Postpositivism

Postpositivismorpostempiricismis ametatheoreticalstance that critiques and amendspositivism^[1]and has impacted theories and practices acrossphilosophy,social sciences,and variousmodels of scientific inquiry.While positivists emphasize independence between the researcher and the researched person (or object), postpositivists argue that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed.^[2]Postpositivists pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of biases.^[2]^[3]^[4]While positivists emphasizequantitativemethods, postpositivists consider bothquantitativeandqualitativemethods to be valid approaches.^[4]

Philosophy[edit]

Epistemology[edit]

Postpositivists believe that human knowledge is based not on a priori assessments from an objective individual,^[4]but rather upon humanconjectures.As human knowledge is thus unavoidably conjectural, the assertion of these conjectures arewarranted,or more specifically, justified by a set ofwarrants,which can be modified or withdrawn in the light of further investigation. However, postpositivism is not a form ofrelativism,and generally retains the idea ofobjective truth.

Ontology[edit]

Postpositivists believe that a reality exists, but, unlike positivists, they believe reality can be known only imperfectly.^[2]^[3]Postpositivists also draw fromsocial constructionismin forming their understanding and definition of reality.^[3]

Axiology[edit]

While positivists believe that research is or can be value-free or value-neutral, postpositivists take the position that bias is undesired but inevitable, and therefore the investigator must work to detect and try to correct it. Postpositivists work to understand how theiraxiology(i.e. values and beliefs) may have influenced their research, including through their choice of measures, populations, questions, and definitions, as well as through their interpretation and analysis of their work.^[3]

History[edit]

Historians identify two types of positivism: classical positivism, an empirical tradition first described byHenri de Saint-SimonandAuguste Comtein the first half of the 19th century,^[5]^[1]andlogical positivism,which is most strongly associated with theVienna Circle,which met near Vienna, Austria, in the 1920s and 1930s.^[3]Postpositivism is the name D.C. Phillips^[3]gave to a group of critiques and amendments which apply to both forms of positivism.^[3]

One of the first thinkers to criticizelogical positivismwasKarl Popper.He advancedfalsificationin lieu of the logical positivist idea ofverificationism.^[3]Falsificationism argues that it is impossible to verify that beliefs about universals or unobservables are true, though it is possible to reject false beliefs if they are phrased in a way amenable to falsification.

In 1965, Karl Popper andThomas Kuhnhad adebateas Thomas Kuhn's theory did not incorporate this idea of falsification. It has influenced contemporary research methodologies.

Thomas Kuhn is credited with having popularized and at least in part originated the post-empiricist philosophy of science.^[6]Kuhn's idea ofparadigm shiftsoffers a broader critique of logical positivism, arguing that it is not simply individual theories but wholeworldviewsthat must occasionally shift in response to evidence.^[3]

Postpositivism is not a rejection of thescientific method,but rather a reformation of positivism to meet these critiques. It reintroduces the basic assumptions of positivism: the possibility and desirability ofobjective truth,and the use ofexperimental methodology.The work of philosophersNancy CartwrightandIan Hackingare representative of these ideas.^{[citation needed]}Postpositivism of this type is described insocial scienceguides to research methods.^[7]

Structure of a postpositivist theory[edit]

Robert Dubin describes the basic components of a postpositivist theory as being composed of basic "units" or ideas and topics of interest, "laws of interactions" among the units, and a description of the "boundaries" for the theory.^[3]A postpositivist theory also includes "empirical indicators" to connect the theory to observable phenomena, and hypotheses that are testable using the scientific method.^[3]

According to Thomas Kuhn, a postpositivist theory can be assessed on the basis of whether it is "accurate","consistent","has broad scope ","parsimonious",and" fruitful ".^[3]

Main publications[edit]

Karl Popper(1934)Logik der Forschung,rewritten in English asThe Logic of Scientific Discovery(1959)
Thomas Kuhn(1962)The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Karl Popper (1963)Conjectures and Refutations
Ian Hacking(1983)Representing and Intervening
Andrew Pickering(1984)Constructing Quarks
Peter Galison(1987)How Experiments End
Nancy Cartwright(1989)Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement

Notes[edit]

^^a ^bBergman, Mats (2016). "Positivism".The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy.pp. 1–5.doi:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248.ISBN 9781118766804.
^^a ^b ^cRobson, Colin (2002).Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers(Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624.ISBN 978-0-631-21305-5.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lMiller, Katherine (2007).Communication theories: perspectives, processes, and contexts(2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35–45.ISBN 9787301124314.
^^a ^b ^cTaylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011).Qualitative communication research methods(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. pp. 5–13.ISBN 978-1412974738.
^"Auguste Comte".Sociology Guide.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2008.Retrieved2 October2008.
^Thomas, David 1979Naturalism and social sciences,ch. Paradigms and social science, p.161
^Trochim, William."Social Research Methods Knowledge Base".socialresearchmethods.net.

References[edit]

Alexander, J.C. (1995), Fin De Siecle Social Theory: Relativism, Reductionism and The Problem of Reason, London; Verso.
Phillips, D.C. & Nicholas C. Burbules (2000):Postpositivism and Educational Research.Lanham & Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Zammito, John H. (2004):A Nice Derangement of Epistemes. Post-positivism in the study of Science from Quine to Latour.Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Popper, K. (1963), Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, London; Routledge.
Moore, R. (2009), Towards the Sociology of Truth, London; Continuum.

External links[edit]

Library resourcesabout
Postpositivism

Positivism and Post-positivism

[Bergman2016-1] Bergman, Mats (2016). "Positivism".The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy.pp. 1–5.doi:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248.ISBN 9781118766804.

[Robson2002-2] Robson, Colin (2002).Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers(Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624.ISBN 978-0-631-21305-5.

[kmiller_2007-3] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lMiller, Katherine (2007).Communication theories: perspectives, processes, and contexts(2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35–45.ISBN 9787301124314.

[TaylorLindlof2011-4] Taylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011).Qualitative communication research methods(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. pp. 5–13.ISBN 978-1412974738.

[5] "Auguste Comte".Sociology Guide.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2008.Retrieved2 October2008.

[6] Thomas, David 1979Naturalism and social sciences,ch. Paradigms and social science, p.161

[soc_rsch_Trochim-7] Trochim, William."Social Research Methods Knowledge Base".socialresearchmethods.net.

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