred to as "The North Coast",while south is"The South Coast".TheKwazulu-Natal Tourist boardincludes towns such asMargate,Port Shepstone,ScottburghandPort Edwardin its definition of the South Coast, whileBallito,uMhlanga,ZimbaliandSalt Rockare North Coast resort towns.

San Lameer Resort

Beaches of world-class quality are to be found along virtually every part of South Africa's eastern seaboard, with some of the least-developed gems found in the far southern and far northern ends of the province.Marina Beach(and its adjoining resort San Lameer) was recognised in 2002 as aBlue Flag beach.

Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "sardine run".Referred to as" the greatest shoal on earth ", the sardine run occurs when millions ofsardinesmigrate from theirspawninggrounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along theEastern Capecoastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, includinggame fish,sharks,dolphins andseabirds.Usually, the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.

Interior

[edit]

The interior of the province consists largely of rolling hills from theValley of a Thousand Hillsto theMidlands.Their beauty has inspired literature.Alan Paton,in the novelCry, the Beloved Country,wrote:

There is a lovely road that runs fromIxopointo the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it. The road climbs seven miles (11 km) into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of thetitihoya,one of the birds of the veld. Below you is the valley of theUmzimkulu,on its journey from the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind the river, great hill after great hill; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli andGriqualand East.

History

[edit]
Further information:Zulu Kingdom,Natalia Republic,Colony of Natal,Natal Province,andKwaZulu

OnChristmasDay 1497, Portuguese explorerVasco da Gamasaw the coast of Natal and named the site after the Portuguese word for Christmas,Natal.TheNgunibranch of theBantuoccupied this area from the early 1300s[8]

The first European settlers, mostly British, establishedPort Natal,a trading post. They made almost no attempt to develop the interior, whose inhabitants had beendecimatedby theZuluking,Shaka.TheAfrikanerVoortrekkersentered the area via theDrakensbergpasses in 1837. These Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at theBattle of Blood Riverin 1838 and thereafter established the Republic of Natal. Thus, the territory was once part of ashort-lived Boer republicbetween 1839 and 1843 until its annexation by Britain. Many Afrikaner inhabitants left for the interior after the annexation and were replaced by immigrants, mainly from Britain.

From 1860 onwards, increasing numbers of Indians, mainlyTamils,[9]were brought in by the British mainly to work in the sugar plantations on the coast. The colony acquired Zululand (the area north of the Tugela River) after the Zulu War of 1879. The lands north of the Buffalo River were added in 1902.Boerforces entered the area during the South African War (1899 to 1902) – also known as the secondBoer War– and laid siege toLadysmith.They failed to build on their initial advantage and for three months the line between the opposing forces followed the course of theTugela River.In 1910, the colony became a province of the Union of South Africa and in 1961 of the Republic of South Africa.

When thehomelandof KwaZulu, which means "Place of the Zulu" was re-incorporated into the Natal province after the end ofapartheidin 1994, the province of Natal, which had existed between 1910 and 1994, was renamed KwaZulu-Natal. The province is home to the Zulu monarchy; the majority population speakZulu.It is the only province in South Africa that has the name of its dominant ethnic group as part of its name. As withEastern Cape,mostWhite South Africansin KwaZulu-Natal are ofBritish descentand less than a quarter of whites in the province are of Boer/Afrikaner descent.[10][11][12]

Provincial coat of arms

[edit]

The lion andwildebeestsupportersare symbols of, respectively, KwaZulu and Natal, the regions joined to create KwaZulu-Natal. Besides its importance as a symbol of the Zulu monarchy, the lion is also featured in the state emblems of the India and the United Kingdom which together represent the three largest people groups in KwaZulu-Natal and also represents the unity between them. The zig-zag stripe represents theDrakensberg,which is green in summer, but snowcapped in winter.[13]

The star represents theStar of Bethlehem,due to Vasco da Gama naming the region "Natalia", a reference to the birth of Christ, on Christmas Day in 1497. Thestrelitziaflower on the shield symbolizes the province's beauty. Theassegaiandknobkierriebehind the shield represent protection and peace. The base of thecrown elementis a type of headdress traditionally worn by Zulu elders, that represents wisdom and maturity. The element itself is a Zulu-style grass hut. The motto isMasisukume Sakhe,Zulu for "Let us stand up and build".[13]

Law and government

[edit]
The KwaZulu-Natal parliament building, located inPietermaritzburg

Provincial government

[edit]

KwaZulu-Natal's provincial government sits inPietermaritzburg.The foundation stone of the new legislative building was laid on 21 June 1887, to commemorateQueen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.The building was completed two years later. On 25 April 1889, the Governor of Natal, SirArthur Havelock,opened the first Legislative Council session in the new building.

This was the former site of St Mary's Church, built in the 1860s. The congregation built a new church in 1884 at the corner of Burger Street and Commercial Road. The old building was demolished in 1887 to provide space for the legislative complex.

When governance was granted to Natal in 1893, the new Legislative Assembly took over the chamber used by the Legislative Council since 1889. Further extensions to the parliamentary building were made. The building was unoccupied until 1902, when it was used without being officially opened, due to the country's being engulfed in theAnglo-Boer war.The war forced the Legislative Assembly to move the venue of its sittings, as its chamber was used as a military hospital.

The Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council buildings have both been protected asprovincial landmarks.They formed a colonial Parliament of two houses: a Council of 11 nominated members and an Assembly of 37 elected members. The Natal Parliament was disbanded in 1910 when the Union of South Africa was formed, and the Assembly became the meeting place of the Natal Provincial Council. The council was disbanded in 1986.

TheProvincial Legislatureconsists of 80 members.

Current composition

[edit]
See also:2024 KwaZulu-Natal provincial election

The2024 electionsaw a major upheaval in KwaZulu-Natal's political landscape. TheAfrican National Congress(ANC), which had won a majority in the province in every election since2004,saw its vote collapse by nearly two-thirds, down to 17% and in third place. In contrast,uMkhonto we Sizwe,a new party led by former PresidentJacob Zuma,became the province's largest party, winning 45% of the vote, primarily among the province's ethnicZulumajority. After the election, theInkatha Freedom Party(IFP), which previously had been the province's official opposition party, formed a coalition government with the ANC, theDemocratic Alliance(DA), and theNational Freedom Party.As part of the coalition agreement, the IFP'sThami Ntulibecamepremier,making him the first IFP member to hold the position in twenty years.[14]

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
uMkhonto we Sizwe1,590,81345.35New37New
Inkatha Freedom Party633,77118.07Increase2.7315Increase2
African National Congress595,95816.99Decrease27.2314Decrease30
Democratic Alliance468,51513.36Decrease0.5411Steady0
Economic Freedom Fighters79,2112.26Decrease7.652Decrease6
National Freedom Party19,5480.56Decrease1.011Steady0
Moodley Thanasagren Rubbanathan12,3230.35New0New
African Christian Democratic Party11,3660.32Decrease0.160Decrease1
ActionSA9,5690.27New0New
Allied Movement for Change8,0070.23New0New
Patriotic Alliance7,8430.22New0New
African Transformation Movement6,4770.18Decrease0.310Decrease1
Democratic Liberal Congress6,1260.17Decrease0.210Steady0
Al Jama-ah6,0120.17Decrease0.110Steady0
Freedom Front Plus5,6380.16Decrease0.150Steady0
Build One South Africa4,6480.13New0New
African People's Movement4,1170.12New0New
Rise Mzansi3,8980.11New0New
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania3,8170.11Increase0.040Steady0
Justice and Employment Party3,6260.10Decrease0.130Steady0
Congress of the People3,6150.10Decrease0.040Steady0
Abantu Batho Congress3,2140.09New0New
People's Freedom Party3,1620.09New0New
Sizwe Ummah Nation2,7310.08New0New
United Democratic Movement2,5650.07Decrease0.030Steady0
African Independent Congress2,5270.07Decrease0.190Steady0
African Movement Congress2,0490.06New0New
Good2,0050.06Decrease0.050Steady0
Arise SA1,9580.06New0New
African People First1,0070.03New0New
Economic Liberators Forum South Africa6790.02New0New
All Citizens Party6310.02New0New
Africa Restoration Alliance6290.02New0New
Total3,508,055100.00–80–
Valid votes3,508,05598.88
Invalid/blank votes39,7611.12
Total votes3,547,816100.00
Registered voters/turnout5,738,24961.83
Source:Electoral Commission of South Africa

Inkatha Freedom Party's Thami Ntuli was officially inaugurated as the Premier of KwaZulu-Natal on 18 June 2024.[15]

Zulu monarchy

[edit]

KwaZulu-Natal is the home to theZulu monarch,currently KingMisuzulu ZulukaZwelithini. As of 2015,the king is provided a stipend of 54 millionSouth African randsby the provincial government.[16]He is also the chairman of theIngonyama Trust,which controls 32% of the area of the province. Under provincial legislation the Zulu monarch is considered the monarch of the province of KwaZulu-Natal.[17]The King's constitutional powers are limited. This makes KwaZulu-Natal, uniquely among South African provinces, a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

Demographics

[edit]

As of the2022 census,KwaZulu-Natal had a population of 12,423,907, an increase of 21.0% from the prior census in2011.It is the second-most populous of South Africa's nine provinces. The median age is 28, an increase of 6 years from 2011.[18]

Race/Ethnicity

[edit]

In the 2022 census, 84.8% of the population described themselves asBlack African,9.3% asIndian/Asian,4.1% asWhite,and 1.5% asColoured.[18]A large majority of Black African people in the province areZulu.KwaZulu-Natal has the largest Indian population in South Africa, with a majority of all Indian South Africans living in the province. A majority of the White population is ofBritish descent,making it one of only two provinces (along with theEastern Cape) where Whites of British descent outnumberAfrikaners.

Historic Breakdown of Population by Group[18]
Population Group 1996 2001 2011 2022
Black African 82.8% 85.2% 86.9% 84.8%
Indian/Asian 9.3% 8.3% 7.4% 9.3%
White 6.6% 5.0% 4.2% 4.1%
Coloured 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% 1.5%
Other n/a n/a 0.3% 0.3%

Languages

[edit]

In the 2022 census, 81.8% of the population reported theirfirst languageasZulu,14.4% asEnglish,3.1% asXhosa,and 1.0% asAfrikaans.KwaZulu-Natal is the only province in which native Zulu-speakers form a majority of the population. The province also has the second-highest proportion of English speakers of South Africa's nine provinces (after theWestern Cape).[18]

Religion

[edit]

According to the2022 census,74.9% of the population described themselves asChristians,the lowest proportion among South Africa's nine provinces. Substantial minorities of the population practiceTraditional African religions,Hinduism,andIslam.[2]

Religious Affiliation (2022)
Christianity 74.9%
Traditional African 13.6%
Hinduism 4.2%
Islam 1.9%
Buddhism 0.1%
Atheism 0.1%
Agnosticism 0.1%
No religious affiliation 3.4%
Other 1.8%

Economy

[edit]
Sugar cane in Midlands South.

KwaZulu-Natal has the second largest regional economy in the country afterGauteng.Durbanis a rapidly growing urban area and is by most measures the busiest port in Africa.[19]A good railway network links the city to other areas of Southern Africa.

Sugar refining is Durban's main industry. Sheep, cattle, dairy,citrusfruits,corn,sorghum,cotton, bananas, andpineapplesare also raised. There is an embryonic KwaZulu-Natal wine industry. Other industries, located mainly in and around Durban, include textile, clothing,chemicals,rubber,fertiliser,paper, vehicle assembly and food-processing plants, tanneries, andoilrefineries.

To the north,Newcastleis the province's industrial powerhouse, withMittal Steel South Africa(previously ISPAT/ISCOR) and the Karbochemsynthetic rubberplant dominating the economy. In 2002, Newcastle became the largest producer of chrome chemicals in Africa with the completion of a chrome-chemical plant, a joint-venture project between Karbochem and German manufacturing giant Bayer.

Other large operations include a diamond-cutting works, various heavy engineering concerns, the Natal Portland Cement (NPC) slagment cement factory, and the Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (old Ingagane Power Station). This was recommissioned as Africa's first gas-fired power station by Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), and it supplies the Karbochem Plant with electricity. The textile industry is a major employer in the Newcastle area, with over 100 factories belonging to ethnic Taiwanese and Chinese industrialists. Maize, livestock and dairy farmers operate on the outskirts of the city. Coal is mined in the Newcastle area.

Offshore mining ofheavy mineral sandsincluding minerals with a concentration of significant economic importance at several locations, such asrutile,ilmeniteandzirconare threatening the marine ecology of KwaZulu-Natal's coast, including the Tugela Banks. The fishing economy of the prawn and nurse fisheries are also threatened.[20][21]

Ecology tourism is increasingly important to the economy of KwaZulu-Natal. The area's rich biodiversity and efforts at conservation have been recognised. Tourists have come to see theiSimangaliso Wetland Parkand theuKhahlamba Drakensberg Park,declaredUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.These two major parks and that of Ndumo havewetlandsof international importance listed asRamsar sitesfor conservation.

Civil society

[edit]

Prominent civil society organisations based in the province of KwaZulu-Natal include:Abahlali baseMjondolo(shackdwellers') movement,[22]the Diakonia Council of Churches,[23]theRight2Knowcampaign,[24]and the Unemployed People's Movement.[25]

Ecology

[edit]
Natal plum

There are various game reserves found in the province; one notable example isHluhluwe–Imfolozi Park,where thesouthern white rhinoceroswas saved from extinction.

In many of these larger reserves, large animals ranging from severalantelopespecies toelephant,Cape buffaloandhippopotamuscan be found. Predators includelions,leopards,andCape wild dogs.

Thescaly yellowfish(Labeobarbus natalensis) is a fish found in theTugela Riversystem as well as in theUmzimkulu,Umfoloziand theMgeni.It is a commonendemicspecies in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it lives in different habitats between theDrakensbergfoothills and the coastal lowlands.[26]

Carissa macrocarpa(Natal plum) is a shrub native to South Africa, where it is commonly called the "large num-num". In the Zulu language or isiZulu, as well as in the Bantu tribes of Uganda, it is known as theAmathungulu or umThungulu oBomvu.In Afrikaans, the fruit is callednoem-noem.

Education

[edit]

Universities

[edit]

TheUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal(UKZN) has five campuses in the province.[27]It was formed on 1 January 2004 after the merger between theUniversity of Nataland theUniversity of Durban-Westville.[28]Other universities are:

Colleges

[edit]
  • Central Technical College
  • Oval International Education

Sport

[edit]

Major sports events

[edit]
Runners lined up inPietermaritzburgat the start of the 2023 Comrades Marathon

Provincial sports teams

[edit]
Football (soccer)
The South AfricanPremier Soccer League(PSL) currently features the following teams from the province:
AmaZulu,Golden Arrowsand Royal AM(Durban)
Thanda Royal Zulu(Richards Bay)
Maritzburg United(Pietermaritzburg)
Royal AM(Durban)
Rugby union
United Rugby Championship
The Sharks
Currie Cup
Sharks
Cricket
Dolphinsplaying in theCSA 4-Day Domestic Series(successor to theKwaZulu-Natal cricket team)
Tuskers
Basketball
Kwazulu Marlins

References

[edit]
  1. ^Census 2011: Census in brief(PDF).Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012.ISBN9780621413885.
  2. ^abcd"Statistical Release - Census 2022"(PDF).statssa.gov.za.Retrieved22 August2024.Cite error: The named reference "2022 census" was defined multiple times with different content (see thehelp page).
  3. ^"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab".hdi.globaldatalab.org.Retrieved13 September2018.
  4. ^"Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022"(PDF),www.statssa.gov.za
  5. ^"KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa".Archived fromthe originalon 24 July 2014.Retrieved10 April2014.
  6. ^Reynolds, Emma (30 October 2019)."Plastic bottles repaving South Africa's roads".CNN.Retrieved18 May2020.
  7. ^"South Africas first plastic based road has been built".averda.co.za. 28 September 2019.Retrieved20 May2020.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^"Vasco da Gama's Voyage of 'Discovery' 1497".South African History Online.Retrieved4 August2020.
  9. ^Watson, Robert George Theodor (1960).Tongaati: an African experiment.Hutchinson. p. 83.
  10. ^South Africa as a Multi-Ethnic Society By Godfrey Mwakikagile pg. 136
  11. ^South Africa and Its People By Godfrey Mwakikagile pg. 152
  12. ^Cana, Frank Richardson (1922)."Natal".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 31 (12th ed.). pp. 1058–1059.
  13. ^abMy country South Africa – celebrating our national symbols and heritage,Department of Education (South Africa),ISBN1-77018-108-3.
  14. ^Pilay, Minoahni (14 June 2024)."IFP's Thami Ntuli elected as new KZN Premier".SABC.Retrieved14 June2024.
  15. ^Ludidi, Velani (19 June 2024)."South Africa: New KZN Premier Thami Ntuli Announces Coalition Cabinet During Inauguration Address".Daily Maverick.
  16. ^Laing, Aislinn (2 June 2015)."How South African Zulu king's spending drove his purse-holder to madness".The Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2022.Retrieved16 September2019.
  17. ^KwaZulu-Natal Zulu Royal House Trust Act, 2018(Act). KwaZulu-Natal Legislature. 7 June 2018. Chapter 1.Retrieved26 May2024.
  18. ^abcd"Statistical Release - Census 2022"(PDF).statssa.gov.za.Retrieved22 August2024.
  19. ^"Durban, Africa's Eastern Gem - 5 Star Durban - Showcasing Beautiful KwaZulu-Natal".5stardurban.co.za.9 January 2015.
  20. ^Richards Bay Minerals:History,www.rbm.co.zaArchived31 May 2014 at theWayback Machine
  21. ^"South African Coastal Information Centre:The Zululand coastal region....www.sacoast.ioisa.org.za ".Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2014.Retrieved8 May2014.
  22. ^Churches want justice
  23. ^Shoba, Sibongakonke (7 January 2009)."South Africa: Churches Ask Parties to Preach Tolerance"– via AllAfrica.
  24. ^"200 march against Information Bill - IOL News".iol.co.za.
  25. ^"No mercy, no grants, says Mkhize".Archived fromthe originalon 31 July 2013.Retrieved10 January2019.
  26. ^"Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007"(PDF).wrc.org.za.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 June 2017.Retrieved29 March2012.
  27. ^"Choice of campuses".University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2007.Retrieved18 November2007.
  28. ^"History of the University of KwaZulu-Natal".University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived fromthe originalon 20 August 2011.Retrieved28 August2011.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forKwaZulu-Natal.

29°S31°E/ 29°S 31°E/-29; 31

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal&oldid=1246263543#Law_and_government"