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Poole

Coordinates:50°43′N1°59′W/ 50.717°N 1.983°W/50.717; -1.983
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This article is about Coastal town in Dorset, England. For other uses, seePoole (disambiguation).
"Poole, England" redirects here. For the British Army general, seePoole England.

Poole
Town
Twin Sails Bridge,Parish church,Hamworthy Bridge,theOld Town,theQuayside
Flag of Poole
Flag
Official logo of Poole
Coat of arms of the borough council
Motto:
"Ad Morem Villae De Poole""According to the custom of the Town of Poole"
Former Poole unitary authority (dark red) within Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (red)
Former Poole unitary authority (dark red) within Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (red)
Coordinates:50°43′N1°59′W/ 50.717°N 1.983°W/50.717; -1.983
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionSouth West England
Ceremonial countyDorset
Historic countyDorset
Unitary authorityBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Government
• TypeCharter trustee
• BodyBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council
•MPs:Jessica Toale(L)
Neil Duncan-Jordan(L)
Vikki Slade(LD)
Area
• Total25.05 sq mi (64.88 km2)
Population
(2022)
• Total151,500
• Density5,520/sq mi (2,133/km2)
Time zoneUTC0(Greenwich Mean Time)
Postcodes
BH12–17
Area code01202
ISO 3166-2GB-POL
ONS code00HP (ONS)
E06000029 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSZ009906
Ethnicity
2011 Census[1]		91.9% White British
3.3% Other White
1.0% South Asian
0.3% Black
3.5% Other
Websitepoole.gov.uk

Poole(/puːl/ⓘ) is a coastal town and seaport on the south coast of England in theBournemouth, Christchurch and Pooleunitary authority area inDorset,England. The town is 21 miles (34 km) east ofDorchesterand adjoinsBournemouthto the east. Since 1 April 2019, the local authority isBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council.The town had an estimated population of 151,500 (mid-2016 census estimates) making it the second-largest town in the ceremonial county of Dorset. Together withBournemouthandChristchurch,theconurbationhas a total population of nearly 400,000.

The settlement dates back to before theIron Age.The earliest recorded use of the town's name was in the 12th century when the town began to emerge as an important port, prospering with the introduction of thewool trade.Later, the town had important trade links with North America and, at its peak during the 18th century, it was one of the busiest ports in Britain. In theSecond World War,Poole was one of the main departing points for theNormandy landings.

Poole is a tourist resort, attracting visitors with its largenatural harbour,history, theLighthousearts centre andBlue Flag beaches.The town has acommercial portwithcross-Channelfreight and passenger ferry services, which connect with theChannel IslandsofJerseyandGuernsey,as well as theFrenchport town ofSaint-Malo,Brittany.

The headquarters of theRoyal National Lifeboat Institution(RNLI) is in Poole, and theRoyal Marineshave a base in the town's harbour. Despite their names, Poole is the home ofThe Arts University Bournemouth,theBournemouth Symphony Orchestraand a significant part ofBournemouth University.

History

[edit]
Main article:History of Poole
ThePoole Logboat,a 2,000-year-olddugout canoediscovered during dredging works inPoole Harbour

The area around modern Poole has been inhabited for at least the past 2,500 years, with nearbyChristchurch Harbourevidencing human activity dating back to theNeolithicperiod atHengistbury Head.During the 3rd century BC,Celtic-speaking peopleknown as theDurotrigesmoved from hilltop settlements atMaiden CastleandBadbury Ringsto heathland around theRiver FromeandPoole Harbour.[2]TheRomanslanded at Poole during theirconquest of Britainin the 1st century and took over anIron Agesettlement atHamworthy,an area just west of the modern town centre.[3]

The town's name may have originated around the post-Roman or Anglo-Saxon periods, and seems to have originally applied to the harbour. It is derived from the lateBrittonicor earlyOld Englishwordspolmeaning a pool or creek.[4]

By the middle to lateAnglo-Saxonperiod, Poole was included in the Kingdom ofWessex.The settlement was used as a base for fishing and the harbour a place for ships to anchor on their way to the River Frome and the important Anglo-Saxon town ofWareham.[5]Poole experienced two large-scaleVikinginvasions during this era: in 876,Guthrumsailed his fleet through the harbour to attack Wareham, and in 1015,Canutebegan his conquest of England in Poole Harbour, using it as a base to raid and pillage Wessex.[6][7]

Following theNorman conquest of England,Poole rapidly grew into a busy port as the importance of Wareham declined.[8]The town was part of themanorof Canford but does not exist as an identifiable entry in theDomesday Book.[9]The earliest written mention of Poole occurred on a document from 1196 describing the newly built St James's Chapel in "La Pole".[10]TheLord of the Manor,SirWilliam Longspée,sold acharterof liberties to theburgessesof Poole in 1248 to raise funds for his participation in theSeventh Crusade.[5]Consequently, Poole gained a small measure of freedom fromfeudal ruleand acquired the right to appoint a mayor and hold a court within the town. Poole's growing importance was recognised in 1433 when it was awardedstaple portstatus byKing Henry VI,enabling the port to begin exporting wool and in turn granting a licence for the construction of a town wall.[11]In 1568, Poole gained further autonomy when it was granted legal independence from Dorset and made acounty corporateby the Great Charter ofElizabeth I.[12]During theEnglish Civil War,Poole'spuritanstance and its merchants' opposition to theship moneytax introduced byKing Charles Iled to the town declaring forParliament.[13]Poole escaped any large-scale attack and with theRoyalistson the brink of defeat in 1646, the Parliamentary garrison from Poole laid siege to and captured the nearby Royalist stronghold atCorfe Castle.[14][15]

Beech Hurst in the town centre, aGeorgianmansion built in 1798 for a wealthy Newfoundland merchant

Poole established successful commerce with theNorth American coloniesin the 16th century, including the important fisheries ofNewfoundland.[12]Trade with Newfoundland grew steadily to meet the demand for fish from the Catholic countries of Europe. Poole's share of this trade varied but the most prosperous period started in the early 18th century and lasted until the early 19th century. The trade followed a three-cornered route; ships sailed to Newfoundland with salt and provisions, then carried dried and salted fish to Europe before returning to Poole with wine, olive oil, and salt.[16]By the early 18th century Poole had more ships trading with North America than any other English port and vast wealth was brought to Poole's merchants.[17]This prosperity supported much of the development which now characterises the Old Town where many of themedievalbuildings were replaced withGeorgianmansions andterraced housing.[16][18]The end of theNapoleonic Warsand the conclusion of theWar of 1812ended Britain's monopoly over the Newfoundland fisheries and other nations took over services provided by Poole's merchants at a lower cost. Poole's Newfoundland trade rapidly declined and within a decade most merchants had ceased trading.[19][20]

Poole Quay was the busy centre of the town's maritime trade.

The town grew rapidly during theindustrial revolutionas urbanisation took place and the town became an area ofmercantileprosperity and overcrowded poverty. At the turn of the 19th century, nine out of ten workers were engaged in harbour activities, but as the century progressed, ships became too large for the shallow harbour and the port lost business to the deepwater ports atLiverpool,SouthamptonandPlymouth.[17]Poole's first railway station opened inHamworthyin 1847 and later extended to the centre of Poole in 1872, effectively ending the port's busy coastal shipping trade.[20]The beaches and landscape of southern Dorset and south-westHampshirebegan to attract tourists during the 19th century and the villages to the east of Poole began to grow and merge until theseaside resortofBournemouthemerged. Although Poole did not become a resort, like many of its neighbours, it continued to prosper as the rapid expansion of Bournemouth created a large demand for goods manufactured in Poole.[21]

DuringWorld War II,Poole was the third-largest embarkation point forD-Daylandings ofOperation Overlordand afterwards served as a base for supplies to theallied forcesin Europe.[12]Eighty-one landing craft containing American troops from the29th Infantry Divisionand theUS Army Rangersdeparted Poole Harbour forOmaha Beach.[22]Poole was also an important centre for the development ofCombined Operationsand the base for aUS Coast Guardrescueflotillaof 60cutters.[23]Much of the town suffered from German bombing during the war - in which the Municipal Borough lost 75 civilian lives[24]- and years of neglect in the post-wareconomic decline.Majorredevelopmentprojects began in the 1950s and 1960s and large areas ofslumproperties were demolished and replaced with modern public housing and facilities. Many of Poole's historic buildings were demolished during this period, particularly in the Old Town area of Poole. Consequently, a 6-hectare (15-acre)Conservation Areawas created in the town centre in 1975 to preserve Poole's most notable buildings.[25][26]ThePoole explosion of 1988caused 3,500 people to be evacuated out of thetown centrein the biggest peacetime evacuation the country had seen since theWorld War II.[27][28]

Governance

[edit]
Main articles:Bournemouth, Christchurch and PooleandPoole Borough Council

There is one tier of local government covering Poole, atunitary authoritylevel:Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council,which is based at theCivic CentreinBournemouth.

Administrative history

[edit]
Poole Guildhall,Market Street: Built 1761 and served as courthouse and meeting place for the borough council until 1932

Poole was anancient borough,which lay within theancient parishofCanford Magna.The borough acquired its firstcharterin 1248 fromWilliam Longespée,who waslord of the manor.[29][30]Achapel of easededicated toSt Jamesexisted at Poole from at least 1142.[31]In 1538, the borough was removed from the parish ofCanford Magnato become its own parish, called Poole St James.[32]

In 1568, Poole was given the right to appoint its ownsheriff,making it acounty corporate,independent from the jurisdiction of theSheriff of Dorset.[30]

In 1836, Poole was reformed to become amunicipal borough.As part of that reform, the borough boundaries were enlarged to take inHamworthy,LongfleetandParkstone.[a][34]

Civic Centre,Parkstone Road: Poole Borough Council's headquarters 1932–2019

When elected county councils were established in 1889, despite being a county corporate, Poole was not considered large enough for the borough council to take on county council functions.[b]It was therefore included in theadministrative countyof Dorset under the newDorset County Council.The borough boundaries were enlarged in 1905 to take inBranksome,and again in 1931 to absorb Canford Magna.[36]In 1932 the borough council built itselfPoole Civic Centreon Parkstone Road to serve as its headquarters.[37]

The borough of Poole was reconstituted as anon-metropolitan districtin 1974 under theLocal Government Act 1972.The district kept the same boundaries and itsborough status,but there were some changes to the council's responsibilities.[38][39]

In 1997,Poole Borough Councilbecame a unitary authority, taking over the provision of county council functions from Dorset County Council.[40]

The borough of Poole was abolished in 2019, merging with the boroughs of Bournemouth andChristchurchto become a newlocal government districtcalledBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole,the council of which is a unitary authority.[41]The Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole district remains part of theceremonial countyof Dorset for the purposes oflieutenancy.[42]

Since the abolition of Poole Borough Council in 2019, Poole has hadcharter trustees,being the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole councillors representing wards in the former borough of Poole. The trustees preserve the town's civic charters and traditions, including appointing one of their number each year to serve as mayor and another to serve as sheriff; these roles are now purely honorary with no practical functions.[43]Poole is one of only fifteen towns and cities across England and Wales which appoint their own sheriff, with Poole's right to do so stemming from its former status as a county corporate.[44]

Parliamentary representation

[edit]

Poole is represented by three parliamentaryconstituenciesin theHouse of Commons;Poole,Mid Dorset and North Poole,andBournemouth West.The borough constituency ofPoolehas existed since 1950. Previously the town had been aparliamentary borough,electing two members of parliament from 1455 until 1865 when representation was reduced to one member. In 1885 the constituency was abolished altogether and absorbed into theEast Dorset constituencyuntil its reintroduction in 1950.Robert Syms(Conservative) has been the Member of Parliament since 1997.[45]At the2015 general election,the Conservatives won a majority of 15,789 and 50.1% of the vote. TheUKIPwon 16.8% of the vote,Labour12.9% and the Liberal Democrats 11.8%.[46]The county constituency of Mid Dorset and North Poole was created in 1997 and includes the north-east of Poole,Wimborne Minster,Warehamand extends into rural Dorset. At the 2015 general election, the Conservative candidateMichael Tomlinsongained the constituency from the Liberal Democrats with a majority of 10,530 and 50.8% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats won 28.2% of the vote, UKIP 12.2% and Labour 6%.[47]The boundary of the Bournemouth West borough constituency was extended to include the Poole local council wards Branksome East and Alderney in 2010. It is represented byConor Burns,a Conservative Member of Parliament, who retained the seat with a majority of 12,410 and 48.2% of the vote in 2015.[48]

Coat of arms

[edit]
Main article:Coat of arms of Poole
Thecoat of armsof the Borough of Poole.

The design of thecoat of armsoriginated in asealfrom the late 14th century and were recorded byClarenceux King of Armsduring theheraldic visitationof Dorset in 1563.[49]The wavy bars of black and gold represent the sea and the dolphin is a sign of Poole's maritime interests.[50]The scallop shells are the emblem ofSaint Jamesand are associated with hisshrineatSantiago de Compostela– a popular destination forChristian pilgrimsdeparting from Poole Harbour in theMiddle Ages.[50]

The arms were confirmed by theCollege of Armson 19 June 1948, and at the same time, the crest (amermaidsupporting an anchor and holding a cannonball) was granted. Followinglocal government reorganisationin 1974, the 1948 arms were transferred to Poole Borough Council. In 1976, the council received the grant ofsupportersfor the coat of arms. The supporters refer to important charters given to the town; to the left is a gold lion holding a long sword representingWilliam Longespeewho in 1248 granted the town's first charter; on the right is adragonderived from theRoyal ArmsofElizabeth Iwho granted Poolecounty corporatestatus in 1568. TheLatinmotto–Ad Morem Villae De Poole,means:According to the Custom of the Town of Poole,and derives from the Great Charter of 1568.[50]

Geography

[edit]

Poole is a complex shore of theEnglish Channel;it lies on the northern and eastern edges ofPoole Harbour,97 miles (156 km) west-southwest of London.[51]The oldest part of the town (including the historic Old Town, Poole Quay and theDolphin Shopping Centre) lies to the south-east ofHoles Bayon a peninsula jutting into the harbour, although much of the land to the east of the peninsula has been reclaimed from the harbour since the mid-20th century. To the west isUptonandCorfe Mullenand across the northern border at theRiver StourliesWimborne Minster.At the eastern edge of Poole, the town abuts Bournemouth and the settlements ofKinson,WintonandWestbourne.To the south of Poole along the coast liesPoole Bay,which has 3 miles (4.8 km) of sandy beaches fromSandbanksin the west to Bournemouth in the east.

Urban areas and districts of the town
Poole is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages orhamletsthat were absorbed into Poole as the town grew.
Alderney–Bearwood–Branksome–Branksome Park–Broadstone–Canford Cliffs–Canford Heath–Creekmoor–Fleetsbridge–Hamworthy–Lilliput–Longfleet–Merley–Oakley–Newtown–Oakdale–Parkstone–Penn Hill–Sandbanks–Sterte–Talbot Village–Wallisdown–Waterloo–Whitecliff

Poole lies onEoceneclays.

The natural environment of Poole is characterised by lowlandheathlandto the north and woodedchinesand coastline to the south. The heathland habitat supports the six nativeBritish reptile speciesand provides a home for a range ofdragonfliesand rare birds. Development has destroyed much of the heath but scattered fragments remain to the north of Poole and have been designatedSpecial Protection Areas.[citation needed]The town lies on unresistant beds ofEoceneclays (mainlyLondon ClayandGault Clay), sands and gravels.[52]TheRiver Fromeruns through this weak rock, and its manytributarieshave carved out a wideestuary.At the mouth of the estuarysand spitshave been deposited, enclosing the estuary to create Poole Harbour.[53]

The harbour is the largestnatural harbourin Europe and the second-largest natural harbour in the world afterSydney Harbour.[54]It is an area of international importance for nature conservation and is noted for its ecology, supportingsalt marshes,mudflatsand an internationally important habitat for several species ofmigrating bird.It has been designated aSite of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI),a Special Protection Area and aRamsar siteas well as falling within anArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[55]The harbour covers an area of 15 square miles (11 sq nmi; 39 km2) and is extremely shallow. The main shipping channels are 7.5 metres (25 ft) deep the average depth of the harbour is 48 centimetres (1 ft 7 in).[56][57]It contains several small islands, the largest isBrownsea Island,a nature reserve owned by theNational Trustand the birthplace of theScouting movementand location of the firstScout Camp.[58]Britain's largest onshoreoil fieldoperates fromWytch Farmon the south shore of the harbour.[59]Theoil reservoirsextend under the harbour and eastwards from Sandbanks andStudlandfor 6.2 miles (10 km) under the sea to the south of Bournemouth.[60]

Situated directly to the east of theJurassic Coast,Poole is a gateway town to theUNESCOWorld Heritage Site,which includes 95 miles (153 km) of the Dorset and east Devon coast important for its geology,landformsand richfossil record.[61]TheSouth West Coast Pathstretches for 630 miles (1,010 km) fromMineheadin Somerset, along the coast ofDevonandCornwalland on to Poole. The path is England's longestnational trail.[62]

A panorama ofPoole Town Centreviewed fromParkstone.

Climate

[edit]

Due to its location on the south coast of England, Poole has atemperateclimate with a small variation in daily and annual temperatures. The average annualmeantemperature from 1971 to 2000 was 10.2–12 °C (50.4–53.6 °F).[63]The warmest months in Poole are July and August, which have an averagetemperature rangeof 12 to 22 °C (54 to 72 °F), and the coolest months are January and February, which have a range of 2 to 8.3 °C (35.6 to 46.9 °F).[64]Meansea surface temperaturesrange from 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) in February to 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in August.[65]The average annual rainfall of 592.6 millimetres (23.33 in) is well below the UK average of 1,126 millimetres (44.3 in).[66]

Climate data for Poole, Dorset, England
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8
(46) 		8
(46) 		11
(52) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		22
(72) 		22
(72) 		19
(66) 		15
(59) 		11
(52) 		9
(48) 		14.5
(58.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2
(36) 		2
(36) 		3
(37) 		4
(39) 		7
(45) 		10
(50) 		12
(54) 		12
(54) 		10
(50) 		7
(45) 		4
(39) 		3
(37) 		6.3
(43.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 62.9
(2.48) 		50.3
(1.98) 		40.7
(1.60) 		45.5
(1.79) 		29.2
(1.15) 		35.6
(1.40) 		31.8
(1.25) 		35.5
(1.40) 		51.5
(2.03) 		73.5
(2.89) 		69.0
(2.72) 		67.2
(2.65) 		592.6
(23.33)
Source: MSN[64]

Green belt

[edit]
Main article:South West Hampshire/South East Dorset Green Belt

Poole lies at the centre of agreen beltregion that extends into the wider surrounding counties. It is in place to reduceurban sprawl,prevent the towns in the South East Dorset conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.[67]

Poole has areas of green belt to the north and west of the district, mostly on the fringes of the shared border with the Purbeck and East Dorset districts. These cover landscape features and greenfield facilities including the rivers Stour andSherfordand theirfloodplains,theStour Valley Way,Canford Heathland,Dunyeats Hill andCorfe and Barrow Hillnature reserves, Upton Country Park,Pergins Island,and the Wimborne District Society of Model Engineers miniature railway.

The small communities at Merley, Canford Magna, Oakley and Oakley Hill are separated from the main urban area, and while inset, are not covered by green belt. However, the isolated hamlets of Knighton, Merley Hall andAshingtonare 'washed over', and development is limited in these locations.[67]A specific function of the restrictions is to prevent further urban encroachment towardsWimborne Minster,to help maintain its historic character and surroundings.[67]

Demography

[edit]
Religion %[68]
Buddhist 0.16
Christian 74.34
Hindu 0.15
Jewish 0.32
Muslim 0.41
No religion 16.23
Other 0.32
Sikh 0.03
Not stated 8.03
Age Percentage[69]
0–4 5.2
5–14 12.2
15–29 16.0
30–44 21.5
45–64 24.8
65+ 20.3

Poole merges with several other towns to form theSouth East Dorset conurbationwhich has a combined population of over 465,000, forming one of the South Coast's major urban areas.[69]In the2011 census,the population of the borough of Poole was 147,645,[1]an increase from 138,288 in2001.[70]The town has a built-up area of 25 square miles (65 km2), giving an approximate population density of 5,532 inhabitants per square mile (2,136/km2) in 60,512 dwellings.[71]The population has grown steadily since the 1960s,inward migrationhas accounted for most of the town's growth and a significant part of this has been for retirement.[72]Housing stock has increased by over 100 per cent in the past 40 years from 30,000 in 1961 to approximately 62,700 in 2004.[72]Compared to the rest ofEngland and Wales,Poole has an above-average number of residents aged over 65 (20.3%), but this is less than the Dorset average of 22.2%. The largest proportion of the population (24.8%) is between the ages of 45 to 64, slightly above the national average of 23.8%.[69]Population projections have predicted a continual growth; a population of 151,481 is estimated by 2016.[69]

The district is overwhelmingly populated by people of a White ethnic background, 95.98% of residents are ofWhite Britishethnicity, well above the rest of England at 86.99%.[68]Minority ethnic groups (including those in White ethnic groups who did not classify themselves as British) represent 4.0% of Poole's population. The largest religion in Poole is Christianity, at almost 74.34%, slightly above theUnited Kingdom averageof 71.6%.[73]The next-largest sector is those with no religion, at almost 16.23%, also above the UK average of 15.5%.[73]

The average house price in Poole is high compared to the rest of the UK and the surroundingsouth-west region.[74]The average price of a property in Poole in 2008 was £274,011;detached houseswere on average £374,150,semi-detachedandterraced houseswere cheaper at £226,465 and £217,128 respectively. An apartment or flat costs on average £216,097, more than any other part of Dorset.[74]The average house prices in Poole are boosted by those inSandbankswhich had the fourth-most expensive house prices in the world in 2000;[75]in 2007 the average house price was £488,761.[76]A study in 2006 by theNational Housing Federationreported that Poole was the most unaffordable town in which to live in the UK.[77]

Population growthin Poole since 1801
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 6,682 6,752 9,021 9,401 9,901 10,595 12,152 13,710 15,267 20,446 29,068 41,344 50,024 60,527 71,089 83,494 94,598 107,204 117,133 135,066 138,299
% change – +1.1 +33.6 +4.2 +5.3 +7 +14.7 +12.8 +11.4 +33.9 +42.2 +42.2 +30 +30 +17.5 +17.5 +13.3 +13.3 +9.3 +15.3 +2.4
Source:
A Vision of Britain through Time

Economy

[edit]
Poole's employment structure[69]
Sector Poole Dorset Great Britain
Agriculture 0.1% 0.4% 0.9%
Energy and Water 1.1% 0.6% 0.8%
Manufacturing 16.8% 13.4% 13.4%
Construction 3.3% 4.0% 4.5%
Services 78.7% 81.7% 80.5%

Poole's economy is more balanced than the rest of Dorset.[69]In the 1960s, prosperity was fuelled by growth in themanufacturing sector,whereas the 1980s and 1990s saw expansion in theservice sectoras office-based employers relocated to the area.[69]The importance of manufacturing has declined since the 1960s but still employed approximately 17% of the workforce in 2002 and remains more prominent than in the economy of Great Britain as a whole.[69]Sunseeker,the world's largest privately owned builder ofmotor yachtsand the UK's largest manufacturer, is based in Poole and employs over 1,800 people in its Pooleshipyards.[78]Other major employers in the local manufacturing industry includeLush,SiemensandRyvita.Poole has the largest number ofindustrial estatesinSouth East Dorset,including the Nuffield Industrial estate, Mannings Heath, Arena Business Park, Poole Trade Park and the Branksome Business Centre.[79]

TheSunseekershipyards opposite Poole Quay

The service sector is the principal economy of Poole; a large number of employees work for the service economy of residents or for tourists. During the 1970s, Poole's less restrictiveregional planningpolicies attracted businesses wishing to relocate from London.[69]These included employers in the banking and financial sector, such asBarclays Bank(who operatedBarclays Houseas a regional headquarters in Poole),American Express Bankand thecorporate trustdivision ofBank of New York Mellon.Other important service sector employers include the national headquarters and college of theRoyal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI),the UK headquarters ofFitness First,Bournemouth UniversityandArts University Bournemouth.Poole is also the headquarters for clothing companyAnimal,cosmetics manufacturer Lush, andMerlin Entertainments,the world's second-largesttheme parkoperator afterDisney.[80]TheDolphin Shopping Centreis Poole's main retail area and the largest indoor shopping centre in Dorset.[81]It opened in 1969 as anArndale Centreand underwent three major refurbishments in 1980, 1989 and 2004. The centre provides 47,000 square metres (510,000 sq ft) of retail space with 110 stores and twomulti-storey car parkswith 1,400 parking spaces. A pedestrianisedhigh streetwith shops, bars, pubs and restaurants connects the Dolphin Centre with the historic Old Town area and Poole Quay.[81]Tourism is important to the Poole's economy and was worth an estimated £158 million in 2002.[69]Poole's Harbour, Quay and the beaches are some of the main attractions for visitors.[61]Visitor accommodation consists of hotels,guest housesandbed and breakfastrooms located around the town, particularly in Sandbanks and the town centre.Rockley Park,a largecaravan siteinHamworthy,is owned and operated byHaven Holidays.[82]

Barclays Housein thetown centre.

Poole is served by thePort of Poole.Since the 1970s, Poole has become one of Britain's busiest ports.[69][83]Investment in new port facilities in Hamworthy and the deepening of shipping channels allowed considerable growth incross-channelfreight and passenger traffic.[69]The port is a destination forbulk cargoimports such as steel, timber, bricks, fertiliser, grain, aggregates and palletised traffic. Export cargoes include clay, sand, fragmented steel and grain.[55]Commercial ferry operators run regular passenger and freight services from Poole toCherbourg,St Maloand theChannel Islands.[55]TheRoyal Marinesoperate out of the harbour atRM Poole,established in Hamworthy in 1954.[84]The base is home tospecial forcesunit theSpecial Boat Serviceand a detachment of theRoyal Marines Reserve.[85][86]In 2008, 105 fishing boats were registered and licensed to the port and held a permit issued by the Southern Sea Fisheries District Committee (SSFDC) to fish commercially.[87]It is the largest port in terms of licences in the SSFDC district which covers the coastline of Dorset,Hampshireand theIsle of Wight,and one of the largest registered fishing fleets in the UK.[88]However, the fleet is gradually declining because of rising fuel costs and restrictivefishing quotasintroduced by theEuropean Union.[87][89]A large number of unlicensed boats also operate charted or private angling excursions.[88]

Landmarks

[edit]
Poole Quay, once a busy centre of maritime trade, has become increasingly popular with tourists

PooleQuayis a visitor attraction to the south of the town centre lined with a mixture of traditional pubs andlisted buildingsalongside new bars, redeveloped warehouses and apartment blocks. Once the busy centre of Poole'smaritime industry,all port activities moved toHamworthyin the 1970s as the Quay became increasingly popular with tourists. The Grade II* listedCustoms Houseon the quay-front was built in 1814 and now functions as a restaurant and bar.[90]Nearby the Grade I listed Town Cellars, amedievalwarehouse built in the 15th century on the foundations of a 14th-century stone building, houses alocal historycentre.[91]Scaplen's Court,another Grade I listed building, also dates from the medieval era.[92]Poole Potteryhas been redeveloped into anapartment block.[93]Boats regularly depart from the quay during the summer and provide cruises around the harbour and toBrownsea Island,theRiver FromeandSwanage.[94]Public artworks along the Quay includeSea Music– a large metal sculpture designed bySir Anthony Caro,and a life-sizebronze sculpture of Robert Baden-Powellcreated to celebrate the founding of theScout Movementon Brownsea Island.[95]At the western end of the quay, near the mouth of Holes Bay, isPoole Bridge.Built in 1927, it is the third bridge to be located on the site since 1834.[96]

Poole Guildhallhas played a varied part in the history of the town. A Grade II* listed building, the Guildhall was built in 1761 at a cost of £2,250.[97][98]The new building included an openmarket houseon the ground floor and a courtroom and offices for the town council on the first floor and has also been used as acourt of record,magistrates' court,court of admiraltyand a venue forquarter sessions.Between 1819 and 1821 the building was consecrated as aparish churchwhile the oldSt. James Churchwas pulled down and replaced with the present church.[97]During theSecond World War,the building was used as a canteen and meeting room for American soldiers before theinvasion of France.The showers and washing facilities installed at this time were later converted intopublic bathswhich were used until the 1960s. The building was converted for use as the town museum between 1971 and 1991 but stood empty for the next 16 years. After a renovation project funded by Poole Borough Council, the restored Guildhall opened in June 2007 as aRegister Officefor weddings,civil partnershipsand other civic ceremonies.[97][99]

Poole Bayand the beaches of Poole andBournemouth.

Poole has severalurban parks– the largest isPoole Parkadjacent toPoole Harbourand the town centre. It opened in 1890 and is one of twoVictorianparks in Poole. Designated aConservation Areain 1995 and awarded aGreen Flagin 2008, the park comprises 44.3 hectares (109 acres) of which 24 hectares (59 acres) include the park's human-made lake and ponds.[100]The park contains two children's play areas, aminiature railway,tennis courts, abowling green,aminiature golfcourse, an Italian restaurant and an indoor ice rink for children.[101][102]Acricket fieldand pavilion at the eastern end are home to Poole Town Cricket Club and water sport activities such as sailing, windsurfing, kayaking and rowing take place on the large lake.[103]Awar memorialstands in the centre of the park as a monument to Poole citizens killed during theFirstandSecond World Wars.The park hosts severalroad racessuch as theRace for Lifeand the annual Poole Festival of Running.[104]

Poole's sandy beaches are a popular tourist destination extending 3 miles (4.8 km) alongPoole Bayfrom theSandbankspeninsular to Branksome Dene Chine at the border withBournemouth.[105][106]The beaches are divided into four areas: Sandbanks, Shore Road, Canford Cliffs Chine and Branksome Chine. Poole's beaches have been awarded theEuropean Blue Flagfor cleanliness and safety 21 times since 1987, more than any other British seaside resort and in 2000 theTidy Britain Groupresort survey rated Poole's beaches among the top five in the country.[107][108]Along the seafront, there are seaside cafés, restaurants, beach huts and numerous water-sports facilities.[106]Royal National Lifeboat InstitutionBeach Rescuelifeguardspatrol the coastline in the busy summer season between May and September.[109]

Religious sites

[edit]
Main article:List of churches in Poole
TheParish Church of St. James,built in 1819.

Poole falls within theChurch of EnglandDiocese of Salisburyand theRoman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth.Poole has many sites ofChristian worshipincluding five Grade II* and five Grade IIlistedchurches, but no notable sites of worship for any othermajor religious groups.The Grade II*St James' Churchis a simplifiedGothic RevivalstyleChurch of England parish churchin the Old Town which was rebuilt in 1820. The previous church on the site was first mentioned in documents from 1142 and had been extensively rebuilt in the 16th century, but in 1819 it was deemed structurally unsafe by a surveyors report.[110]TheUnited Reformed Churchhall, also in the town centre, is a Grade II* building built in 1777. The other Grade II* churches are: St. Peter's Parish Church inParkstonewhich was first built in 1833 and replaced in 1876;St Dunstan of Canterbury Orthodox Church,also in Parkstone, anAntiochian Orthodoxchurch, formerly theAnglicanChurch of St Osmund, in aNeo-Byzantine stylebuilding; and theParish Church of St. AldhelminBranksome,built by the architectsBodleyandGarnerin 1892 in the Gothic Revival style.[111]Described byEnglish Heritageas "one of Poole's most important landmarks", theGothic Revivalchurch ofSt Mary'sinLongfleet,built in 1833, is one of Poole's Grade II listed churches.[112]There are also twoChristadelphianmeeting halls in the town.[113]

Sport and recreation

[edit]

Poole HarbourandPoole Bayare popular areas for recreational pursuits such as: sailing,windsurfing,surfing,kitesurfingandwater skiing.[114]The harbour's large areas of sheltered waters attract windsurfers, particularly around the northern and eastern shores. Water skiing takes place in the harbour in a specially designated area known as the Wareham Channel. The waters around the harbour, Poole Bay andStudland Bayare also popular for recreational angling and diving.[114]

The beaches atSandbanksare often used for sporting events such as the Sandbanks Beach Volleyball Festival, and the annual BritishBeach poloChampionship.[115][116]

Since 1999 the town's Rossmore Leisure Centre has hosted the GMPD Poole Gymnastics Competition every October with the Holiday Inn Express hosting some of the competitors as well as previously a Disco on the Saturday evening which has since been scrapped, hundreds of competitors from across the country compete each year, the competition celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2019. Following a 2-year hiatus due to theCOVID-19 pandemicit is hoped it will return in 2022.

Sailing

[edit]

Poole Harbour is one of the largest centres for sailing in the UK with a number ofyacht clubssuch as the: East Dorset Sailing Club, Lilliput Sailing Club, Parkstone Yacht Club, Poole Yacht Club, Sandbanks Yacht Company and the Royal Motor Yacht Club.

Parkstone Yacht Club hosted theOK DinghyWorld Championships in 2004,[117]theJ/24National Championships in 2006 and the J/24 European Championships in 2007,[118]with the2020 J24 Worldshosted here also and are the organisers of Youth Week and Poole Week – two of the largest annual dinghyregattasof their type in the country.[119][120]

Poole Stadiumis agreyhound racingvenue and home to thePoole Piratesspeedway team

Football

[edit]

Poole's oldestfootballteam isPoole Town F.C.,asemi-professionalteam who play in theSouthern Football League– the seventh tier of theEnglish football league system.[121]Established in 1880, the team has had erratic success at their level; they have never risen abovenon-Leaguelevels but once reached the third round of theFA Cup.[122]They played atPoole Stadiumuntil 1994 and have since settled at Tatnam Farm, sharing the school playing field with Oakdale Junior School.[123]Poole's other football teams areHamworthy United,formed in 1970, and play in the Wessex Premier League, and the amateur team Poole Borough F.C. who play in theDorset Premier League.Poole is one of the largest towns in England without a professional football team.[124]

Speedway

[edit]

Poole'smotorcycle speedwayteam, thePoole Pirates,were established and began racing at Poole Stadium in 1948 in theNational League Division Three.The team now races in the top tier of league racing (theElite League) which they won in2008,2011,2013,and2014.[125]Poole Stadium is also a venue forgreyhound racing;race nights occur three days a week throughout the year.[126]

Scouting

[edit]

Poole has three of the oldestScout Associationgroups in the world, 1st Parkstone Air Scout Group holds records dating back to February 1908 and 1st Hamworthy Scout Group has records dating back to October 1908; both groups were formed out of the originalBoys' Brigadeunits that had members take part in the original Scout Camp in 1907. Broadstone Group has records dating back to December 1908 and was home to the first King's/Queen's Scout.[127]

Nature parks

[edit]

Working with theDorset Wildlife Trust,Poole Council has opened two nature parks:

  • Holes Bay Nature Park,opened in 2015, includesUpton Country Park.The bay is an important feeding and roosting site for wetland birds.
  • Corfe Barrows Nature Park,opened in 2016, is a group of eight natural sites, including Happy Bottom Nature Reserve, that is being jointly managed for wildlife and people in the north of the borough.

Walking

[edit]

Poole Tourism has developed andwaymarkeda number of trails and circular walks, collectively called thePoole Harbour Trails.[128]

Cycling

[edit]

Poole has over 50 miles (80 km) of cycle network, including theCastleman Trailway,thePoole Heritage Cycle Routeand theBourne Valley Greenway.[129]

Culture

[edit]
The Lighthouse Arts Centrein Poole is the largest arts centre in England outside London.

The 'Beating of the bounds' is an ancient annual custom first carried out in 1612, which revives the traditional checking of the sea boundaries awarded to Poole by theCinque PortofWinchelseain 1364.[130][131]The Admiral of the Port of Poole (the mayor) and other dignitaries, and members of the public sail from the mouth of theRiver FrometoOld Harry Rocksto confirm the mayor's authority over the water boundaries of the harbour and check for any encroachments. As there are no physical landmarks that can be beaten at sea, traditionally children from Poole were encouraged to remember the bounds of their town by taking part in the 'Pins and Points' ceremony involving the beating of a boy and pricking of a girl's hand with a needle. In modern times, the acts have been symbolically carried out.[132]

Poole'sSummertime in the Southis an annual programme providing various events on Poole Quay and Sandbanks from May until September. During June and July, live music, street entertainment and a large firework display take place on Poole Quay every Thursday evening. In August, the entertainment moves to the beaches at Sandbanks.[133]

Poole'sLighthouseis the largestarts centrecomplex in the United Kingdom outside London.[134]Built in 1978, the centre contains a cinema,concert hall,studio,theatre, image lab and media suite and galleries featuring exhibitions of contemporary photography and moderndigital art.The venue underwent an £8.5 million refurbishment in 2002, paid for by theArts Council England,the Borough of Poole and private donations.[135]The centre's concert hall has been the residence of theBournemouth Symphony Orchestra's main concert series since their former base at the Bournemouth Winter Gardens closed in 1985.[136]Situated in the centre of the Old Town,Poole Museumillustrates the story of the area and its people and the collections reflect the cultural, social and industrial history of Poole. Displays include thePoole Logboatand a detailed history of Poole from theIron Ageto the present day. The museum has a floor devoted to the history ofPoole Potteryand some of the company's products are on display. Entrance to the museum is free.[137]

Transport

[edit]
The main transport features in Dorset.
Poole railway station

TheA350 roadis Poole town centre's main artery, running north along Holes Bay and on to theA35,and as asingle carriagewaytoBathandBristol.To the east, theA337 roadleads toLymingtonand theNew Forest.The A35trunk roadruns fromDevontoSouthamptonand connects to theA31on the outskirts of the town. The A31, the major trunk road in central southern England, connects to theM27 motorwayat Southampton. From here theM3 motorwayleads to London, and fast access may also be gained via theA34to theM4north ofNewbury.Poole Bridge,a narrowbascule bridgeconstructed in 1927, connects the town centre and Hamworthy. Approval for a second bridge was given by theDepartment for Transportin 2006 and the £37 millionTwin Sails bridgewas completed in 2012.[138][139]A road link toStudlandand theIsle of Purbeckacross the narrow entrance of Poole Harbour is provided by theSandbanks Ferry.[140]Poole is also home to thePoole Heritage Cycle Route.[141]The A35, continuing as theA338from the County Gates Gyratory, connects Poole toBournemouth.

Most local bus services are run bymorebuswho are based at the town's bus station and have served Poole since 1983.[142]morebus operate networks across Poole,Bournemouth,ChristchurchandSalisbury,in addition to operations on theIsle of Purbeckand theNew Forest.[142]Other services are run by Bournemouth-basedYellow BusesandDamory Coaches.[143]Poole is connected to towns and villages along theJurassic Coastby theFirst Hampshire & DorsetX54 service, which runs along a 32-mile (51 km) route toWareham,Wool,Lulworth CoveandWeymouth.[143]Poole is also a calling point forNational Express Coaches,which have frequent departures to LondonVictoria Coach Station.There are also direct services to theMidlands,the North of England and toHeathrowandGatwickairports.[144]

Poole has four railway stations on theSouth West Main LinefromLondon Waterlooto Weymouth. From east to west these areBranksomenear the border with Bournemouth,Parkstone,Poole railway stationin the town centre andHamworthy.Services are operated bySouth Western Railwayand consist of up to three trains an hour (fast, semi-fast and stopping services) to and from London, and twice an hour to and from Weymouth.[145]

Poole is across-Channelport for passengers and freight. Ferry services fromPoole HarbourtoCherbourgare provided byBrittany Ferrieswho operate one round trip per day using theBarfleur[146]TheCondor Ferriesfast ferryCondor Liberationprovides seasonal services toGuernsey,JerseyandSt. Malo,Brittany.[147]Bournemouth International AirportinHurn,on the periphery of Bournemouth, is the nearest airport to Poole – 10 miles (16 km) from the town centre.[69]Ryanair,easyJetandTUI Airwaysoperate from the airport and provide scheduled services to destinations in the UK and Europe.[148]

Education

[edit]
Further information:List of schools in Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole

Poole has eleveninfant schools,sevenjunior schools,tenprimary schools,ninesecondary schools,threespecial schools,fiveprivate schoolsand one college offurther education.[149]Two of Poole's secondary schools aregrammar schoolswhich maintain aselective educationsystem, assessed by theeleven-plus exam.Poole High Schoolis the largest secondary school in Poole with 1,859 pupils.[150]TheBournemouth and Poole Collegeattracts over 16,000 students a year and is one of the largest further education colleges in the country and the leading provider of academic and vocational education in Dorset.[151]It has two centrally located main campuses in Poole and Bournemouth.

From the 2007General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE) results, Poole was ranked 18th out of 148 local authorities in England based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least five A* to C grades at GCSE level including English and maths (54.5% compared with the national average of 46.8%).[152][153]Parkstone Grammar Schoolwas the most successful secondary school in Poole for GCSE results in 2007: 100% of pupils gained five or more GCSEs at A* to C grade including English and maths. Canford School also achieved 100% andPoole Grammar Schoolwas the next best performing school with 98%. Poole High School achieved 39% and the worst performing school wasRossmore Community Collegewhere only 19% of students achieved five or more A* to C grade results.[153]Poole's grammar schools were also the best performing forA-levelresults. Poole Grammar School was the 60th most successful school/sixth form in the country in 2007: each student achieved on average 1071.4 points compared to the national average of 731.2. Parkstone Grammar School students averaged 1017.9 points.[150][154]

Bournemouth Universitywas designated as a university in 1992 and despite its name, the university's main campus (the Talbot Campus) and buildings are within the boundaries of Poole Borough; a smaller campus is situated in Bournemouth itself.[155]Media courses are the university's strength, and recent teaching quality assessments have resulted in ratings of 'excellent' for courses in the areas of communication and media, business and management, catering and hospitality, archaeology and nursing and midwifery.[156][157]TheArts University Bournemouthwas designated as a university in 2012 and is located atWallisdown.It offersundergraduate,foundation degree,postgraduateandfurther educationcourses in contemporary arts, design and media.[158]

Public services

[edit]
Poole Hospitalis the trauma centre for East Dorset.

Policing is undertaken by the Poole and Bournemouth Division ofDorset Policewhich has one police station in Poole on Wimborne Road in the town centre.[159]Dorset & Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Serviceprovidesstatutory emergency fire and rescue servicesfor Poole and are based at Poole Fire Station inCreekmoorwhich opened in 2008. The former fire station on Wimborne Road was demolished in 2008 and was replaced with a joint fire and police divisional headquarters which opened in 2009.[160]

Poole Hospitalis a large acute hospital inLongfleetwith 638 beds[161]and is part ofUniversity Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust.It opened in 1969 as Poole General Hospital, replacing Poole's Cornelia Hospital which had stood on the site since 1907.[162]The hospital is the majortrauma centrefor East Dorset and provides core services such as child health and maternity for a catchment area including Bournemouth and Christchurch. Specialist services such as neurological care and cancer treatment are also provided for the rest of Dorset.[163]TheSouth Western Ambulance Serviceprovides emergency patient transport.[164]

Waste managementand recycling are co-ordinated by Poole Borough Council in partnership withViridor.[165]Locally producedinert wasteis sent tolandfillfor disposal. Recycle waste is taken to Viridor's Materials Recycling Facility inCrayfordfor processing. Poole'sdistribution network operatorfor electricity isScottish and Southern Energy.The water supply and sewerage systems are managed byWessex Water;groundwatersources in Wiltshire and Dorset provide 75% of drinking water, the rest comes from reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.[166]

Media

[edit]

Poole has one local newspaper, theDaily Echo,which is owned byNewsquest.Published since 1900, the newspaper features news from Poole, Bournemouth and the surrounding area.[167]Issues are produced Monday through Saturday with an averagedaily circulationof 13,579.[168]For local television, Poole is served by theBBC Southstudios based inSouthampton,andITV Meridianfrom studios inWhiteley.Local radio stations broadcasting to the town includeBBC Radio Solent,Wave 105,Heart South,Nation Radio South Coast,Hits Radio Bournemouth & PooleandHot Radio.

Notable people

[edit]

The town has been the birthplace and home to notable people, of national and international acclaim. Former residents include British radio disc jockeyTony Blackburn,the artistAugustus John,John Lennon's aunt and parental guardianMimi Smith,andThe Lord of the RingsauthorJ. R. R. Tolkienwho lived in Poole for four years during his retirement.[169][170]Alfred Russel Wallace,the 19th-century explorer, naturalist and co-formulator of the theory ofevolution by natural selection,moved to Poole in 1902 when he was 78 years old and is buried in Broadstone cemetery.[171]

Notable people born in Poole include theSuedeguitaristRichard Oakes, Greg Lakeof the bandEmerson, Lake & Palmer,the authorJohn le Carré,the novelistMaggie Gee,stage actorOswald Yorke,actressLouisa Clein,cellistNatalie Clein,boxerFreddie Mills,the writer and actorDavid Croft,andJames Stephen,the principal lawyer associated with the Britishabolitionistmovement.[169]Edgar Wright,the director of films such asShaun of the Dead,Hot FuzzandThe World's Endwas born in Poole and out of the five previous British winners of theMiss Worldtitle, two have hailed from Poole:Ann SydneyandSarah-Jane Hutt.[169]Harry Redknapp,the formerTottenham Hotspur F.C.manager, and his sonJamie Redknapp,a formerEngland national football teamplayer, have owned homes inSandbanks.[75][172]FormerBlue PeterpresenterKaty Hillwas also born in Poole.[173]Molly Kingsbury who competed in the2018 Commonwealth Gameswas born in Poole. The actressSusannah Fieldingwho featured inThis Time with Alan Partridge,was born there.[174]CurrentArsenalfootballerBen Whitewas born in Poole[175]as wasChelseafootballerTino Anjorin.Chad Gouldcurrently lives in Poole. TrampolinistIsabelle Songhurstwas born in Poole. Hampshire cricketerScott Currieand his older brotherBradley Curriewere also both born in Poole.

Twin towns

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

Poole istwinnedwith:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Beamish, Derek; Hillier, John; Johnstone, H.F.V. (1949).Mansions and Merchants of Poole and Dorset.Poole Historical Trust.ISBN0-7137-0836-0.
  • Cullingford, Cecil N. (1988).A History of Poole.Phillimore & Co Ltd.ISBN0-85033-666-X.
  • Legg, Rodney (2005).The Book of Poole Harbour and Town.Halsgrove.ISBN1-84114-411-8.
  • Sydenham, John (1986) [1839].The History of the Town and County of Poole(2nd ed.). Poole: Poole Historical Trust.ISBN0-9504914-4-6.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poole&oldid=1233741537"